北京地区居民叶酸膳食摄入量的研究

目的评价北京地区居民叶酸膳食摄入现状,为今后的膳食干预指导提供理论基础。方法利用2002年北京市居民营养与健康状况调查数据,调查人数为3664人,膳食调查采用连续3d24h回顾法,结合中国食物成分表(2002)中的食物叶酸含量,计算北京地区人群的叶酸摄入量。结果北京地区居民平均叶酸摄入量为241.5±124.4μg/(标准人.日),主要来源于蔬菜、谷类和蛋类食物;城区居民高于郊区居民;男性高于女性;大多数人的叶酸摄入水平只达到RNI的50%～65%;7～10岁组的叶酸摄入水平最高,18岁及以上年龄组人群的摄入水平呈现下降趋势。结论北京地区多数居民叶酸膳食摄入量不能满足RNI,建议更多关注18岁及以上人群,特别是郊区居民和中老年人叶酸的膳食供给,必要时通过其他途径补充。     

海南产即溶咖啡粉中丙烯酰胺的膳食暴露风险评估

目的 开展海南即溶咖啡粉中丙烯酰胺的膳食暴露风险评估, 为咖啡粉质量安全的监管提供技术支撑。方法 采用食品安全风险评估的一般步骤: 危害识别、危害特征描述、膳食暴露评估、风险特征描述, 对海南即溶咖啡粉中的丙烯酰胺进行膳食暴露风险评估。结果 各年龄段居民的理论暴露量均低于其理论每日允许摄入量。结论 海南产即溶咖啡粉中的丙烯酰胺不会对消费者身体健康产生危害, 不必进入风险管理程序。     

膳食纤维对丙烯酰胺的吸附研究

对4种主要含不溶性膳食纤维的样品（麦麸、发酵麦麸、大豆纤维和米糠）在体外模拟人体肠道和胃的pH值的条件下，吸附丙烯酰胺的作用进行了研究。结果表明这4种膳食纤维样品对丙烯酰胺的吸附作用都不强，其中模拟胃（pH值2）条件下的吸附作用大于模拟肠道（pH值7）条件下．麦麸的吸附作用大于其他样品，pH值2时吸附率为29．36％。     

称重法和24h膳食回顾法用于评估住院病人一日膳食的比较

目的：评价我院日常开展的24h膳食回顾在评估住院病人膳食摄入状况的准确性。方法：选取我院40名普通饭住院病人,分别用称重法、24h膳食回顾法对其进行一日膳食调查。将24h膳食回顾法获得的食物消费量和营养素摄入量,与称重法获得的相应数据进行比较,计算两者差值占称重法数据的比例,以此判断24h膳食回顾法数据的准确性。结果：...     

膳食纤维对丙烯酰胺的吸附研究

对4种主要含不溶性膳食纤维的样品(麦麸、发酵麦麸、大豆纤维和米糠)在体外模拟人体肠道和胃的pH值的条件下,吸附丙烯酰胺的作用进行了研究。结果表明这4种膳食纤维样品对丙烯酰胺的吸附作用都不强,其中模拟胃(pH值2)条件下的吸附作用大于模拟肠道(pH值7)条件下,麦麸的吸附作用大于其他样品,pH值2时吸附率为29.36%。     

膳食丙烯酰胺暴露对2型糖尿病大鼠血糖代谢及脏器功能的影响

目的：探讨膳食丙烯酰胺暴露对2型糖尿病大鼠病程进展的影响。方法：对糖尿病模型GK大鼠给予低剂量丙烯酰胺（2 mg/（kg mb·d））8周后,研究其对大鼠空腹血糖、空腹糖耐量和胰岛素敏感性等血糖代谢相关指标的影响,同时测定血清生化指标、氧化和炎症因子水平,并对肝脏、肾脏、胰腺和腓肠肌进行苏木精-伊红染色,观察病理变化情况,分析丙烯酰胺暴露对GK大鼠脏器组织功能的影响。最后采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对大鼠血清和尿液中的代谢物进行检测,筛选膳食丙烯酰胺暴露对GK大鼠造成影响的主要差异代谢物,分析其关联的代谢通路。结果：与对照组（灌胃去离子水）相比,膳食丙烯酰胺暴露进一步通过损伤GK大鼠胰腺、促进氧化炎症应激、影响胰岛β细胞功能和磷酸戊糖代谢通路等作用,导致糖尿病模型GK大鼠血糖代谢紊乱加重,具体表现为空腹血糖水平明显上升、空腹糖耐量受损和胰岛素敏感性降低。此外,膳食丙烯酰胺暴露的GK大鼠体内显著改变的差异代谢物有L-酪氨酸、肌醇、马尿酸、柠康酸、苯乙酰甘氨酸、N-乙酰基亮氨酸、喹啉酸、L-色氨酸以及5-羟甲基色胺等,与精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、色氨酸代谢、磷酸肌醇代谢、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸代谢...     

