混合嗜热古菌在65°C生物浸出黄铜矿过程中活性炭的催化作用和钝化现象的相关性（英文）

研究活性炭对四株典型嗜热古菌混合培养物(Acidianus brierleyi,Metallosphaera sedula,Acidianus manzaensis和Sulfolobus metallicus)在65°C时浸出纯黄铜矿过程中活性炭的催化作用和钝化现象的相关性。浸出实验表明,活性炭能够有效地促进黄铜矿的生物浸出和化学浸出。基于同步辐射技术的X射线衍射、铁的L-边和硫的K-边X射线吸收近边结构光谱学分析表明,在生物浸出过程中当氧化还原电位较低((27)400 mV)时,活性炭能通过原电池反应改变电子传递途径,生成更易溶解的次生矿物辉铜矿,从而增强黄铜矿的浸出。在添加活性炭的生物浸出过程的前期,黄钾铁矾迅速累积但铜离子的浸出速率未受到抑制,然而在生物浸出的后期,大量黄钾铁矾沉淀在矿物表面,从而抑制黄铜矿的进一步溶解。在添加活性炭时检测到了更多的单质硫,但由于嗜热古菌混合培养物具有很强的硫氧化活性,所以生成的单质硫被其消解,因此,未检测到其对黄铜矿浸出有显著影响。     

两种极端嗜热古菌对黄铜矿的吸附和浸出行为（英文）

研究两株具有代表性的极端嗜热古菌A. brierleyi和S. metallicus及其混合物对黄铜矿的吸附和浸出行为。结果表明,S.metallicus的铜浸出率略高于A.brierleyi的,其中混合菌体系的铜浸出率最高。浸出过程中的群落结构分析表明,S. metallicus在菌群中属于优势菌群;A. brierleyi所占比例呈现上升趋势,而这一上升趋势与黄铜矿在混合体系浸出后期的铜浓度比在单菌体系增长更快有关。Langmuir参数分析得出两种古菌之间不存在竞争性吸附关系,而qPCR结果显示,在混合浸出的过程中,S. metallicus和A. brierleyi之间会产生促进性吸附。本研究进一步阐明混合极端嗜热菌在矿物表面上所发生的吸附行为。     

微生物浸出黄铜矿适应性研究

采用微生物浸矿技术,以西部矿业黄铜矿为对象,进行了从黄铜矿中提取铜的实验研究。菌种为氧化亚铁杆菌（T.f）。先进行菌种富集制备T．f菌浸出液,用细菌摇瓶浸出法做实验,了解影响浸出率的各种技术因素。研究结果得出,西部矿业黄铜矿在一般温度（25℃）下,T．f菌浸液的起始pH值为2．5,细菌浸出效果良好,浸出率平均在40％～65％之间,最高达到67％左右。为明确了解T．f菌浸出的效果,进行了无菌化学浸出的平行实验,两组系列实验结果得出,在整个浸出过程中,有菌浸出与无菌浸出相比,前期有菌浸出占有明显优势,但在后期浸出,效果与无菌浸出相当。这是由于有菌浸出后期pH值较前期低,不利于细菌的生长繁殖,此时,浸出时应使用pH值控制器,使其pH保持在合适的范围内,就能继续高的浸出速率。     

微生物浸出Pb-Zn-Sn黄铜矿及其生物群落的演替分析

研究了Pb-Zn-Sn黄铜矿精矿在混合中度嗜热微生物槽浸过程中的细菌群落结构变化,并监测浸出体系中金属离子浓度、溶液电位、溶液pH值变化,通过聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）技术分析微生物群落的结构变化。结果表明,最终铜浸出率高达85.6%,在浸出前期,Acidithiobacillus caldus为优势群落,从第18天开始到浸出结束,Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans为优势群落,但Leptospirillum ferriphilum丰度变化较小。试验结果表明,适当较高的溶液电位和合适的铁离子浓度对黄铜矿精矿的生物浸出作用很关键。     

