Cu基板表面镀镍浸金保护层对无铅焊点可靠性的影响

结合Sn-3.5Ag和Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu两种无铅钎料研究了镀镍浸金层(Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold,ENIG)表面层对焊点界面反应以及力学性能的影响。结果表明,钎焊后在Sn-3.5Ag/ENIG/Cu界面主要生成(Ni_yCu_(1-y))_3Sn_4,在Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/ENIG/Cu界面主要生成(Cu_xNi_(1-x))_6Sn_5。在Sn基钎料/ENIG(Ni)/Cu界面处生成金属间化合物的种类及形貌由焊点中Cu原子含量决定。在时效过程中,ENIG表面层中Ni层有效抑制了焊点界面处金属间化合物的生长,减缓了焊点剪切性能的下降。在钎焊过程中ENIG表面层中的Au层不参与界面反应而是进入钎料基体与Sn反应,但是在时效过程中Au原子向界面迁移并造成焊点界面金属间化合物成分和焊点剪切强度的明显变化。     

纳米压入法研究无铅焊料应变率敏感性

采用纳米压入法对Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu、Sn-0.7Cu及Sn-3.5Ag无铅焊料的室温应变率敏感性进行研究。相同压深下,压入载荷随着加载应变率的提高而增大;3种焊料的接触刚度均随压深近似线性增加,不同应变率下弹性模量基本不变;硬度随着应变率的增加而增大,表明了无铅焊料的塑性应变率强化性。保载阶段蠕变位移随加载段应变率的增加而增大,蠕变应变率先急剧下降然后趋于稳定。通过系统研究应变率对3种常用无铅焊料力学性能的影响,为评价无铅焊点的服役可靠性提供参考。     

银含量对跌落条件下无铅焊点疲劳寿命和失效模式的影响EI北大核心CSCD

对3种不同Ag含量材料(Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu,Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu,Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu)的焊点进行跌落实验,实验中施加的加速度载荷为峰值3200g,脉冲持续时间1ms的半正弦波形加速度,利用电学测试、光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜确定了失效的焊点并对失效焊点进行分析。结果表明:3种材料焊点的失效位置基本都在靠近印刷电路板(PCB)侧,BAG封装最外围4个拐角处的焊点最先失效。Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu,Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu焊点的失效模式均为脆性断裂,Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu为韧-脆混合断裂。且随着Ag含量的降低,金属间化合物(IMC)的厚度逐渐减小,焊点的寿命逐渐提高。     

锌对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金微结构及性能的影响

运用莱卡显微镜、X射线衍射仪等仪器设备,研究了添加元素Zn对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金微结构及性能的影响.结果表明,Zn与Cu、Ag形成化合物AgZn、CuZn3,能显著细化Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料组织;添加元素Zn后的Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金的显微硬度提高11%,蠕变抗力也得到明显提高;运用键参数函数理论分析了Zn对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu钎料合金微结构及性能影响的作用机理.[作者单位].5Cu钎料;组织;性能;键参数函数     

合金元素对Cu/Sn-/Cu回流焊焊点界面微观结构及剪切性能的影响

选用Sn64Bi35Ag1、Sn64.7Bi35Ag0.3和Sn99Ag0.3Cu0.7三种不同的钎料进行回流焊焊接试验,研究高Bi元素、低Ag元素钎料及低Ag钎料对Sn基钎料焊点微观组织及剪切性能的影响.结果表明:各焊点界面处均生成了 一层扇贝状的Cu6Sn5金属间化合物,在含Bi元素的钎料焊点中,Bi元素在焊点界面及内部聚集,导致界面处金属间化合物层的厚度增加,大量富Bi相呈脆性,降低钎料中的Ag含量对焊点中Bi元素的富集现象有减弱作用.Sn99Ag0.3Cu0.7钎料焊点界面处的金属间化合物层厚度最小,且焊点内部形成了细小的Ag3Sn相颗粒,共晶组织呈均匀分布,使得焊点剪切性能最优,其剪切强度达20.4 MPa.     

