R744/R600及R744/R600a混合工质热泵循环性能研究

基于换热器中的传热窄点温差的限制,对R744/R600及R744/R600a在所研究的工况范围内分别替代传统制冷剂R22的亚临界热泵循环特性分别进行了计算分析.结果表明:R744/R600和R744/R600a具有不同的最优配比,可以使得制热性能系数(COPh)最大;R744/R600及R744/R600a在最优配比下的COPh分别比R22系统增大11.98％和8.24％,分别比纯质R600和R600a大36.43％和36.24％,比跨临界循环R744系统增加7.07％和4.71％.在最优配比下,R744/R600和R744/R600a的冷凝压力低于R22,分别为0.84MPa和1.18MPa;压缩机排气温度也低于R22,在90℃以下.     

R744/R290/R600a混合工质热泵循环性能分析

对热泵系统,提出将R744/R290/R600a三种天然工质组成的混合物替代现有制冷剂。在热泵热水器名义工况下,计算分析不同配比下混合工质热泵系统循环性能,并分别与R22,R290,R600a和R744/R290(21%/79%)热泵系统性能进行对比。结果表明:R744/R290/R600a在最优配比下,系统制热性能系数为4.514,比R22,R290,R600a和R744/R290(21%/79%)系统分别增加20.50%,35.15%,41.50%和9.67%;系统冷凝压力比R22,R290和R744/R290(21%/79%)系统分别降低45.34%,41.20%和55.47%;新的混合工质不仅具有良好的热力学性能,而且可以有效降低系统运行压力,可以作为热泵工质的替代物。     

R134a/CO2复叠制冷系统的实验研究

针对R134a/CO2复叠制冷系统搭建实验台,研究不同工况下系统性能参数的变化规律,考查了压缩机效率对系统性能的影响,并与传统R404a系统性能进行比较。研究表明：在高温级冷凝温度48℃,低温级蒸发温度-30℃,冷凝蒸发器传热温差为3℃的工况下,CO2冷凝温度为-2℃时系统COP出现最大值,并在最优值±5℃内系统性能变化不大;不同实验工况下,CO2压缩机绝热效率最大偏差不超过4%,影响系统制冷量的主要因素是压缩机的容积效率;相同工况下,R134a/CO2复叠制冷系统性能可比常规R404a系统性能高3%。     

R1234ze/HCs非共沸混合工质热泵系统循环性能分析

在热泵热水器名义工况下,本文建立了热泵系统循环热力学模型,利用EES程序对混合工质R1234ze/HCs及对应的纯工质热泵系统循环性能进行了对比分析。结果表明:R1234ze/R600在质量分数(20/80)和R1234ze/R600a在质量分数(40/60)存在最优配比,对应的最大制热COP_h分别为3. 41和3. 32,而R1234ze/R290则呈现单调下降趋势。R1234ze/R600(20/80)系统的制热COP_h比R1234ze/R600a(40/60)、R1234ze、R290、R600、R600a系统分别高2. 7%、17%、0. 09%、16. 3%和17. 8%,排气温度为76. 9℃,冷凝压力为0. 711 MPa,压比为6. 32,有望成为新型替代工质。     

R134a和R417A应用于热泵热水器灌注式替代R22的实验分析

在空气源热泵热水器中,对R22、R417A和R134a进行了理论计算及实验分析.结果表明,R417A的制热量和COP更接近于R22,并且排气温度比R22低25℃左右,排气压力也比R22平均低0.17MPa;尽管R134a也具有较低的排气温度和排气压力,但其制热量远远小于R22,低温工况下,吸气压力过低,而且需更换压缩机润滑油,因此,R417A比R134a更适合在空气源热泵热水器中对R22进行直接灌注式替代.     

新型混合制冷剂R1270/R152a/R13I1的理论研究

针对制冷剂R22的替代问题,提出了一种适用于空调等制冷设备的环保型混合制冷剂R1270/R152a/R13I1。基于Refprop8.0,对R1270/R152a/R13I1的基本热物理性质和制冷系统循环性能进行了分析,研究表明:在标准工况下,R1270/R152a/R13I1混合制冷剂的COP和单位容积制冷量均与R22相当,非常有利于直接灌注式替代;在变工况下,R1270/R152a/R13I1的滑移温度较小,性能优于R407C,单位容积制冷量与R407C和R22相当,是一种优良的R22替代物。     

-60℃水冷自复叠制冷系统研究

提出一种新型水冷自复叠制冷循环方式,用冷凝分离器代替传统循环的冷凝器和相分离器,在冷凝分离器中同时完成了高沸点工质的冷凝及高沸点工质与低沸点工质的分离。对采用这种冷凝分离器的水冷自复叠制冷循环方式的R22/R23、R290/R170、R134a/R23、R134a/R170四种工质对进行了循环特性研究。在自行搭建的水冷自复叠制冷系统实验台上进行了R22/R23、R134a/R23两种工质对的实验研究。结果表明,在相同工况下,R22/R23自复叠制冷系统的COP要高于R134a/R23自复叠制冷系统;和传统的自复叠系统相比,采用冷凝分离器的水冷自复叠制冷循环COP明显提高,提升率达到60%~100%。     

