基于Fluent的微型直接甲醇燃料电池阳极流场结构分析

微型直接甲醇燃料电池中阳极流场结构对电池的性能有着重要的影响。为了合理设计阳极流场结构,改善甲醇燃料在阳极流场中的分布,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件Fluent对微型直接甲醇燃料电池进行建模并仿真分析。分析比较了点型、平行和蛇形3种不同流场图案下得到的压降与流速分布,得出蛇形流场能够更有利于甲醇燃料的均匀分配。在此基础上分别建立不同流道宽度(800,400,200,100μm)的蛇形流场模型,通过仿真计算甲醇燃料的分布情况来分析其对燃料电池性能的影响,并结合实验结果进行对比得出流道宽度为200～400μm之间为优化值。     

基于光电复合传感器的重金属检测算法的研究

基于光寻址电位传感器(Light Addressable Potentiometric Sensor,LAPS)和微电极阵列传感器(Microelectrode Array Sensor,MEA)的复合传感器件,作为无线传感器网络的敏感元件,已应用于水环境痕量重金属的检测中.本文基于该光电复合传感器,分别对LAPS及M...     

阳极氧化膜对花萼状涡流阵列传感器裂纹监测的影响

针对飞机铝合金结构件表面具有阳极氧化膜的实际,制备具有不同厚度阳极氧化膜的2A12-T4铝合金试件,搭建疲劳裂纹监测系统,对花萼状涡流阵列传感器的裂纹监测特性进行了研究.研究表明:花萼状涡流阵列传感器可以对具有阳极氧化膜的铝合金结构疲劳裂纹进行有效监测,监测精度为1 mm;但阳极氧化膜的厚度会对花萼状涡流阵列传感器的裂纹监测特性产生显著影响,随着阳极氧化膜厚度的增大,传感器的输出信号幅值增加,裂纹监测能力明显降低.     

Ni掺杂SnO2花状微结构的制备及其气敏特性研究

采用水热法合成了纯SnO2和4 mol%Ni掺杂SnO2花状微结构.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线能谱分析仪(EDS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其晶相、成分进行了表征,对制备的纯的和Ni掺杂SnO2传感器性能进行了测试.实验结果表明:Ni掺杂可以显著改善SnO2微结构的气敏特性.在最佳工作温度(280℃)条件下,4 mol%Ni掺杂SnO2传感器对100×10-6甲醇的响应可达到13.0,其响应是纯SnO2气体传感器的2.4倍.同时,其具有快速的响应/恢复时间(6 s/5 s),较低的检测极限(1×10-6),以及对甲醇的良好选择性.最后,对Ni掺杂SnO2气体传感器的气敏机理进行了分析讨论.     

掺入SiO2纳米颗粒对厚膜ZnO气敏传感器气敏性能的影响

利用丝网印刷技术,制备出掺入SiO2和未掺入SiO2的ZnO厚膜气敏传感器,测试对甲醇和乙醇的气敏性能,并用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)来分析表征气敏膜的微观形貌。结果表明SiO2的掺人有效地抑制了ZnO晶粒的长大。在工作温度为400～450℃时,SiO2的掺入显著提高了ZnO厚膜气敏传感器对甲醇和乙醇的敏感度,...     

采用硅和PDMS的堆栈式微型直接甲醇燃料电池的设计和制作

在堆栈式微型直接甲醇燃料电池μ-DMFC(Micro-Direct Methanol Fuel Cell)中,为了避免硅基流场板因为封装压力过大而破裂,采用了硅和PDMS(Polydimethylsiloxane,聚二甲基硅氧烷)材料分别制作阳极和阴极流场板。首先,采用微机电系统MEMS(Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems)技术制作硅基阳极流场板。其次,通过铜箔与阴极流场板一体成型、有机清洗和PDMS表面活化等改进措施显著提升了PDMS阴极流场板金属化的能力。最后,比较和分析阳极流场板上3种不同结构的流道形式的堆栈式μ-DMFC的输出性能。实验结果表明,活化后的PDMS阴极流场板与Cr/Au的粘附性能和粘接强度显著提高,同时阳极流场板的流道一半开设为凸台,一半开设为通孔时,其堆栈式μ-DMFC的输出性能最优。最大输出电流密度为81.25 mA/cm2,最大输出功率为7.73 mW/cm2。采用硅和PDMS材料分别制作流场板,不仅简化了堆栈式μ-DMFC的结构,而且能够缓冲锁紧力,有效保护硅基阳极流场板。同时优化阳极流场板上的流道结构,能够有效提升堆栈式μ-DMFC的输出性能。     

基于MEMS技术的微型直接甲醇燃料电池的制作

为了进一步简化微型直接甲醇燃料电池(μDMFC)系统,便于电池批量生产,采用MEMS技术制作μDMFC.电池的制作包括传统的MEMS工艺,如,氧化、光刻、湿法刻蚀、硅-玻璃键合等方法,还包括一种新的催化电极制备方法,即采用硅片阳极氧化的方法.首先,制得多孔硅(PS)作为催化电极的基底,然后,采用化学镀法分别在PS上沉积出Pt阴极催化电极和Pt-Ru阳极催化电极.PS具有巨大的比表面积,使化学镀的催化剂层拥有不连续的三维结构,能显著增加催化剂的活性面积,同时,化学镀液中贵金属的利用率高达95%,可以有效地节约贵金属用量.研究中采用扫描电镜(SEM),能量色散X射线分析(EDX)对催化剂层的形貌和成分等物理性能进行了分析.     