嗜酸热古菌Acidianus manzaensis浸出黄铜矿过程中次生矿物的形成及演变（英文）

基于同步辐射X射线衍射(SR-XRD)和硫/铁/铜K边X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)光谱学等技术,研究了嗜酸热古菌Acidianus manzaensis浸出黄铜矿过程中次级产物的形成和演变机制。浸出实验结果表明,经过10 d的生物浸出黄铜矿的浸出率为82.4%,此时黄铜矿的表面被显著腐蚀且覆盖了一层浸出产物。在生物浸出过程中,矿物表面次级产物的形成及演变有如下规律:1)第2 d和第4 d检测了少量单质硫、斑铜矿和辉铜矿;2)第6 d和10 d斑铜矿和辉铜矿消失,但是铜蓝开始产生,并且黄钾铁矾逐渐变成主要产物。这些结果表明浸出过程中首先在低电位(360~461 mV)下形成金属缺失型辉铜矿和斑铜矿,随着电位升高,在高电位(461~531 m V)下逐渐转化为了铜蓝。     

绢云母对黄铜矿微生物浸出的影响

采用以Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans为主的混合菌,研究绢云母对微生物浸出黄铜矿的影响。结果表明,铜的浸出率随着绢云母粒度的减小而增加,随着绢云母质量分数的增加而呈先升高后降低的趋势。在添加粒度为-33μm、质量分数为5.0%的绢云母时,铜的最高浸出率为54.88%,比不添加绢云母时的铜浸出率提高了约12%,表明绢云母能促进黄铜矿的微生物浸出。绢云母的加入可使浸出体系pH值降低,最终pH值低于1.22。在浸出过程中,新生成的物质主要是铵黄铁矾,它覆盖于黄铜矿的表面,对微生物浸出铜有一定的阻碍作用。     

嗜酸热异养菌TC-2的分离鉴定及其对微生物浸矿的影响

从云南腾冲酸性热泉分离出一株嗜酸热异养菌TC-2。该菌呈长杆状,细胞大小为(2.0～5.0)μm×(0.3～0.5)μm,革兰氏染色反应为阴性,能形成芽孢。该菌生长温度范围为45～70℃,最适生长温度为55℃,适宜生长的pH值为1.5～4.0,最适宜生长的pH值为2.5,该菌能利用多种有机物生长。16SrDNA序列分析显示其与Alicyclobacillus sendaiensis的16SrDNA相似性大于99%。该菌自身没有浸矿作用,但对Acidianus manzaensis、Sulfolobus metallicus和Metallosphaera sedula等高温浸矿菌的浸矿有一定促进作用。     

Cu2+、Fe2+和Fe3+对中等嗜热混合菌浸出黄铜矿的影响

在50℃、pH 1.6的条件下,研究了Fe2+、Fe3+和Cu2+对中等嗜热混合菌浸出黄铜矿的影响.结果表明:添加低质量浓度Fe2+时,在浸出前期能够促进黄铜矿的浸出;而添加较高质量浓度Fe2+时,铜的浸出率反而降低;当添加不同质量浓度Fe3+时,由于形成黄钾铁矾而导致总铁质量浓度降低,但铜的浸出率并没有明显变化;添加...     

过程pH刺激对游离和吸附菌协同浸出黄铜矿的影响（英文）

为了研究过程pH刺激对中度嗜热菌浸出黄铜矿的影响,测定浸出过程中铜的浸出率以及游离和吸附菌的微生物群落结构动态变化。结果表明,将浸出第14天浸出过程的pH分别调节至1.0及3.0时,游离菌和吸附菌的生长均出现一个适应期。同时,未调节pH的对照组铜的浸出率为87.5%;而调节过程pH至1.0和3.0时,铜的浸出率分别下降至86.9%和64.0%。实时定量PCR分析表明,pH刺激对吸附菌的影响比对游离菌的影响小,说明吸附菌比游离菌对过程pH刺激具有更强的抗性。此外,调节过程pH至3.0显著破坏了游离菌和吸附菌的群落结构,浸出体系无法恢复至正常状态。     

晶体结构对黄铜矿、黄铁矿生物浸出差异性影响

在对黄铜矿、黄铁矿晶体结构差异性分析的基础上,研究在相同生物浸出条件下晶体结构对两矿物浸出速率及浸矿用菌种群落演替规律的影响,并对其产生原因进行分析。结果表明:黄铜矿晶胞中单位结构基元内不同结合方式原子间浸出难易程度不同,导致黄铜矿生物浸出速率随浸出时间的延长而不断降低;黄铁矿晶胞内各原子间结合方式单一,因而其浸出速率基本稳定。两矿物浸出过程中浸矿用菌种群落演替规律存在差异,在黄铜矿生物浸出过程中,Leptospirillum ferriphilum(L.f)由优势菌(占98%以上)转为劣势菌(占37%);在黄铁矿生物浸出过程中,L.f始终为优势菌(占90%以上)。由于L.f对Fe2+供应较敏感,因而两矿物晶体结构不同所决定的Fe2+供应差异是浸矿用菌种群落演替差异产生的根本原因。     