R125/R290及R125/R600a热泵工质适用温区探究

循环温升保持45℃,热源进口温度范围为10—45℃的热泵工况下,建立了基于控制换热器窄点温差的热泵循环模型,对小温度滑移混合工质R125/R290(质量配比25/75)及大温度滑移工质R125/R600a(质量配比10/90)的热泵循环性能分别进行了分析研究。发现R125/R290制热循环性能系数COPh随名义蒸发温度的升高而提高,而对于R125/R600a,COPh却变化平缓。同时两种混合工质的排气温度和冷凝压力均在系统安全运行范围之内。结果表明:对于小温度滑移工质R125/R290更适合于低温热源工况,大温度滑移工质R125/R600a则更适用于高温热源工况。     

碳氢工质R600a/R1150在低温冰箱中的应用研究

采用碳氢制冷工质R600a/R1150进行实验研究,以低温冰箱为研究对象,对比分析了R600a/R1150与R600a/R23/R14两种混合工质在两级自复叠制冷循环系统中的特性。在不同工况下,对混合工质的几种质量配比进行了对比实验,结果表明,混合工质R600a/R1150在62/38的配比下系统性能最优,此配比下,系统在25℃环境温度下,箱内温度可以达到-80℃,在32℃环境温度下,箱内温度可以达到-77℃。在相同工况下,混合工质R600a/R1150的系统性能优于R600a/R23/R14,前者的箱内温度较后者低约2℃,系统充注量比后者少了36.4%。     

低温工况下碳氢化合物替代R22 的制冷循环分析

本文对常用的碳氢化合物制冷剂与R22进行了循环性能对比分析,发现R290、R1270是R22极有潜力的纯质替代物.R1270与R290的混合物能较好的替代R22.如果能够发挥非共沸混合物温度滑移的特点,R1270分别与R600a、R600的混合物也能够作为R22的替代物.     

Experiment and simulation on the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system using carbon dioxide as a refrigerant

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system using zeotropic refrigerant mixtures of R744/134a and R744/290. One of the advantages of this system is the possibility of keeping the highest pressure of the system within a limit by selecting the composition of a refrigerant mixture as compared to that in the vapor compression system using pure carbon dioxide. Performance test and simulation have been carried out for an autocascade refrigeration system by varying secondary fluid temperatures at evaporator and condenser inlets. Variations of mass flow rate of refrigerant, compressor power, refrigeration capacity, and coefficient of performance (COP) with respect to the mass fraction of R744 in R744/134a and R744/290 mixtures are presented at different operating conditions. Experimental results show similar trends with those from the simulation. As the composition of R744 in the refrigerant mixture increases, cooling capacity is enhanced, but COP tends to decrease while the system pressure rises.

Résumé

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system using zeotropic refrigerant mixtures of R744/134a and R744/290. One of the advantages of this system is the possibility in keeping the highest pressure of the system within a limit by selecting the composition of a refrigerant mixture as compared to that in the vapor compression system using pure carbon dioxide. Performance test and simulation have been carried out for an autocascade refrigeration system by varying secondary fluid temperatures at evaporator and condenser inlets. Variations of mass flow rate of refrigerant, compressor power, refrigeration capacity, and coefficient of performance (COP) with respect to the mass fraction of R744 in R744/134a and R744/290 mixtures are presented at different operating conditions. Experimental results show similar trends with those from the simulation. As the composition of R744 in the refrigerant mixture increases, cooling capacity is enhanced, but COP tends to decrease while the system pressure rises.     

Investigation of the heat pump water heater using economizer vapor injection system and mixture of R22/R600a

This paper presents the experimental study of a heat pump water heater (HPWH) using economizer vapor injection system and mixture of R22/R600a. Performances of HPWH using economizer vapor injection system are compared with that at different mixed mass ratios of R22/R600a. Study demonstrates that the heating capacity and energy efficiency ratio (EER) of the unit increased, and the discharge temperature of compressor decreased when using vapor injection and mixing refrigerant of R22/R600a. It is also found that the HPWH unit with economizer vapor injection system has a better performance for the high outlet water temperature under lower temperature conditions at 15% mass ratio of R600a for the mixing refrigerant. In addition, fundamental and practical influence of vapor injection pressure on the HPWH performance has been investigated experimentally. The simplified model is proposed for predicting the optimal vapor injection pressure of compressor using the mixing refrigerant R22/R600a.     

变浓度容量调节空调系统的机理与试验研究

在分析混合工质单位容积制冷量随组成浓度变化的特性的基础上,结合筛选出的工质R22/R142b和R32/R124,进行固定工况下变浓度稳态性能对比试验和变工况变浓度调节稳态性能试验,测得空调系统在不同浓度下的稳态性能参数,验证了混合工质变浓度的容量调节特性.     

