The mechanism of ground granulated blastfurnace slag preventing alkali aggregate reaction

Three different methods were applied to study the alkali content of gelpores in cement. In the closed system, the concentration of K⁺, Na⁺ and OH⁻ have not reduced with the increase of age. In the open system, the diffusion and transferring of K⁺ and Na⁺ towards free space leads to the decrease of total alkali content. In the micro-analysis system, the contents of K⁺ and Na⁺ in the first hydrated layer of ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GBFS) are very low, while the contents of calcium and magnesium are relatively high. This phenomenon shows that the mechanism of GBFS preventing alkali aggregate reaction (AAR) is: when GBFS is dissolved by alkali medium, SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ are dissolved into the cement matrix, then around GBFS particles form reaction rings rich in Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, and the C-S-H gel of positive charges formed in the area repulses K⁺ and Na⁺, which are forced to transfer to the mortar’s matrix, pore or mortar sample surface. The transferred K⁺ and Na⁺ form alkali gel products with other dissolved ions, then become evenly distributed in the mortar sample and react with Ca(OH)₂ in pore solutions to form (Na,K) _x−2z ·zCa·(SiO₂)_y·(OH)_x gel products; and thus changes the AAR gel products’ structure. The gel products will not expand, and so they can delay expansion destruction.     

Early hydration of composite cement with thermal activated coal gangue

Composite cement samples were prepared by mixing clinker, gypsum with burnt coal gangues which was calcined at various temperatures. The mechanical strength and Ca(OH)₂ content in the cement paste were tested, and the paste composition and microstructure were analyzed by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and pore structure analysis. Results demonstrate that the thermal activated coal gangue could accelerate the early hydration of cement clinker obviously, which promotes the gangue hydration itself. The early hydrated products of the cement are C-S-H gel, Ca(OH)₂ and AFt. The cement with 30% (in mass) the gangue exhibits higher mechanical strength, and among all the cement samples the one with the gangue burnt at 700 °C displays the highest hydration rate, mechanical strength, the most gel pores and the lowest total porosity.     

Deterioration Characteristics of Cement-Fly Ash Paste under Strong Ultraviolet Radiation and Low Temperature Conditions

The pastes containing different dosages of fly ash were taken into ultraviolet radiation and low temperature freeze condition simultaneously(URL) for 30 days and only ultraviolet radiation condition(UR) for 30 days after standard curing, so as to investigate the influences of the conditions on the deterioration characteristics of the pastes. Microscopic test methods, such as XRD, TG-DTA and SEM, were used to study the UR effect on the deterioration process of hardened paste. The results show that the deterioration tests, such as URL and UR, inhibit the common development of paste strength, especially after the standard curing age of 360 days. With the increase of fly ash dosage, from 0 to 50%, the reference value decreases, especially at early age. While at the later age, i e, 180 and 360 days, the paste strength cured for 30 days under URL and UR conditions all increase to different extent and the strength is slightly affected very low, especially for the paste containing 25% fly ash. From XRD results, URL and UR dispositions do not influence the hydration product kinds but the amount, especially Ca(OH)₂ and CaCO₃. Deterioration experiments can decrease the diffraction peak of Ca(OH)₂ sharply, and increase that of CaCO₃ rapidly, especially under only ultraviolet radiation. From TG-DTA and SEM results, with the increase of curing age, the content of Ca(OH)₂ decreases and that of CaCO₃ increases. The Ca(OH)₂ content of paste under continuous UR curing for 30 days is less than that under URL curing for 30 days, which indicates that UR has more negative effects on the pastes than URL.     

Effect of corrosive solutions on C-S-H microstructure in portland cement paste with fly ash

By means of ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) combined with deconvolution technique, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as energy dispersive X-ray system(EDX), the effect of 5 wt% corrosive solutions (viz. 5 wt% Na₂SO₄, MgSO₄, Na2SO4+NaCl and Na₂SO₄+NaCl+Na₂CO₃) on C-S-H microstructure in Portland cement containing 30 wt% fly ash was investigated.The results show that, in MgSO₄ solution, Mg²⁺ promotes the decalcification of C-S-H by SO ₄ ^2- ,increasing silicate tetrahedra polymerization and mean chain length (MCL) of C-S-H. However, the substituting degree of Al³⁺ for Si⁴⁺ (Al[4]/Si) in the paste does not change evidently. Effect of Na²SO⁴ solution on C-S-H is not significantly influenced by NaCl solution, while the MCL and Al[4]/Si of C-S-H in fly ashcement paste slightly change. However, the decalcification of C-S-H by SO ₄ ^2- and CO ₃ ^2- attack, as well as the activation of fly ash by SO ₄ ^2- attack will increase the MCL and Al[4]/Si, which are both higher than that under Na₂SO₄ corrosion, MgSO₄ or Na₂SO₄ +NaCl coordination corrosion.     

