NAK80模具钢表面2种激光器熔覆Ni基碳化钨合金层组织结构及耐磨性比较

为了研究激光器对Ni基碳化钨合金熔覆层组织结构和性能的影响,分别采用Nd:YAG与CO2激光熔覆技术在NAK80模具钢表面制备了Ni基碳化钨合金层,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪、显微硬度计以及摩擦磨损试验机测试分析了2种熔覆层的组织结构、显微硬度及耐磨性能。结果表明:2种熔覆层与基体之间均呈现良好的化学冶金结合;熔覆层组织主要为粗大的未熔碳化钨颗粒和均匀分布的树枝晶,Nd:YAG激光熔覆层的组织比CO2激光熔覆层的细小;2种熔覆层相结构主要包括WC,W2C,Cr23C6,NiCr,CrB2以及γ-Ni等;2种激光器熔覆处理后,NAK80模具钢表面硬度和耐磨性都得到显著改善,CO2激光熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性高于Nd:YAG激光熔覆层,2种激光熔覆试样的磨损机制均为磨粒磨损。     

激光熔覆与等离子熔覆的镍基合金熔覆层组织和性能对比

在低碳钢等廉价金属表面熔覆一层高强高韧或高耐蚀性的熔覆层可极大提高材料的使用性能及利用率,但是不同熔覆方法对熔覆层组织和性能可能会造成不同影响。利用激光熔覆和等离子熔覆技术分别在Q345基材表面熔覆镍基合金粉末,获得具有一定厚度的熔覆层。通过对2种熔覆方法获得的熔覆层进行微观组织、冲击韧性以及耐磨损性能对比分析可知,激光熔覆镍基合金的熔覆层组织细密,冲击吸收功略低于等离子熔覆试样,但稳定性优于等离子熔覆层,耐磨损性能及表面硬度明显优于等离子熔覆层。     

钛合金激光熔覆的研究现状与发展趋势

钛合金具有高比强、良好的耐蚀性能等优点,但其耐磨性差,限制了它在摩擦机构的应用.激光熔覆技术是近年来发展起来的一种新型表面改性工艺.在钛合金表面进行激光熔覆,可提高钛合金的表面性能,获得高硬度、耐磨性能好、低摩擦系数的熔覆层.简要阐述了钛合金表面激光熔覆的研究现状,包括激光熔覆工艺、熔覆层的组织与性能,指出了存在的问题,并展望了钛合金激光熔覆的发展方向.     

镁合金表面激光熔覆的研究现状

综述了AZ91镁合金表面Al基合金熔覆层、Cu基合金熔覆层、复合材料熔覆层、陶瓷熔覆层、非晶熔覆层等不同激光熔覆层的组织特征和耐磨耐蚀性的研究现状,比较了各类熔覆层的优缺点,并对镁合金激光熔覆今后的研究重点提出了几点建议。     

Q345钢激光熔覆镍基WC合金的组织与耐磨性能

为进一步提高Q345钢激光熔覆层的耐磨性能,利用激光熔覆技术在Q345钢表面制备了70%Ni60A+30%WC熔覆层(质量分数)。采用X射线衍射仪及扫描电镜分析了熔覆层的物相、显微组织,采用摩擦磨损试验研究其耐磨性能。结果表明,Q345钢表面激光熔覆镍基WC合金对其表面的晶粒细化、显微硬度和耐磨性等都有很大提升。     

2205钢表面激光熔覆Ni基+WC合金涂层的研究

采用激光熔覆技术在2205双相不锈钢表面制备Ni基与WC合金熔覆层,并对添加不同WC含量的合金粉末在相同激光熔覆工艺参数下的合金熔覆层进行成分和性能分析,探讨不同WC添加量对熔覆层微观组织、耐腐蚀性能及硬度的影响。研究结果表明:激光熔覆层与基体之间获得了良好的冶金结合,熔覆层与基体元素有较好的对流和扩散;熔覆层的耐腐蚀性能随WC添加量的增加呈负相关,在WC添加量为15%时,熔覆层的耐腐蚀性能最差;熔覆层的硬度值从熔覆层至基体呈梯度降低趋势,熔覆层硬度约为基体硬度的2~3倍,而单一熔覆Ni基WC合金层硬度值变化较大。     

激光熔覆层裂纹的产生和抑制方法

裂纹作为激光熔覆过程中常见的缺陷,严重阻碍了激光熔覆技术的发展和应用.熔覆层裂纹的产生是由于激光熔覆加工冷却后熔覆层与基材热膨胀系数不同,熔覆层内元素偏析等原因产生了应力,主要分为约束应力、热应力、组织应力.本文提出通过在粉末中加入陶瓷粉末或稀土元素,改良激光功率、熔覆速度等参数,对材料进行热处理,施加电磁辅助场条件等措施来降低裂纹产生率,并分析了未来熔覆层裂纹控制发展与研究的方向.     

铝合金表面激光熔覆铜镍合金涂层的组织、硬度与耐蚀特性研究

为提升铝合金材料的耐蚀性能,探究铝合金与合金熔覆层间的结合机理,本文利用激光熔覆技术在5083铝合金表面制备了不同Ni含量的铜镍合金熔覆层,并利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射分析、硬度测试与电化学性能测试技术,分析了不同Ni含量的铜镍合金熔覆层相组成与组织形貌、铜镍合金熔覆层与铝合金基体的界面组织形貌,绘制了铝元素扩散曲线,分析了海水腐蚀过程中铜镍合金熔覆层的极化曲线。实验结果表明：所制备的铜镍合金熔覆层形貌良好无缺陷,熔覆层由网络状枝晶组成。对合金熔覆层进行XRD分析发现熔覆层主要由AlNi₃与CuNi两相组成。结合SEM、EDS分析,发现合金熔覆层的网络状枝晶为富铝相,即AlNi₃,晶间相为CuNi相。在硬度测试中,由于AlNi₃硬质相的生成,熔覆层硬度得到了提升且随着铝的向上扩散呈现一定的规律,电化学检测结果表明,铜镍合金熔覆层具有比5083铝合金更高的自腐蚀电位和较小的自腐蚀电流密度,可以有效提升5083铝合金在海水环境中的耐蚀性。     

激光熔覆陶瓷超微粉表面改性

用陶瓷超微粉作熔覆材料 ,对常规材料进行表面处理 ,可以极大的提高材料的表面性能。介绍了激光熔覆陶瓷粉的工艺过程 ,并对熔覆层的硬度、粗糙度和熔覆与基底之间的结合情况进行了考察。     

3D激光熔覆铁基合金温度场模拟及其试验

通过建立Q235钢表面激光熔覆低碳铁基合金温度场三维模型,分析了熔覆层顶、底的温度随时间变化的曲线,由此对熔覆层成形质量进行预测。结合实验论证得到激光功率为2000W、扫描速度为10mm/s时,熔覆层顶、底点最高温度分别为2300℃和1500℃,有利于得到表面形貌较好、与基体良好冶金结合的熔覆层,熔覆层组织由等轴晶和垂直于界面的树枝晶构成,过渡区为富Cr、Ni的板条状马氏体;熔覆区组织均匀致密,过渡区中基体和熔覆材料产生了良好冶金结合且稀释率低,热影响区铁素体与珠光体得到了细化。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...