Acceptance of sugar reduction in flavored yogurt

To investigate what level of sugar reduction is accepted in flavored yogurt, we conducted a hedonic test focusing on the degree of liking of the products and on optimal sweetness and aroma levels. For both flavorings (strawberry and coffee), consumers preferred yogurt containing 10% added sugar. However, yogurt containing 7% added sugar was also acceptable. On the just-about-right scale, yogurt containing 10% sugar was more often described as too sweet compared with yogurt containing 7% sugar. On the other hand, the sweetness and aroma intensity for yogurt containing 5% sugar was judged as too low. A second test was conducted to determine the effect of flavoring concentration on the acceptance of yogurt containing 7% sugar. Yogurts containing the highest concentrations of flavoring (11% strawberry, 0.75% coffee) were less appreciated. Additionally, the largest percentage of consumers perceived these yogurts as “not sweet enough.” These results indicate that consumers would accept flavored yogurts with 7% added sugar instead of 10%, but 5% sugar would be too low. Additionally, an increase in flavor concentration is undesirable for yogurt containing 7% added sugar.     

Soy Protein Fortification Affects Sensory, Chemical, and Microbiological Properties of Dairy Yogurts

ABSTRACT: Chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties for low fat yogurts fortified with 0,1, 2.5, or 5% soy protein concentrate were determined through 1 mo storage at 5 °C. Yogurts were adjusted to equivalent total solids with nonfat dried milk. Microbiological counts, fermentation time, and final developed acidity were not affected by soy protein. Instrumental viscosity and sensory thickness, soy aroma, and soy flavor increased with soy protein addition (P 0.05). Soy flavor and aroma did not increase with storage time. Yogurt with 5% soy protein was darker, more chalky, and less sweet compared to control yogurt or yogurts with lower concentrations of soy protein (P 0.05). Yogurts with 1 or 2.5% soy protein were most similar to control yogurt.     

The effect of pumpkin fibre on quality and storage stability of reduced‐fat set‐type yogurt

In this study, the effect of pumpkin fibre (PF) on physicochemical, microbiological, rheological and microstructural characteristics of reduced‐fat yogurt samples was investigated during storage. PF was added at three different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) to standardised (1.55% fat ratio) cow's milk. Plain yogurt (PF‐free) was used for comparison. The addition of PF significantly affected total solid content, synaeresis, water‐holding capacity, apparent viscosity and colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) of yogurt samples for all sampling time. The addition of PF caused a reduction in L* values (from 94.89 to 88.67), but caused an increase in a* (from ?2.10 to +4.22) and b* (from 10.79 to 25.88) values. Yogurts with PF exhibited lower synaeresis and more viscous structure than PF‐free sample during storage. SEM images showed that distinctive microstructure profile was present between samples with or without PF. More filamentous structures and denser network were observed in the SEM images and these increased with increasing level of PF. Yogurt containing 1.0% PF showed a higher storage (G′) (3687.87 at 21 day) and loss (G″) (543.10 at 21 day) moduli in comparison with other samples. In conclusion, the results revealed that PF improved the physical quality and contributed textural properties of half‐fat yogurt.     

EFFECT OF SOLID CONTENT AND SUGAR COMBINATIONS ON THE QUALITY OF SOYMILK-BASED YOGURT

A research to evaluate the effect of two levels of solids and two sugar combinations in the quality of a soymilk yogurt-type food was carried out. Yogurts were elaborated by inoculating lactic cultures ( Lactobacillus dellbruckii spp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus salivarius spp. thermophilus ) into soymilk with 8% and 11% solid levels and glucose/sucrose and glucose/fructose mixtures. Also, a control treatment with cow milk was prepared. Yogurts were analyzed after two days of preparation for their chemical (protein, lipids, titrable acidity and pH), physical (syneresis and viscosity) and sensory characteristics (quality and acceptability). Protein content of soymilk based yogurts ranged between 3.56 and 4.45 g/100 g. The higher titrable acidities (0.66% and 0.63% lactic acid) were shown by treatments with higher solids level, which also shown the lowest syneresis. All soymilk yogurts were yellowier than the control. The highest sensory acceptability was for the 8% solids treatment enriched with glucose and sucrose.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

There are an increasing number of people suffering of lactose intolerance, which need an alternative product to milk. Besides, some people have adopted a strictly vegetarian way of life. Soymilk has been used for a long time by this part of the population; however, it usually has a beany flavor, which can cause some rejection among occidental consumers. A fermented product from soymilk, such as soymilk yogurt, may offer a good alternative for those people. In soymilk production it is necessary to carefully adjust the amount of solids and the sugar used in fermentation in order to obtain a well accepted commercial product. Soy yogurt could be used to formulate a number of different new products like desserts, high fiber yogurt, fruit-added yogurt and so on.     