Hydraulicity of Wet-milling Ultra-fine Grouting Cement

The physical and mechanical properties of wet-milling ultra-fine grouting cement were studied,and its microstructure was abserted through modern instrwnentation analysis such as scanning electronic micoscoty (SEM),X-ray diffraction and Hg-intrusion micromeritics ,The experimertal results indicate that wet-milling ultra-fine cement possesses high rheological properties and groutability,It can be filles densely in cracks of rock and hydrate fully,which may endow hydrated cemetnt with high mechanical strength Main hydration products of wetmilling ultra-fine cement are poorly crystalline G-S-H(I),acicular AFt and plank-shape Ca(OH)2,The dense crystal-netwonk structure can be formed in the rock gaps filled with cement psate ,but some weak regions exist owing to Ca(OH)2,The features of micro-pore structure of hydrated wet-milling ultra-fine cement are few big harmful pores,abundant harmless micro pores and little most possible pore radius.     

粉煤灰对砂岩碱硅酸反应的抑制及机理研究

以砂浆棒快速法和混凝土棱柱体法为基础，研究了粉煤灰对砂岩骨料碱硅酸反应（ASR）膨胀的抑制作用，采用扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDAX）分析了砂岩的ASR反应及粉煤灰抑制机理，通过混凝土强度和抗冻性测定讨论了粉煤灰对砂岩ASR抑制的可靠性问题。结果表明：粉煤灰能有效地抑制砂岩的ASR膨胀，抑制原因在于：碱与粉煤灰发生强烈的反应而使碱得到了“耗散”，且碱与粉煤灰生成的碱硅铝凝胶不具备膨胀能力。经受加速ASR的混凝土试件，掺粉煤灰越多，强度越低，抗冻等级越低。     

粉煤灰复合水泥浆体干燥收缩与孔结构关系的研究

采用氮吸附法研究了不同掺量粉煤灰对水泥浆体孔结构的影响,分析了干燥收缩与孔径分布、孔隙率、比表面积的关系。结果表明:粉煤灰的掺入使复合水泥浆体孔隙率、比表面积增加,细化样品孔结构的同时使较小毛细孔的比例减小,从而一定程度抑制了干燥收缩。     

Comparison of hydration properties between cement-GGBS-fly ash blended binder and cement-GGBS-steel slag blended binder

The hydration properties of cement-GGBS-fly ash blended binder and cement-GGBS-steel slag blended binder were compared. The experimental results show that the hydration rate of cement-GGBS- steel slag blended binder is higher than that of cement-GGBS-fly ash blended binder within 28 days, but lower than the latter after 28 days. The hydration of cement-GGBS-steel slag blended binder tends to produce more Ca（OH）2 than the hydration of cement-GGBS-fly ash blended binder, especially at late ages. Cement-GGBS- steel slag mortar exhibits higher strength than cement-GGBS-fly ash mortar within 28 days, but at late ages, it exhibits similar compressive strength with eement-GGBS-fly ash mortar and even slightly lower bending strength than cement-GGBS-fly ash mortar. Cement-GGBS-steel slag paste has finer early pore structure but coarser late pore structure than cement-GGBS-fly ash paste. Cement-GGBS-steel slag paste can get satisfied late pore structure and cement-GGBS-steel slag mortar can get satisfied late strength as compared with pure cement paste and pure cement mortar, respectively.     

Concrete with Highly Active Rice Husk Ash

The overall aim was to investtgate the effect of highly active husk ash (RHA) produced by an industrial furnace on some properties of concrete. The strength, pore volume and pore distribution of concrete and the Ca(OH)2 content in concrete were investigated by JIS A 1108 ( Method of test for compressive strength of concrete), a mercury instrument porosimeter, and the thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The results show that, with RHA replacement of cement , the compressive strength of concrete is increased evidently;the average pore radius of concrete is greatly decreased, especially the portion of the pores greater than 20nm in radius is decreased while the amount, of smaller pores is increased, and the more the RHA replacement, the less the amount of Ca(OH)2 in concrete. The latter two results are the main reasons for the strength enhancement of concrete.     