Bioleaching of chalcopyrite with Acidianus manzaensis YN25 under contact and non-contact conditions

In order to investigate the contributions of contact and non-contact cells of Acidianus manzaensis(A.manzaensis) YN25 to the bioleaching of chalcopyrite,three experiments were carried out in the modified shake flasks.The redox potential,pH,cell density,copper and iron ions in the solution were monitored,and the morphological feature and chemical composition of the leached residues were analyzed.The highest leaching efficiency of Cu and Fe was reached in the experiment where the A.manzaensis YN25 could contact the surface of the chalcopyrite.There was no precipitation of jarosite in the leached residues of three experiments,but there was elemental sulfur in the leached residues when the cells could not contact the chalcopyrite.From these results,it is apparent that the leaching of the chalcopyrite is the cooperative action of the contact and non-contact A.manzaensis YN25.     

古菌生物浸出黄铜矿过程中的表观硫氧化活性表征

对4株纯的极端嗜热古菌及它们的混合菌在生物浸出黄铜矿过程中的硫氧化活性进行对比研究。结果表明,混合菌比纯菌拥有更高的硫氧化活性,它大幅度促进黄铜矿浸出率的提高。表征嗜热古菌硫氧化活性的参数值通常受很多因素的影响,以致在不同的硫氧化菌和不同的条件下生物浸出黄铜矿时,这些参数很难准确地反映出相应的硫氧化活性。因此,期待找到一种能有效表征浸矿菌硫氧化活性的方法。     

Relatedness between catalytic effect of activated carbon and passivation phenomenon during chalcopyrite bioleaching by mixed thermophilic Archaea culture at 65 °C

The relatedness between catalytic effect of activated carbon and passivation phenomenon during chalcopyrite bioleaching by mixed thermophilic Archaea culture (Acidianus brierleyi, Metallosphaera sedula, Acidianus manzaensis and Sulfolobus metallicus) at 65 °C was studied. Leaching experiments showed that the addition of activated carbon could significantly promote the dissolution of chalcopyrite for both bioleaching and chemical leaching. The results of synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction, iron L-edge and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy indicated that activated carbon could change the transition path of electrons through galvanic interactions to form more readily dissolved secondary mineral chalcocite at a low redox potential (<400 mV) and then enhanced the copper dissolution. Jarosite accumulated immediately in the initial stage of bioleaching with activated carbon but copper dissolution was not hindered. However, much jarosite precipitated on the surface of chalcopyrite in the late stage of bioleaching, which might account for the decrease of copper dissolution rate. More elemental sulfur (S⁰) was also detected with additional activated carbon but the mixed thermophilic Archaea culture had a great sulfur oxidation activity, thus S⁰ was eliminated and seemed to have no significant influence on the dissolution of chalcopyrite.     

高效浸矿混合菌种的筛选及其在浸矿过程中的微生物群落结构演变

为了筛选可高效浸出低品位硫化矿的混合菌株,从10个典型的硫化矿矿区的酸性矿坑水中分离富集到混合菌株。以浸出率作为筛选的主要标准,筛选后的高效菌株,利用群落基因组芯片分析混合菌群的组成和过程变化。浸矿持续进行24d后,采集自江西德兴银山铅锌矿的混合菌浸出率最高,为68.89%。群落基因组芯片结果表明银山菌群包含9种菌,可被分为6类,在浸出过程中群落始终在变化。该研究为加速浸出和了解浸出过程中群落演替提供了一个较好的方法。     