总膳食研究在人群膳食暴露评估中的应用

本文通过介绍总膳食研究实施的方法步骤,阐明其在食品安全风险评估中,尤其是在人群膳食暴露评估中的应用进展。     

不同膳食模式下的老年人膳食营养素摄入量研究

60岁以上的老年人容易患慢性病,且身体免疫力较弱,因此需要通过不同的膳食模式提高老年人的膳食营养素摄入量,提升老年人身体机能。采用3 d膳食称重记录法对低血糖指数膳食模式、终止高血压膳食模式、富含纤维素膳食模式进行记录分析。随机选择郑州市200名60～75岁的老年人作为调查对象,收集所有研究对象一般资料,利用Logistic回归方程计算膳食模式差异项的膳食营养素摄入量。结果表明,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素A、维生素C、维生素E、钙和碘摄入量明显较高,能量、膳食纤维、维生素B、维生素D、磷和铁摄入量较低。不同膳食模式均可以达到老年人日常膳食营养素摄入量。     

食品中丙烯酰胺的毒理学研究现状

为了解食物中丙烯酰胺对人体健康的影响，综述了食物中丙烯酰胺的来源及影响因素，人群通过食品的丙烯酰胺暴露量评估（吸烟、食品和职业暴露），丙烯酰胺生物转化和排泄以及毒性研究的现状。     

我国居民膳食中甜蜜素暴露的理论风险评估

目的评估我国居民膳食中甜蜜素暴露水平及对我国居民健康状况的潜在风险。方法根据GB 2760—2014《食品添加剂使用标准》中规定允许使用甜蜜素的各类食品中甜蜜素的最大使用量和我国居民各类食品实际的消费量数据,采用简单分布模型方法,对我国居民全人群通过各类食品摄入甜蜜素的摄入量进行理论估计,并与国际组织制定的甜蜜素每日允许摄入量(ADI)进行比较。结果我国居民全人群每日通过各类食品摄入甜蜜素的平均水平为0.97 mg/kg BW,占ADI值的13.86%。高暴露人群(P97.5)每日通过各类食品摄入甜蜜素的量为6.69 mg/kg BW,占ADI值的95.52%。根据欧盟食品科学委员会(SCF)制订的ADI(7.00 mg/kg BW),各年龄组人群通过相应食品摄入甜蜜素的平均摄入量均未超过ADI值,但是2~3岁、4~9岁、10~17岁人群中的高暴露人群(P97.5)其甜蜜素的摄入量分别超过甜蜜素ADI的146.32%、86.78%、9.19%;糕点、带壳熟制坚果与籽类对我国居民膳食中甜蜜素暴露的贡献率较高。结论我国居民全人群通过GB 2760—2014中规定允许使用甜蜜素的各类食品摄入甜蜜素的水平均处于安全水平,但是我国部分高暴露人群的暴露水平应引起关注。     

Simultaneous Determination of Nitrite and Nitrate in Milk Samples by Ion Chromatography Method and Estimation of Dietary Intake

The presence of nitrate and nitrite in foods may be considered hazardous after ingestion in the gastrointestinal tract due to their reaction with naturally occurred secondary amines to form potentially carcinogenic nitrosamines. Due to this fact, a new method was developed in this study for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in milk samples using by ion chromatography. Proposed mobile phase composed of sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium carbonate (1.0 and 3.2 mmol/L) with a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min. The average recoveries for nitrate and nitrite were higher than 86 and 88%, respectively. The limit of detection for nitrate and nitrite were 0.24 and 0.09 mg/L, respectively. The results of 102 real milk samples showed nitrate was found in all of the samples (100%) with a mean of 34 ± 11 mg/L, while nitrite was found in none of the samples. The mean intake of nitrate in all age groups was lower than World Health Organization guideline. The present assessment concludes that the maximum contaminant level was equal to 82.8 mg/L nitrate. This method was fast, sensitive and accurate and is capable of being an alternative method in food control laboratories for investigation of nitrite and nitrate content. This is the first study of the determination and survey of nitrite and nitrate and exposure assessment of the Iranian population to nitrite and nitrate level in milk, which was widely used in infants and adolescents as one of the basic food components.     