Characterization of pozzolanic reaction and its effect on the C-S-H Gel in fly Ash-cement paste

High resolution solid-state ²⁹Si MAS NMR, combined with XRD, SEM and FTIR were used to characterize the pozzolanic activity of FA, type of main pozzolanic reaction products, and the effect of pozzolanic reaction on the C-S-H microstructure in fly ash-cement (FC) paste. The experimental results indicate that in the hydrated FC paste with 30% dosage of FA at 3 d, FA partially participated in the pozzolanic reaction, while, at 120 d, FA largely reacts. During the hydration of FC paste at laboratory temperature, the pozzolanic reaction products are C-S-H gel rather than zeolitic gel. Moreover, after the covalent bonds of Si-O-Si, Si-O-Al and Al-O-Al in the structure of FA are broken, monosilicates Si-OH and Al-OH groups form, these chemical species can connect C-S-H dimers, thus producing more Al-free C-S-H and aluminous C-S-H than in the plain cement paste. The increased content of Al for Si substitution in the bridging tetrahedra of C-S-H may decrease the stability of C-S-H, which results in a rather obvious loss in the mechanical strength of hardened FC paste.     

掺大量混合材水泥组分优化与性能研究

研究了在混磨工艺下,大掺量混合材水泥中粉煤灰、矿渣的优化比例.固定混合材总量为44%和粉磨时间不变,对不同粉煤灰、矿渣用量的水泥颗粒级配和力学强度进行了测试,同时分析了掺混合材对水泥石孔隙结构和微观形貌的影响.结果表明：矿渣掺量占总混合材料用量的27%～34%时,水泥颗粒级配和力学性能最佳.掺配比例合理的大量混合材使水泥石孔隙结构细化,水泥石中大于100μm的粗孔明显减少或消失,即显著增加了小于0.1μm的细孔含量;同时可使水泥石微观结构均匀致密,大量层片状聚集的氢氧化钙晶体消失.     

Microstructure and Composition of Hydration Products of Ordinary Portland Cement with Ground Steel-making Slag

1　IntroductionSteel makingslagisthewasteofsteel makingindus tryandnearlysixteenmilliontonssteel makingslagisproducedinChinaperyear[1] .Justasflyashandblastfurnaceslag ,itisoneofthreekindsofdominantindustrywastesinourcountry .Eventhoughsteel makingslagce menthasdevelopedformorethantwentyyearsinCh ina[2 ,3 ] ,comparedwithothertwowastes ,thestudyandap plicationonsteel makingslagincementandconcreteareinsufficientyet.Moststeel makingslagcementsarepre paredbyinter grindingprocess ,sotheparticlesiz…     

电化学除盐对混凝土微观结构的影响

设计了一套钢筋混凝土的电化学除盐循环装置,研究了用0.001 mol/L Li2B4O7 氢氧化钙饱和溶液、氢氧化钙溶液以及蒸馏水作电解液的除盐效率,并用SEM和EDS等方法进行微观结构分析,结果表明:用0.001 mol/L Li2B4O7 氢氧化钙饱和溶液作电解液最有利于混凝土中Cl-的排除,并且经电化学除盐处理后混凝土水化产物中C-S-H凝胶分解,Ca(OH)2增多,并在孔壁形成沉淀,堵塞毛细孔,使表层混凝土孔隙率降低,而钢筋与混凝土界面Ca/Si增大。     

Microstructures and thermal properties of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

To analyze the feasibility of utilization of thermal technology in fly ash treatment, thermal properties and microstructures of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash were studied by measuring the chemical element composition, specific surface area, pore sizes, functional groups, TEM image, mineralogy and DSC-TG curves of raw and sintered fly ash specimens. The results show that MSWI fly ash particles mostly have irregular shapes and non-typical pore structure, and the supersonic treatment improves the pore structure; MSWI fly ash consists of such crystals as SiO₂, CaSO₄ and silica-aluminates, and some soluble salts like KCl and NaCl. During the sintering process, mineralogy changes largely and novel solid solutions are produced gradually with the rise of temperature. Therefore, the utilization of a proper thermal technology not only destructs those persistent organic toxicants but also stabilizes hazardous heavy metals in MSWI fly ash.     

Mechanical property and microstructure of alkali-activated Yellow River sediment-coal slime ash composites

This work focuses on the production of a new composite material using Yellow River sediment and coal slime ash via alkali-activating method. XRD, FTIR and SEM/EDS were used to characterize the alkali-activated products and microstructure of the composite material. Compressive strength was tested to characterize the mechanical property of the composite material. It is found that the compressive strength of the Yellow River sediment-coal slime ash composites increases as the added Ca(OH)₂ content grows. The compressive strength increases fast in the early stage but slowly after 28 days. The strength of the composites can be significantly improved via the addition of small amount of NaOH and gypsum. The products (C-S-H, ettringite and CaCO₃), especially C-S-H, make much contribution to the enhancement of strength. The highest strength of the composites can reach 14.4 MPa after 90 days curing with 5% Ca(OH)₂, 0.2% NaOH and 7.5% gypsum. The improved properties of the composites show great potential of utilizing Yellow River sediment for inexpensive construction materials.     

