黄酒灭菌后不同冷却速度对酒口味的影响研究

通过在不同室温条件下,黄酒坛酒煎酒（灭菌）和瓶装酒灭菌后不同冷却方式对酒口味影响的试验研究,结果表明：室温在12℃或以下,坛酒煎酒后降温速度稍慢的酒口味优于降温速度稍快的酒,贮存五年的陈酒也有差别;室温在15℃或以上,坛酒煎酒后降温速度稍快的酒口味优于降温速度稍慢的酒,贮存五年的陈酒也有差别;瓶装酒灭菌后快速冷却的酒口味优于冷却慢的酒。     

瓶装黄酒灭菌对酒质影响的研究

对瓶装黄酒灭菌后不同冷却速度对酒质的影响、瓶酒灭菌机升温速度与实际酒内灭菌温度的差别和引起低度黄酒中细菌性能进行了研究;结果表明：瓶装酒灭菌后快速冷却对酒质有益,灭菌机温度表上显示的灭菌温度与实际瓶酒内灭菌温度是有差别的;低度黄酒由于个别罗口瓶盖的密封性问题,易在灭菌机后段快速冷却时吸入细菌,污染而酸败。我们要合理选用瓶装黄酒的灭菌方式和灭菌工艺。     

黄酒灭菌技术追溯

灭菌是黄酒生产的关键工序之一.古代黄酒的加热杀菌技术经历了"温酒"、"烧酒"和"煮酒"3个发展阶段.目前,黄酒企业对瓶装酒采用高温(80～90℃)灭菌法;对成品酒的灭菌主要采用蒸汽加热方法.黄酒灭菌的创新技术有微波杀菌、脉冲强光杀菌和强磁脉冲杀菌技术.(孙悟)     

黄酒灭菌温度的探讨

阐述了决定黄酒灭菌温度的因素，并与决定啤酒和日本清酒灭菌温度的因素进行了比较。提出了成品黄酒的酸败主要由乳酸杆菌引起及控制措施。仓贮坛酒、仓贮坛装酸酒和发酵过程中乳酸乙酯的形成机理。     

黄酒灭菌温度的探讨

阐述了决定黄酒灭菌温度的因素；比较了决定啤酒和日本清酒灭菌温度的因素，阐述了成品黄酒的酸败主要由乳酸杆菌引起，提出了控制成品黄酒酸败的措施。提出了仓贮坛酒、仓贮坛装酸酒和发酵过程中乳酸乙酯的形成机理；推定了黄酒中有烟酸（维生素B4）、维生素B12、生物素（维生素H）、泛酸（维生素B3）、胸腺苷等微量成分存在。     

黑糯米黄酒的研制

本研究以黑糯玉米、糯米、黄玉米为原料，用黄酒种曲、酒药、酵母作糖化发酵剂，经去皮、去坯、粉碎、浸米、蒸饭、淋饭冷却、拌料、开放式发酵等工艺操作，通过用正交试验法确定最优组合、用响应面分析法(RSA)确定黑糯玉米黄酒的最佳工艺发酵条件，用三种不同温度、时间煎酒，确定煎酒温度、时间对氨基甲酸乙酯的形成的影响。研究结果表明：最优组合为黑糯玉米、黄酒种曲、发酵期开耙2～3次；最适接种量为糖化菌5％、酵母菌0．4%，最适发酵温度为15～18℃最适发酵周期为16～19d；煎酒温度为80～85℃，时间为10～15min。     

瓶装稠酒灭菌工艺研究桂花稠酒生产工艺研究（续）

本文对瓶装稠酒灭菌工艺进行研究。摸清了热力灭菌时酒体感官质量随温度的变化规律以及瓶内酒体不同部位的温度变化规律，并提出了适于中小企业使用的稠酒灭菌工艺及工艺参数，即采用95℃蒸汽灭菌，灭菌公式为5′-40′/95℃。     

绍兴黄酒的酿造特点

该文从11个方面论述了绍兴黄酒的酿造特点，即配料的特殊性和酒种的多样性；低温长时间浸米；发酵状态的多样性；黄酒醪的发酵特点；微生物的多样性，复杂性：接种方式独特：菌种保存方法独特；酵母与乳酸杆菌协同作用的混合发酵并行的过程（即边糖化、边酵母发酵、边乳酸发酵同时进行的三边发酵）：酒液勾兑；较高的灭菌温度；成品酒的贮存。     

瓶装酒杀菌后快速冷却法改善黄酒风味的研究

本文研究了在室温25℃的情况下，瓶装黄酒杀菌后采用放置室内自然冷却，采用23℃的自来水冷却，采用0℃冰水混合物快速冷却，放置于35℃的温水中在室温下慢速冷却，放置过夜，第2天中午进行品评酒的风味。比较采用不同冷却方法制得的酒的风味差别，进行打分排序。结果发现采用快速冷却的黄酒风味明显优于自然冷却和慢速冷却的黄酒。夏季生产的瓶装黄酒在杀菌后，采用冷水冲淋，快速冷却改善黄酒风味的方法简便可行，而且效果显著，有一定推广应用价值。     

决定绍兴黄酒灭菌温度的因素

为充分了解绍兴黄酒灭菌温度对酒的影响,该文阐述了影响灭菌温度的几大因素：微生物、酶、酒中固形物含量。并介绍了灭菌温度的高低和酒液的澄清及各类酯的生成之间的关系。同时简介了酸败成品黄酒微生物的检测方法。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the