北京社区居民夏秋季节膳食叶黄素、玉米黄素摄入量分析

目的:测算北京社区居民夏秋季膳食叶黄素、玉米黄素摄入量。方法:采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对13种常见蔬菜、水果和蛋类中叶黄素、玉米黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量进行检测。运用定量食物频率表结合HPLC测定结果,计算居民膳食叶黄素、玉米黄素摄入量。结果:被调查的541名45岁以上社区居民中,叶黄素、玉米黄素平均摄入量分别为10201.4±12852.6μg/d和245.0±260.0μg/d。二者的摄入量在月人均收入1000～1999元者中最低。39.1%和30.2%的膳食叶黄素来源于菠菜和韭菜,40.6%和31.9%的膳食玉米黄素来自韭菜和鸡蛋。结论:利用定量食物频率表结合对常见食物的HPLC测定结果,估计了北京社区居民膳食叶黄素、玉米黄素的膳食摄入量。收入水平是影响居民二者摄入量的因素之一。菠菜、韭菜为被调查者膳食叶黄素的主要来源,韭菜、鸡蛋为其膳食玉米黄素最重要的来源。     

Dietary exposure estimates of 30 elements from the UK Total Diet Study

Dietary exposures of consumers to 30 elements (aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, germanium, gold, iridium, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, strontium, thallium, tin and zinc) estimated from the UK 1994 Total Diet Study are reported, and compared with those from previous UK Total Diet Studies and those from other countries. Dietary exposure estimates were generally low and, where comparisons are possible, similar to those from other countries and below the relevant Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes and Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intakes. For most of those elements included in previous UK Total Diet Studies, dietary exposures have declined.     

Dietary Acrylamide Exposure, Time Trends and the Intake of relevant Foods in Children and Adolescents between 1998 and 2004: Results of the DONALD Study

Up to now, no data are available which document possible time trends in acrylamide exposure. Therefore, 3 day dietary records (n = 3494) from 704 children and adolescents in 5 age groups between 1 to 18 years from the DONALD Study were evaluated to estimate the potential dietary intake of acrylamide by age and time between 1998 and 2004, hereby including the time when acrylamide was in the focus of public interest in 2002/2003. Statistical data of the intake of 7 food groups (g/MJ) relevant for acrylamide exposure were combined with available data for ranges of acrylamide concentrations in more than 1500 foods in Germany published in 2003. Scenarios were calculated assuming minimum, median and maximum acrylamide concentration in food groups. To analyse the influence of time (trend) on the outcome variables, mixed linear or non-linear models were used (PROC MIXED). Assuming median (minimum; maximum) acrylamide concentrations in foods and mean consumed food amounts, the calculated intake of acrylamide ranged from 0,19–0,45 (0,08–0,18; 0,91–2,04)μg/(kg_bw^*d) in the age-sex groups from 1 to <19 years. The highest intake was calculated for children aged 1–<7 years. The highest proportions of total intake of acrylamide came from bread (25%–47%), pastries (12%–39%), and potato products (3%– 31%) and additionally commercial infant food in young children aged 1–<4 years. Significant time trends were found concerning the total food intake and acrylamide exposure mainly in the form of a decline after 2001/2002 in some age-sex groups. Only few time trends for single food groups were found. Our estimated data are in the range of reports from the literature for adolescents and adults in Germany and other European countries, but do not confirm that children and adolescents will have higher exposures to acrylamide than adults. However, new analytical data are necessary to evaluate time trends for food consumption together with potential time trends for acrylamide content of food.