用于低温复叠式制冷的CO2螺杆式压缩机组的性能实验

CO2在冷冻冷藏系统中适宜作为低温级制冷剂与其他制冷剂组成复叠式制冷循环。建立采用螺杆式压缩机组的NH3/CO2复叠式制冷实验系统,对低温级的CO2螺杆式压缩机组进行性能测试,并对主要技术参数进行分析,给出机组制冷量、轴功率、容积效率和绝热效率等在不同工况下的变化关系。在相同工况下CO2制冷机组的制冷量约是同型号氨机组的7.5～10.5倍,且在蒸发温度越低时差值越大。对NH3/CO2复叠式制冷机组和NH3单机双级压缩制冷机组的性能系数进行比较,前者在蒸发温度低于-40℃时性能系数更高。     

地埋管换热器变热流工况下换热模型及其试验验证

在制冷空调产品及热泵热水机国家标准规定的名义工况下,比较CO2跨临界循环与R22,R410A和R404A单级蒸气压缩循环的理论循环效率。结果表明：在空调制冷名义工况下,R22理论循环效率最高,CO2的理论循环效率只有R22的50％～60％;在热泵热水机名义工况下,CO2的理论循环效率最高,可以达到R22的145％;CO2跨临界循环受冷却器压力及出口温度2个方面的影响,适当降低CO2冷却器出口温度可改善循环效率,应用CO2制冷剂需要通过改善循环和优化控制提高系统的能效。     

Alternative evaluation of liquid-to-suction heat exchange in the refrigeration cycle

This paper advances a thermodynamic study of the effects of the liquid-to-suction heat exchange in vapor compression refrigeration cycles. The analysis was carried out for refrigerants of current interest, such as R134a, R22, R290, R410A, R600a and R717 assuming the cooling capacity as a constraint so that the evaporating pressure is free to vary. It is shown that the coefficient of performance may either increase or decrease when an internal heat exchanger is introduced into the cycle, depending not only on the working pressures, the heat exchanger effectiveness, the specific heat ratio, and the available latent heat to produce additional refrigerating effect, but also on the change experienced by the evaporating pressure. The thermodynamic conditions required for performance improvement are also discussed.     

Design-theoretical study of cascade CO2 sub-critical mechanical compression/butane ejector cooling cycle

In this paper an innovative micro-trigeneration system composed of a cogeneration system and a cascade refrigeration cycle is proposed. The cogeneration system is a combined heat and power system for electricity generation and heat production. The cascade refrigeration cycle is the combination of a CO₂ mechanical compression refrigerating machine (MCRM), powered by generated electricity, and an ejector cooling machine (ECM), driven by waste heat and using refrigerant R600. Effect of the cycle operating conditions on ejector and ejector cycle performances is studied. Optimal geometry of the ejector and performance characteristics of ECM are determined at wide range of the operating conditions. The paper also describes a theoretical analysis of the CO₂ sub-critical cycle and shows the effect of the MCRM evaporating temperature on the cascade system performance. The obtained data provide necessary information to design a small-scale cascade system with cooling capacity of 10 kW for application in micro-trigeneration systems.     

Characteristics of Voorhees refrigerating machine with hermetic piston compressor producing refrigeration at one or two temperature levels

Research on the operation of the refrigerating machine working on the Voorhees cycle which permits two-stage compression in a single-cylinder compressor has been carried out. The purpose of this research was to study the possibilities of using the Voorhees machine in a domestic refrigerator for production of refrigeration at one or two temperature levels. The experiments were carried out on the basis of a small hermetic lubricated compressor with a low refrigerating capacity operating on a commonly used R12 and natural refrigerant isobutane R600a. The improved refrigerating capacity in the Voorhees cycle with isobutane makes the latter an alternative substitute for conventional refrigerants. Some peculiarities in the operation of a hermetic piston compressor as part of the Voorhees refrigerating machine have been revealed. They require the use of a compressor developed specially for the Voorhees cycle. The method of optimizing the cycle parameters for a one temperature refrigerating system is suggested in this paper. The research carried out proved that the optimum intermediate pressures of the Voorhees refrigerating machine producing refrigeration either at one or two temperature levels are different.     

Transcritical carbon dioxide small commercial cooling applications analysis

This paper presents a project to develop an R744 commercial single door bottle cooler that is cost competitive and matches the performance of typical cost optimised R404A and R134a systems. Compressors with different displacement and efficiency values are evaluated for refrigerating systems with fin and tube and steel wire-on-tube gas coolers. Capillary tubes are tested. A methodology to properly sizing them and to optimize the combination of capillary tube and refrigerant charge is developed. The problem of optimal cycle high pressure is addressed and Liao’s approximated solution questioned. Tests demonstrate that the CO₂ energy consumption systems are higher than traditional ones especially at ambient temperatures above 25 °C. Carbon dioxide appears to be a feasible option for stand-alone refrigerating equipment in terms of total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) compared to HFC refrigerants with actual single stage R744 compressor technology, only if the refrigeration units operate at medium-low gas cooler inlet temperature.