Effects of Extruded Sugar Bagasse Blend on Yogurt Quality

Extruded blends (EB) of whey protein concentrate 35 (WPC 35)–corn starch–sugarcane bagasse with 0%, 25%, and 50% substituted yogurt formulations were evaluated for some functional characteristics. Yogurts substituted with EB showed higher viscosity and lower syneresis index than that without EB. During storage for 48 h, the syneresis values of yogurt with and without EB decreased. The pH values and color differences (ΔE) decreased slightly in the yogurts formulated with EB. However, the color differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) and were also acceptable to the judges. In general, yogurts substituted with EB at different levels had sensory attributes of taste, acidity, texture, and viscosity scores similar to those observed for yogurt with no EB. Scores of yogurts were not affected significantly with substitution of EB at all the levels.     

黑枸杞风味酸奶发酵条件优化及低聚果糖和水苏糖对其品质的影响

该研究以黑枸杞、牛奶为主要原料制备黑枸杞风味酸奶,以感官评分和乳酸菌总数为考察指标,采用单因素试验和响应面法对黑枸杞风味酸奶的发酵工艺条件进行优化,并考察低聚果糖和水苏糖对黑枸杞风味酸奶品质的影响。结果表明,黑枸杞风味酸奶的最佳发酵工艺条件为白砂糖添加量8.9%,黑枸杞汁添加量4.1%,羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.3%,接种量2.2%。在此优化条件下,黑枸杞风味酸奶的感官评分为89.48分,乳酸菌总数为1.3×10⁹ CFU/mL。当低聚果糖和水苏糖添加量分别为1.8%和0.8%时,黑枸杞风味酸奶乳酸菌总数分别提高7.08倍和5.6倍,酸度分别降低23.4%和20.2%,蛋白质含量分别升高65.2%和61.3%,1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除率分别提高22.7%和26.5%,表明低聚果糖和水苏糖可使黑枸杞风味酸奶抗氧化性增强。     

凝固型咖啡酸奶的研制

以全脂乳粉、脱脂乳粉、咖啡为主要原料,添加蔗糖,以安琪酵母8型菌为发酵剂,酸奶感官品质评分和酸奶黏度的综合评分为考察指标,采用正交试验方法对凝固型咖啡酸奶配方进行优化,得到最佳的发酵咖啡酸奶的工艺与配方。结果表明,在发酵温度为42 ℃条件下发酵6 h,脂肪含量3.4%,咖啡添加量1.0%,蔗糖添加量6%,8菌型发酵剂添加量0.1%,发酵后在4 ℃条件下冷藏24 h,获得的发酵酸奶的感官品质评分为89分,黏度为5 640 mPa·s,产品组织状态均匀,口感细腻,略带有咖啡香味,感官评价最佳。最佳发酵条件下的酸度为88 °T,pH值为4.24,乳酸菌活菌数为1.25×108 CFU/mL,符合GB 19302—2010对酸奶品质的规定。     

Quality and acceptability of a set-type yogurt made from camel milk

Camel milk (CM) set yogurts were formulated with gelatin, alginate (ALG), and calcium (Ca). Titratable acidity, pH, sensory properties, and acceptability of CM yogurts were studied. Twelve treatments were prepared; 3 using gelatin at 0.5, 0.75, and 1% levels and 9 with combinations of ALG and Ca at different levels. Titratable acidity and pH of fresh yogurt were not affected by the addition of gelatin or the ALG and Ca combinations. Trained sensory panel results showed that CM yogurt containing 1% gelatin or 0.75% ALG + 0.075% Ca had the highest intensities for firmness and body. Consumer results indicated that the hedonic ratings of the sensory attributes and acceptability of CM yogurt containing 0.75% ALG + 0.075% Ca were similar to that of cow's milk yogurt. The CM yogurts containing ALG + Ca and flavored with 4 different fruit concentrates (15%) had similar hedonic ratings and acceptability. Addition of 0.75% ALG + 0.075% Ca could be used to produce acceptable plain or flavored CM yogurt.     