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Zusammenfassung (Redaktion). Bislang gab es noch keine Dokumentation über den zeitlichen Verlauf der Acrylamid-Exposition. Daher wurde im Rahmen der DONALD Studie ein Bericht über den Verzehr von Lebensmitteln w?hrend dreier Tage (n = 3494) von 704 Kindern und Jugendlichen in fünf Altersgruppen von 1 bis 18 Jahren eingeholt, um die potenzielle Aufnahme von Acrylamid in Abh?ngigkeit vom Lebensalter und im zeitlichen Verlauf zwischen den Jahren 1998 und 2004 absch?tzen zu k?nnen; damit wurde auch der Zeitraum von 2002 bis 2003 erfasst, wo dem Acrylamid in Lebensmitteln mehr ?ffentliches Interesse geschenkt wurde. Die statistischen Daten über den Verzehr von Lebensmitteln aus sieben verschiedenen Lebensmittel-Gruppen (g/MJ), welche für die Acrylamid-Exposition relevant waren, wurden in Relation gesetzt zu den verfügbaren Daten über die Grenzwerte von Acrylamidgehalten in mehr als 1500 verschiedenen Lebensmitteln in Deutschland. Szenarien wurden analysiert unter Verwendung des Minimal-, des Median- oder des Maximalwertes für die Acrylamid-Konzentration in den Lebensmittelgruppen. Zur Analyse der Zeitabh?ngigkeit der verschiedenen Variablen wurden verschiedene lineare oder nicht-lineare Modelle untersucht (PROC MIXED). Unter Voraussetzung des Median-Wertes (Minimum- oder Maximum-Wertes) der Acrylamid-Konzentration in den Lebensmitteln und ihrer verzehrten Menge kann mit einer aufgenommenen Acrylamid-Menge von 0,19–0,45 (0,08–0,18; 0,91–2,04) μg/(kg_bw^*d) in den Altergruppen zwischen 1 und 19 Jahren gerechnet werden. Die h?chste Aufnahme wurde für Kinder zwischen 1 und 7 Jahren berechnet. Der anteilig h?chste Eintrag an Acryl-amid erfolgte über Brot (25%–47%), Backwaren (12%–39%), und Kartoffelprodukte (3%–31%) und zus?tzlich über handelsübliche Babynahrung bei Kindern zwischen 1 und 4 Jahren. Ein signifikanter zeitlicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Verzehr von Lebensmitteln und der Acrylamid-Exposition wurde haupts?chlich mit dem Sinken der Werte für einige Altersgruppen nach den Jahren 2001/2002 gefunden. Die Acrylamidaufnahme stimmt überein mit den Angaben anderer Berichte über Jugendliche und Erwachsene in Deutschland und anderen europ?ischen Staaten, sie best?tigen aber nicht, dass Kinder und Jugendliche einer h?heren Acrylamid-Exposition ausgesetzt sind als Erwachsene. Es sind jedoch weitere Analysen notwendig, um die zeitliche Entwicklung des Verzehrs von Lebensmitteln zusammen mit der zeitlichen Entwicklung der Acrylamid-Konzentration in Lebensmitteln bewerten zu k?nnen.

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山东省居民膳食营养状况调查

目的 了解山东省居民膳食营养状况。方法整群随机抽样,用称重法和24h回顾法进行连续3d膳食摄入调查。结果谷类摄入量城市比农村少68．6g,动物性食物摄入量城市比农村多19、7g。能量、蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、维生素C和钠的摄入量城市低于农村,城市和农村比较分别少273．2kcal、3、1g、1．9g、60g、8．1mg、463．6mg。膳食结构仍以谷类食物为主。结论 山东省居民膳食营养存在不平衡现象,需要加强营养教育,引导居民合理膳食。     

中国人群黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露量评估

目的评估中国人群黄曲霉毒素的膳食暴露量，分析主要贡献食品及患肝癌的危险。方法通过食品中黄曲霉毒素的污染水平和人群食物摄入量计算人群黄曲霉毒素的膳食暴露量。结果我国成人、2～6岁儿童、城市人群、农村人群的平均黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露量分别为665．43、415．39、487，64、749．14ng／（人·d），这些人群高消费者（97．5百分位）的黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露量分别为24787．20、16544．40、17358，59、29370．42ng／（人·d）。玉米和大米是我国人群黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露的主要贡献食品。农村人群由于黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露患肝癌的危险高于城市人群。结论农村人群和2～6岁儿童、玉米和大米在控制我国人群黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露量、降低肝癌患病率中是不可忽视的重点人群和重点食品。     

湖北省人群膳食铬营养水平评价

目的利用全国居民营养调查数据,了解湖北省城乡居民铬营养摄入的现状。根据各类食物的摄入量和各类食物铬含量数据,评价人群膳食铬的营养水平。方法按中国居民营养与健康状况调查的方案调查取样,并按营养调查中各类食物的摄入量与实测食物中的铬含量相乘得到食物中铬营养的实际摄入量。并按城市和农村、不同性别、不同经济收入、不同文化程度、不同地区、不同年龄、以及糖耐量指标分级,分别评价不同人群的铬营养状况。结果湖北省城乡居民的每日人均铬摄入量为53.17μg,城市为48.70μg,农村为55.47μg。结论湖北省居民可能存在铬摄入偏低或不足。     

Contribution of selected foods to acrylamide intake by a population of Brazilian adolescents

Acrylamide dietary intakes from selected foods are estimated in this work for Brazilian adolescents from São Paulo State. The exposure assessment was carried out by combining levels of acrylamide in foods determined analytically by an accredited LC-MS/MS method, with individual food consumption data, using a deterministic approach. Data on food consumption were generated using 24 h recall applied to 578 individuals aged from 11 to 17 years, between July and August 2001. The mean and maximum acrylamide intakes were estimated to be 0.12 and 1.92 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. At 50th, 95th and 97.5th percentiles, the average intakes were 0.04, 0.55 and 0.77 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. Boys presented exposure levels lower than girls, while the acrylamide intake by younger adolescents (11-14 years) was higher compared to the older group (15-17 years). The foods that contributed most to acrylamide exposure were French fries, French bread, water and salt biscuit and coffee.