Concrete with Highly Active Rice Husk Ash

1　IntroductionForengineering ,economicandecologicalbenefits ,theuseofpozzolanicandcementitiousmaterials ,suchasgranulatedblast furnaceslag ,flyash ,silicafumeandnaturalpozzolan ,inthecementandconcreteindustryhasrisengreatlyfromthemiddleofthelastcenturyan…     

The mechanism of the effect of mineral admixtures on the expansion of alkali-silica reaction

On the base of the influence rule of silica fume, slag and fly ash on alkali-silica reaction under the condition of 70 ℃, the mechanism of the effect of mineral admixtures on alkali-silica reaction is studied further in the paper. The results show that the effects of mineral admixtures on alkali-silica reaction are mainly chemistry effect and surface physichemistry effect. Under suitable condition, the chemistry effect may make alkali-silica reaction to be inhibited effectively, but the physichemistry effect only make alkali-silica reaction to be delayed. The chemistry effect and the physichemistry effect of minerals admixture are relative to the content of Ca（OH）2 in system. Under the condition that there is a large quantity of Ca（OH）2, mineral admixture cannot inhibit alkali-silica reaction effectively. Only when Ca（OH）2 in the system is very less, it is possible that mineral admixture inhibits alkali-silica reaction effectively.     

矿物掺和料-水泥浆体电学特性与其微结构的关系

采用循环伏安法和交流阻抗法系统研究了粉煤灰、矿渣粉和石灰石粉水泥浆体的电学特性,通过等效电路对电学测试结果进行拟合,并将拟合所得浆体电学参数与浆体化学结合水和压汞所测孔结构之间的相关性进行比较。结果表明：浆体的化学结合水与其电阻率具有较好的正相关性,即化学结合水越多,水化程度越大,浆体电阻率越高;粉煤灰和矿渣粉可以提高浆体电阻率,而石灰石粉在5%掺量下对浆体电阻率无影响;随着水化龄期的延长,浆体孔溶液电阻增大,其变化规律与浆体电阻率一致;浆体凝胶电容和凝胶电阻与C-S-H凝胶含量有关,二者有很好的负相关性;随着水化龄期的延长,浆体孔结构曲折程度提高,交流阻抗法所测得常相角指数减小,压汞测得的分形维数增大。     

Effect of limestone powder and fly ash on magnesium sulfate resistance of mortar

The effect of limestone powder and fly ash on magnesium sulfate resistance of mortar was studied by testing on the strength, expansion and hydration products of the specimens stored in MgSO₄ solution at certain periods. The experimental results show that the strength of mortar stored in MgSO₄ solution increases a little before 28 d, but decreases fast subsequently. The more the contents of limestone powder and fly ash, the less the strength losses. Mortar swells in the MgSO₄ solution with the soaking time. And the more the contents of limestone powder and fly ash, the less the expansion rate is. The expansion or strength loss of mortars results from the expansion of gypsum, as well as the loss of Ca(OH)₂ and other hydration products of cement. The magnesium sulfate resistance of the mortars containing limestone powder and fly ash is high.     

Fly Ash-based Geopolymers:Effect of Slag Addition on Efflorescence

Blended fly ash/blast-furnace slag geopolymers are focused on due to their excellent mechanical and chemical resistant properties. We investigated the effect of slag partial substitution for fly ash on the efflorescence of the resulting geopolymers. The efflorescence of geopolymer binders was inspected and evaluated through leaching tests. The efflorescence deposits on surface of the geopolymer binders were analyzed using XRD and SEM-EDS. The results showed that sodium and calcium cations leached from geopolymer binders reacted with the atmospheric CO_2 and formed the crystal deposits, gaylussite and calcite, in the forms of granular and angular crystal particles. The slag addition led to a refinement of the pore structure of fly ash-based geopolymers, but an increment in the concentration of alkali leaching. The crystal deposits gradually developed in the pore volume of the binders, and finally exceeded the capacity of pore volume. The extent of efflorescence on the surface of specimens increased with the slag substitution. The visible efflorescence is therefore a result of available alkalis and pore sizes and volumes. Higher concentration of available alkalis and smaller pores(and volume) will lead to more intensive efflorescence.