SWEETNESS EQUIVALENCE OF DIFFERENT SWEETENERS IN STRAWBERRY‐FLAVORED YOGURT

ABSTRACT

To successfully substitute sucrose for sweeteners, further studies must be carried out based on previous knowledge of sweetener concentration to determine the equivalent sweetness of such compounds. In this work, sweetness equivalence of strawberry‐flavored yogurt with different sweeteners and/or their combinations (aspartame, acesulfame‐K, cyclamate, saccharin, stevia and sucralose) and yogurt sweetened with 11.5% w/w sucrose was measured using the sensory magnitude estimation method. The sweetness concentrations equivalent to strawberry yogurt sweetened with 11.5% w/w sucrose in the tested sweeteners were 0.072% w/w for aspartame, 0.042% w/w for aspartame/acesulfame‐K (2:1), 0.064% w/w for cyclamate/saccharin, 0.043% w/w for cyclamate/saccharin (2:1)/stevia (1.8:1) and 0.30% w/w for sucralose. These results can promote the use of different sweetener combinations in strawberry‐flavored yogurt, specially acesulfame‐K and stevia, once they produce more pleasing in this product.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study provides some useful information, since there is no data in the literature about sweetness equivalence of sweeteners in yogurt, but only in simpler matrices such as pure water, juices, coffee and teas. The use of stevia blend presented several advantages such as increased sweetening power, demonstrating the potential of this natural sweetener. The magnitude estimation method has been successful in this study, being an important tool for development of new low‐calorie products. It may be noted that when evaluating different types of food using the same kinds of sweeteners, these promote distinct characteristics and that reflect directly on the sensory quality of the final product. Thus, such studies generate important information for the food industries working with dietetic food.     

库车小白杏风味酸奶的研制

以新鲜牛乳为主要原料,库车小白杏为主要的呈香呈味物质,制作一款具有良好风味的凝固型酸奶。考察库车小白杏汁添加量、白砂糖添加量、阿斯巴甜添加量和发酵时间4个单因素对感官评分的影响,通过响应面分析确定最佳工艺参数为:小白杏汁添加量8%,白砂糖添加量6%,发酵时间5 h。在此条件下生产的库车小白杏风味酸奶质地细腻、酸甜可口,并且具有清新淡雅的小白杏香味,感官评分最高,可达到90.8分。     

SAFETY and QUALITY EVALUATION of A YOGURT-BASED DRINK PROCESSED BY A PILOT PLANT PEF SYSTEM

Yogurt‐based drink samples were prepared by mixing plain yogurt, water, sugar, and strawberry flavored fruit syrup. the samples were treated by both the mild heat (60C for 30 s) combined with a pilot plant pulsed electric field (PEF) system and the mild heat only in order to determine changes in the product safety and quality. Changes in the product safety were measured as microbial count, and changes in the product quality as L, a, b, ^oBrix and pH values. the treated and control samples were stored at 4 and 22C for microbial, physical and sensory evaluations. Since the 60C‐treated samples exploded after 14‐day storage, the safety and quality evaluations for 91 days were performed for the 60C? and control samples, only. Microbial count of the 60C? samples was significantly lower than that of the control samples at the two temperatures for the 91‐day storage (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the L, a, b values, ^oBrix and pH between the control and 60C? samples (P < 0.05). the control and 60C? samples revealed no significant difference in the selected sensory attributes (P < 0.05).     

Survival Analysis Applied to Sensory Shelf Life of Yogurts–II: Spanish Formulations

Sensory shelf lives of commercial Spanish yogurts stored at 10 °C were studied. Yogurts were strawberry flavored and differed in fat content (free and whole‐fat) and consistency (stirred and set‐style). Yogurts were tested between 0 and 90 d of storage by consumers who expressed acceptance or rejection of each sample and measured overall and attribute acceptability on a 9‐point hedonic scale. Survival analysis statistics were used to estimate sensory shelf lives. Considering 25% of consumers rejecting the product, shelf lives varied from 38 to 69 d, depending on the composition, so if useful life were to be established using sensory criteria, a single shelf life for yogurt would not appear to be very appropriate. A log‐linear model and a direct quantile comparison formula were introduced to analyze the effect of formulation on rejection time distributions and shelf life values, respectively. Fat‐free yogurts had shorter shelf lives than whole‐fat yogurts. Acceptability of yogurts measured on a 9‐point hedonic scale varied less than percentage rejection over the storage times.     