不同加载方式下微焊点的蠕变性能分析

利用纳米压痕技术分别采用阶梯加载和一次加载方式,研究了一种SnAgCu无铅钎料BGA(ball grid array)微焊点体钎料的蠕变行为。结果表明:在载荷同为60 mN、保载时间为300 s条件下,阶梯加载条件下的蠕变位移明显小于一次加载条件下的蠕变位移,而蠕变硬度却是一次加载下的1.87倍,蠕变硬度显著提高。在阶梯加载方式下三个阶段的压痕蠕变不断降低,蠕变硬度不断升高。拟合计算出阶梯加载和一次加载条件下的蠕变应力指数n,阶梯加载条件下微焊点的应力指数n比一次加载条件下提高1.31倍。在阶梯加载条件下产生的应变硬化,提高了微焊点的抗蠕变性能。     

应力对Ag颗粒增强SnCu基复合钎料蠕变性能的影响

使用搭接面积为1mm2的单搭接钎焊接头,研究了恒定温度下应力对Ag颗粒增强SnCu基复合钎料钎焊接头蠕变寿命的影响,结果表明:Ag颗粒增强SnCu基复合钎料的蠕变抗力优于99.3Sn0.7Cu基体钎料;随着应力的增大,复合钎料及其基体钎料钎焊接头的蠕变寿命均呈下降趋势,且应力对复合钎料钎焊接头蠕变寿命的影响比基体钎料明显.     

液态Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu钎料与Cu、Fe及Co基板界面反应研究

研究了在固定温度380℃和不同钎焊时间条件下,液态Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu钎料与Cu、Fe、Co等3种金属基板的界面反应及其界面化合物(IMC)。研究结果表明,随着钎焊时间的增加,三者界面金属间化合物的平均厚度逐渐增加。Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Cu界面IMC主要由Cu_6Sn_5和Cu_3Sn组成,经过长时间钎焊后界面化合物大部分是Cu_3Sn。Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Fe界面化合物成分是FeSn2,相比另外两种界面,IMC在钎焊过程中生长最慢,形成的厚度最小。Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Co界面在短时间钎焊时(1min)会出现分层现象,认为是少量CoSn2和Sn原子在靠近钎料一侧反应生成CoSn3,靠近基板一侧生成CoSn2。长时间钎焊后观察到界面化合物只有CoSn3。通过对数据拟合可得到Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Cu、Fe、Co 3种液固反应界面的IMC层的生长率常数分别为9.55×10-6t 0.34,1.51×10~(-6)t~(0.18),0.85×10~(-6)t~(0.45)。比较3种基板,液态Sn基钎料与Cu基板的界面反应速率最快,IMC平均厚度也更厚。     

Sn2.5Ag0.7CuxRE钎料时效焊点界面IMC研究

以Sn2.5Ag0.7CuxRE/Cu钎焊为研究对象,借助于扫描电镜和X衍射检测手段,研究了二硫化钼介质下时效焊点界面IMC组织结构特征及生长行为。实验结果表明:时效焊点界面Cu6Sn5IMC呈现由波浪状→扇贝状→层状的形态变化。焊点界面Cu6Sn5和Cu3Sn IMC的生长厚度与时效时间平方根呈线性关系,Cu6Sn5IMC具有较小的生长激活能、较大的生长系数。添加0.1%(质量分数)RE时,界面Cu6Sn5和Cu3Sn IMC的生长激活能最大,分别为81.74 kJ/mol和92.25 kJ/mol,对应焊点剪切强度最高。     

SnAgCu无铅钎料元素浸出行为研究

对常用的Sn-3.5%Ag-0.5%Cu无铅钎料及Sn-3.5%Ag-0.5%Cu/Cu焊接接头在H2SO4、NaOH、HNO3和NaCl溶液中进行了元素浸出试验,研究电子产品中重金属元素在不同环境中的浸出行为,从而分析电子产品的掩埋对土壤和地下水污染情况及如何合理选择填埋场所.结果表明,在不同环境中SnAgCu无铅钎料及其钎焊接头的各金属元素浸出行为有较大差别.对于SnAgCu钎料而言,对Sn的浸出量影响最大的是Cl-对Ag的浸出量影响最大的是SO2-4各溶液对Cu的浸出量影响不大;就SnAgCu/Cu焊接接头而言,对Sn和Cu的浸出量影响最大的是OH-而对Ag的浸出量影响最大的是Cl-.因此,一般掩埋Sn-3.5%Ag-0.5%Cu钎料最好的土壤应为酸性土壤,且土壤中Cl-、SO2-4不宜过高.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...