Sustainable copper extraction from mixed chalcopyrite–chalcocite using biomass

This paper elaborated on the sustainability of the copper extraction process. In fact, an alternative copper extraction route from mixed sulphide ores, chalcopyrite and chalcocite using mesophilic biomass consortium at 33.3 °C and ferric leaching process were attempted. Bioleaching experiments were settled with a fraction size of −75+53 µm. Bacteria were used as the catalyst. A copper yield of 65.50% was obtained. On the other hand, in ferric leaching process, with a fraction size of −53+38 µm, when the temperature was increased to 70 °C, the copper leaching rate increased to 78.52%. Thus, comparatively, the mesophilic bioleaching process showed a more obvious advantage in copper extraction than leaching process with a high temperature. However, it has been resolved from the characterization performed using SEM−EDS, FTIR and XRD observations coupled with different thermodynamic approaches that, the indirect mechanism is the main leaching mechanism, with three transitory mechanisms (polysulphide, thiosulphate and elemental sulphur mechanisms) for the mixed chalcopyrite−chalcocite ore. Meanwhile, the speciation turns into Cu₂S−CuS−Cu₅FeS₄−Cu₂S before turning into CuSO₄. While ferrous oxidation and the formation of ferric sulphate occur, and there is a formation of strong acid as bacteria digest sulphide minerals into copper sulphate at low temperature, which is why this copper production scenario requires a redox potential more than 550 mV at room temperature for high copper leaching rate.     

中度嗜热微生物浸出复杂多金属铜精矿的优化(英文)

研究了中度嗜热微生物浸出复杂多金属铜矿过程中初始pH、温度、装液量、转速、原电池效应(黄铁矿比例)和矿浆浓度的影响。结果表明,初始pH为1.5的铜浸出率分别是初始pH为1.0和2.0的实验组浸出率的1.5倍和1.4倍。当温度为45°C时铜的浸出率比温度为50°C时的高出1236.8%。随着转速的升高和装液量的降低,铜的浸出率明显提高。当黄铁矿的比例增大时,铜的浸出率也逐渐提高,但是当黄铁矿比例高于20.0%后,铜浸出率不再增加。温度和pH及温度和黄铁矿比例之间存在显著的交互作用。     

Study on Grey Forecasting Model of Copper Extraction Rate with Bioleaching of Primary Sulfide Ore

A model GM(grey model)(1,1) for forecasting the rate of copper extraction during the bioleaching of primary sulphide ore was established on the basis of the mathematical theory and the modeling process of grey system theory. It was used for forecasting the rate of copper extraction from the primary sulfide ore during a laboratory microbial column leaching experiment. The precision of the forecasted results were examined and modified via "posterior variance examination". The results show that the forecasted values coincide with the experimental values. GM(1,1) model has high forecast accuracy;and it is suitable for simulation control and prediction analysis of the original data series of the processes that have grey characteristics,such as mining,metallurgical and mineral processing,etc. The leaching rate of such copper sulphide ore is low. The grey forecasting result indicates that the rate of copper extraction is approximately 20% even after leaching for six months.     

Study on bioleaching of primary chalcopyrite ore with thermoacidophilic archae

A high temperature-tolerating thermoacidophilic archae （TA） was isolated from water samples collected from a hot sulfur-containing spring in the Yunnan Province, China, and was used in bioleaching experiments of a low-grade chalcopyrite ore. The TA grow at temperatures ranging from 40 to 80℃, with 65℃ being the optimum temperature, and at pH values of l.5 to 4.0, with an optimum pH value of 2.0. The bioleaching experiments of the chalcvpyrite ore were conducted in both laboratory batch bioreactors and leaching columns. The results obtained from the bioreactor experiments showed that the TA bioleaching rate of copper reached 97% for a 12-day leaching period, while the bioleaching rate was 32.43% for thiobacillus ferrooxidans （Tf） leaching for the same leaching time. In the case of column leaching, tests of a two-phase leaching （196 days）, that is, a two-month （56 days） Tf leaching in the first phase, followed by a 140-day TA leaching in the second phase were performed. The average leaching rate of copper achieved for the 140-day TA leaching was 195mg/（L.d）, while for the control experiments, it was as low as 78mg/（L .d） for the Tf leaching, indicating that the TA possesses a more powerful oxidizing ability to the chalcopyrite than Tf Therefore, it is suggested that the two-phase leaching process be applied to .for the heap leaching operations, whereas, the TA can be used in the second phase when the temperature inside the heap has increased, and the primary copper sulfide minerals have already been partially oxidized with Tf beforehand in the first phase.     

含铜砷的铜电解黑泥氧化酸浸-硫化沉淀分离和回收铜

开发从含铜砷的铜电解黑泥中分离和回收铜的湿法冶金新工艺.该工艺包括黑泥氧化酸浸和浸出液中选择性硫化沉铜两个步骤.研究各种工艺参数对铜和砷的浸出和沉淀的影响.在第一阶段中,最佳工艺条件为:初始H2SO4浓度为1.0 mol/L,液固比为10 mL/g,80℃下连续浸出4 h.此条件下铜浸出率可达95.2％,砷浸出率为97...