The use of yogurt as starter in rock samphire (Crithmum maritimum L.) fermentation

 Aerial parts of rock samphire (Crithmum maritimum L., Umbelliferae) growing along the seaside in Antalya and Mersin (southern Turkey) were randomly collected in June 1998. Flesh leaves and stems in 8% salt and 8% salt + 1% yogurt + 1% sugar (saccharose) were fermented for 25 days. Some chemical and microbiological analyses were made in brines during fermentation. The observed final product colour, flavour, odour, high acidity and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) activity, low pH, decreases fermentation time and lack of growth coliform bacteria after 10 days of fermentation indicated that the 8% salt + 1% yogurt + 1% sugar samples were superior to the 8% salt brines samples. The brine variety affected the final product quality more than the harvest region did. For both sampletypes, fermentation time was determined as 15 to 25 days with regard to end-product flavour and odour, brine acidity and pH, and LAB activity. Received: 12 April 1999     

Sogurt, a Yogurt-like Soybean Product: Development and Properties

Two sogurt products were prepared by fermenting a formulation containing soymilk, 0.15% calcium acetate, 0.5% gelatin, and lactose (0 or 2%) with Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus thermophilus. Commercial plain yogurt was used as a control. Sogurts were evaluated for aroma, taste, texture, titratable acidity, pH, and color. Sogurts had beany and raisin aromas, more bitter and astringent tastes than yogurt, and slightly sandy mouth- feel. Sogurts and yogurt did not differ (P < 0.05) in intensity of butter aroma. Sogurt with lactose did not differ (P < 0.05) from yogurt in acidity. Sogurts were yellower and firmer than yogurt.     

Shelf life and quality of probiotic yogurt produced with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Gobdin

This study evaluated the effect of dry white mulberry and walnut paste (Gobdin, a traditional Turkish food) in probiotic yogurt on the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus and yogurt properties. Six different yogurts were produced with 0%, 5% and 10% Gobdin using Lactobacillus bulgaricus + Streptococcus thermophilus and with 0%, 5% and 10% Gobdin using L. bulgaricus + S. thermophilus + L. acidophilus. The physical, chemical, microbiological and sensorial properties of the yogurts were evaluated based on storage at 4 ± 1 °C. Probiotic shelf life and the most suitable combinations were determined. The highest L. acidophilus count (8.65 log cfu g^?1) was found in the 5% Gobdin‐supplemented yogurt on the 7th day of storage, while the lowest count (8.11 log cfu g^?1) was found in the probiotic control yogurt on the 21st day. Although the L. acidophilus counts in the probiotic yogurts declined during storage, all values found throughout the 21‐day storage period were >8 log cfu g^?1. This is above the level necessary to provide the desired therapeutic effect in probiotic products (10⁶–10⁷ cfu g^?1). The highest overall acceptability score was obtained on the first day from the yogurt with 5% Gobdin. However, all yogurt samples had general acceptability scores between 7 and 8 points from a 9‐point maximum. Thus, this study determined that a new functional yogurt can be produced using L. acidophilus with 5% Gobdin.     

添加复配糖对凝固型酸奶品质的影响

采用赤藓糖醇、罗汉果甜苷、甜菊糖苷以49.5:1:1进行复配混合作为蔗糖替代糖,同等甜度下复配糖与蔗糖比例为7.77:1。研究43 ℃发酵的添加复配糖的无蔗糖酸奶和添加同等甜度蔗糖的普通酸奶色、香、味等感官特性以及理化指标的差异性。利用电子眼、电子鼻、电子舌检测添加复配糖的无蔗糖酸奶和添加同等甜度蔗糖的普通酸奶的色、香、味,采用酚酞指示剂法、质构仪、流变仪、平板计数法测定添加复配糖的无蔗糖酸奶和添加同等甜度蔗糖的普通酸奶发酵过程中酸度、硬度、粘度、乳酸菌数量。结果表明:发酵结束时,添加复配糖的无蔗糖酸奶和添加同等甜度蔗糖的普通酸奶酸度范围在70.11°T~72.18°T,二者无显著性差异（P>0.05）;发酵过程中,在1~5 h内,添加4%、8%、10%、12%的复配糖的无蔗糖酸奶较同等甜度的普通酸奶产酸速率快,且差异显著（P<0.05）,而添加6%复配糖的无蔗糖酸奶在发酵1~3 h内较普通酸奶产酸速率显著增加（P<0.05）,4~5 h内两种酸奶产酸速率无显著性差异（P>0.05）。在发酵1~3 h内,添加蔗糖的普通酸奶和添加同等甜度复配糖的无蔗糖酸奶硬度、粘度增加缓慢;发酵3~5 h,添加复配糖的无蔗糖酸奶硬度、粘度增加速度高于添加同等甜度蔗糖的普通酸奶组,差异显著（P<0.05）。在发酵过程中,相同甜度下,添加复配糖的无蔗糖酸奶的乳酸菌增殖较普通酸奶快,且存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。相同甜度的无蔗糖酸奶感官评分高于同等甜度的普通酸奶;蔗糖浓度为4%、10%、12%的普通酸奶较添加同等甜度复配糖的无蔗糖酸奶,在气味和色泽方面存在显著性差异（P<0.05）,经挥发性成分分析,不同浓度的普通酸奶和无蔗糖酸奶共分别检测出31、44种挥发性成分,滋味无显著性差异（P>0.05）;而蔗糖浓度6%、8%的普通酸奶较添加同等甜度复配糖的无蔗糖酸奶,在色泽和气味上无显著性差异（P>0.05）,但在滋味上存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。因此,添加不同浓度蔗糖的普通酸奶和添加同等甜度复配糖的无蔗糖酸奶相比,具有显著性差异。     