基于碳纳米管场发射的压力传感器仿真与设计

碳纳米管是场发射阴极的极佳材料.基于碳纳米管和金属铜的复合电镀技术,采用有限元软件对压力传感器的碳纳米管布设进行了有限元仿真,使用模拟退火算法对阳极变形膜的尺寸进行了优化,并设计了实现压力传感器的工艺过程.碳纳米管的管径在不影响电镀质量的情况下可尽量小,选取的长度不影响直立,间距在500 nm时可获得最大电流.阳极膜的...     

SAW敏感膜材料SXFA的合成与吸附研究

声表面波化学传感器(SAW chemical sensor)是一种可用于化学战剂、爆炸物的气敏传感器.涂在SAW化学传感器上的敏感膜涂层与被测气体之间能发生可逆吸附作用,从而定量分析.本文采用水解法合成了烯丙基甲基聚硅氧烷,之后与六氟丙酮在110℃下进行反应,合成了聚(氧{甲基(4-羟基-4,4-双(三氟代甲基)丁-1-烯-1-醇)亚甲基硅氧烷})(SXFA)膜材料,采用溶剂挥发法﹑旋涂法将其涂膜,以甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)为化学战剂模拟物,进行检测,频率计有3 kHz的偏移响应,同时对膜厚等因素对吸附的影响进行了探讨.     

多孔硅基微型直接甲醇燃料电池用催化电极的制备

针对硅基微型直接甲醇燃料电池小型化的需要,提供一种新型多孔硅基催化电极的制备方法,即采用硅片阳极氧化的方法首先得到多孔硅作为催化电极的基底材料,然后采用化学镀铂及铂钌的方法分别在多孔硅上沉积出催化剂镀层,制备出阴极和阳极催化电极.多孔硅具有巨大的比表面积,使化学镀的催化剂层拥有不连续的三维结构,能显著的增加催化剂的活性面积,同时化学镀液中贵金属的利用率高达95%,可以有效地节约贵金属用量.研究中采用扫描电镜(SEM),X射线衍射(XRD),能量色散X射线分析(EDX)对多孔硅的形貌及催化剂层的物理性能进行了分析.     

Long-life planar oxygen sensor

A planar amperometric oxygen sensor has been developed using a printing method for an Ag anode and a four-layered structure for an electrolyte solution. The sensor consists of four glass substrates stuck together by epoxy resin. A Pt cathode and an Ag anode are deposited on one of these glass substrates by r.f. sputtering and by printing, respectively. An internal electrolyte solution is enclosed in the structure and sealed off by an oxygen-permeable membrane. A linear relationship is obtained between the reduction current and the partial pressure of oxygen in the range 0–600 mmHg. The current at an oxygen pressure of 100 mmHg is stable for more than 2000 h. The amount of Ag anode patterned by the printing method is found to be sufficient for continuous long-term use. Based on methods and structures similar to those described in this paper, it should be possible to fabricate miniaturized oxygen sensors and biosensors.     

纳米孔Al2 O3修饰Si基氨气传感器设计

针对Si基微结构气体传感器中Si基与敏感材料之间附着性较差的问题,提出在Si基与敏感材料之间引入纳米孔Al2 O3膜形成新型Si基微结构传感器,利用ANSYS分析软件对微结构进行热分析。采用薄膜工艺、光刻工艺、电化学阳极氧化工艺在Si衬底上制成Si基微结构,采用超声波的方法使聚苯胺敏感材料渗入纳米孔Al2 O3膜中制成气体传感器,并在室温下测试了传感器对氨气的检测特性。结果表明：将纳米孔Al2 O3膜移植到Si基上增加了敏感材料的附着性;传感器对响应时间约为40 s,恢复时间约为960 s,灵敏度随着氨气浓度的增加而增大,并且呈现出良好的线性关系。     

An ISFET glucose sensor with a silicone rubber membrane for undiluted serum monitoring

An ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) glucose sensor with a silicone rubber membrane has been fabricated and its operation has been demonstrated in monitoring glucose concentration in serum and suction effusion fluid without dilution. The sensor characteristics are evaluated by measuring glucose concentrations in HEPES—NaOH buffers with different buffer capacities. The silicone membrane, which restricts glucose diffusion, expands the linear calibration range up to 500 mg/dl glucose. This membrane also restricts buffer species diffusion, so that the sensor output is not affected by solution buffer capacity. Moreover, investigation on the relationship between the sensor response and dissolved oxygen concentration shows that this sensor maintains constant outputs in solutions containing 1.5–7.5 ppm of oxygen. The sensor is mounted in a flow cell, into which serum samples and HEPES—NaOH buffer solution are alternately fed by a peristaltic pump. It takes 15 min to measure one sample. In 21 measurements on the same serum sample, the sensor output variance coefficient is found to be 4.7%. The sensor is applied to monitor glucose concentration in glucose-loaded rabbit suction effusion fluid. The glucose-level profile obtained by this sensor shows a good correlation with that measured by a conventional glucose analyser.     

Optimization of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell membrane electrode assembly

A computational framework for fuel cell analysis and optimization is presented as an innovative alternative to the time consuming trial-and-error process currently used for fuel cell design. The framework is based on a two-dimensional through-the-channel isothermal, isobaric and single phase membrane electrode assembly (MEA) model. The model input parameters are the manufacturing parameters used to build the MEA: platinum loading, platinum to carbon ratio, electrolyte content and gas diffusion layer porosity. The governing equations of the fuel cell model are solved using Netwon’s algorithm and an adaptive finite element method in order to achieve near quadratic convergence and a mesh independent solution respectively. The analysis module is used to solve the optimization problem of finding the optimal MEA composition for maximizing performance. To solve the optimization problem a gradient-based optimization algorithm is used in conjunction with analytical sensitivities. By using a gradient-based method and analytical sensitivities, the framework presented is capable of solving a complete MEA optimization problem with state-of-the-art electrode models in approximately 30 min, making it a viable alternative for solving large-scale fuel cell problems.     

A novel porous anodic alumina based capacitive sensor towards trace detection of PCBs

To detect polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a novel porous anodic alumina (PAA) based capacitive sensor working at room temperature has been developed. The parallel nanopores of PAA not only provide large surface area for PCB adsorption, but also benefit for the enhancement of capacitive response. By dropping the PCB methanol solution on the surface of PAA, it is convenient to load PCB into the nanopores by solvent evaporation. 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) was chosen as a typical sample of PCBs to investigate the sensing properties of the capacitive sensor. The capacitance of the PAA membrane shows remarkable enhancement after PCB77 solution was loaded while no significant change can be seen after the pure solvent was loaded. The capacitive sensor also shows good response to PCB77 even in the presence of the interferent of benzene. The sensing mechanism has been qualitatively discussed based on a parallel plate capacitor model. The detection limit is down to 8 × 10⁻⁸ M towards PCB77. The novel PAA based capacitive sensor exhibits great potential for practical application in trace detection of PCBs.     

Microfluidic analysis of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> bubble dynamics using thermal lattice-Boltzmann method

By means of microfluidic analysis with a thermal lattice-Boltzmann method, we investigated the hydrophilic, thermal and geometric effects on the dynamics of CO₂ bubbles at anode microchannels (e.g., porous layers and flow channels) of a micro-direct methanol fuel cell. The simulation results show that a more hydrophilic wall provides an additional attractive force to the aqueous methanol in the flow direction and that moves the CO₂ bubble more easily. The bubble propagates quicker in the microchannel with a positive temperature gradient imposed from the inlet to the exit, mainly due to the Marangoni effect. Regarding the geometric effect of the microchannel, the bubble moves more rapidly in a divergent microchannel than in a straight or convergent channel. On the basis of the quantitative evaluation of hydrophilic, thermal and geometric effects, we are able to design the bubble-removal technique in micro fuel cells.     

用于社团发现的Girvan-Newman改进算法

为了克服Girvan-Newman算法运行效率的不足,提出了一个基于modularity极值近似的社团发现算法MEA。该算法采用modularity增量作为社团结构的度量,使用贪心策略获得最优社团分划的近似解。通过理论分析,并在实际的数据集上进行实验验证,结果表明MEA算法是快速、有效的。     

Fabrication and characterization of a passive silicon-based direct methanol fuel cell

This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of a passive silicon microfabricated direct methanol fuel cell (μDMFC). The main characteristics of the device are its capability to work without complex pumping systems, only by capillary pressure, and the fact that its performance is not affected by the device orientation. A simple fabrication process based in deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), allows obtaining a reliable and low-cost final device. The device consists of two silicon microfabricated plates mounted together with a commercial membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The impact of current collector design on microfuel cell performance is explored and current–voltage (I–V) and current–power (I–P) curves of the device at different methanol concentration and orientation are presented. Optimal performance was obtained for methanol concentrations between 3 and 5 M, achieving a maximum power density of 12 mW/cm². The results obtained in this work demonstrate the feasibility of the device and give a guideline for design and conditions optimization.