Survival and Metabolic Activity of Microencapsulated Bifidobacterium longum in Stirred Yogurt

ABSTRACT: Live cells of Bifidobacterium longum, microencapsulated in K‐carrageenan, were added to stirred yogurt after fermentation (pH 4.6) and stored at 4.4 °C for 30 d. Cell enumeration indicated no decline of encapsulated cell number in yogurt samples, while there was significant reduction in nonencapsulated cell population (89.3% for B. longum B6 and 91.8% for B. longum ATCC 15708). Ion‐exchange high‐performance liquid chromatography showed comparable amounts of lactic and acetic acids in all samples, indicating little metabolic activity by bifidobacteria in experimental yogurts. Consumer sensory analysis of blackberry‐flavored yogurts revealed that samples containing encapsulated bifidobacteria had a grainy texture. Results suggested that microencapsulation protected bifidobacteria from the low pH of yogurt.     

Effect of shading on yield, sugar content, phenolic acids and antioxidant property of coffee beans (Coffea Arabica L. cv. Catimor) harvested from north-eastern Thailand

BACKGROUND: Environmental conditions, including shading, generally influence the physical and chemical qualities of coffee beans. The present study assessed the changes in some phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and agronomic characters of coffee beans (Coffea arabica L. cv. Catimor) as affected by different shading conditions including full sun, three artificial shading conditions using a saran covering (50% shade, 60% shade, and 70% shade) and lychee shade. RESULTS: Bean weight and bean size increased significantly (P < 0.05) when the shade level was progressively increased. The coffee beans grown under lychee shade exhibited superior bean yield, 1000‐bean weight, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity compared to all other beans. Chlorogenic acid was the most predominant phenolic acid in all samples studied, being the highest in the beans grown under lychee shade, followed by 60% shade, 70% shade, 50% shade and full sun, respectively. In contrast, bean grown under full sun had the highest amount of vanillic acid and caffeic acid. CONCLUSIONS: Antioxidant activity was highly positively associated with chlorogenic acid content. The content of total sugar (fructose, glucose and sucrose) was found highest in coffee beans grown in 60% shade, with fructose the predominant sugar. Under climatic conditions similar to this experiment, it is advisable that growers provide shade to the coffee crop to reduce heat from direct sunlight and promote yield as well as obtain good quality coffee beans. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Quality attributes of a heart healthy yogurt

The objective was to study the effect of heart healthy nutrients on the physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of yogurt. Thiamine (vitamin B₁), riboflavin (vitamin B₂), niacin (vitamin B₃), folic acid (vitamin B₉), manganese and magnesium were added during mix preparation at 0%, 30%, 60% and 90% of their respective recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Fiber (Ceolus Fiber DF-17) was added at a constant rate of 176 g/7.570 kg yogurt mix in all the treatments. Total solids in the control were kept constant with non-fat dry milk. Incorporation of the heart healthy nutrients at the 30%, 60% and 90% RDA significantly decreased syneresis, pH, L*, a* values but significantly increased b* value. Product viscosity was significantly increased by the incorporation of the nutrients at 60% of their respective RDA's. The incorporation of the above heart healthy vitamins and minerals at any of the studied rates in yogurts did not significantly affect flavor, appearance, body and texture and microbial counts of the product. Although there were subtle yet significant changes in instrumental color and viscosity these slight changes could not be detected by sensory evaluation. Yogurts can successfully be manufactured with the above heart healthy nutrients.