Crashworthy characteristics of axially statically compressed thin-walled square CFRP composite tubes: experimental

In this paper the results of experimental works pertaining to the crash behaviour, collapse modes and crashworthiness characteristics of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) tubes that were subjected to static axial compressive loading are presented in detail. The tested specimens were featured by a material combination of carbon fibres in the form of reinforcing woven fabric in thermosetting epoxy resin, and they were cut at various lengths from three CFRP tubes of the same square cross-section but different thickness, laminate stacking sequence and fibre volume content. CFRP tubes were compressed in a hydraulic press of 1000 kN loading capacity at very low-strain rate typical for static testing. The influence of the most important specimen geometric features such as the tube axial length, aspect ratio and wall thickness on the compressive response and collapse modes of the tested tubes is thoroughly analysed. In addition, the effect of the laminate material properties such as the fibre volume content and stacking sequence on the energy absorbing capability of the thin-wall tubes is also examined. Particular attention is paid on the analysis of the mechanics of the tube axial collapse modes from macroscopic and microscopic point of view, emphasizing on the mechanisms related to the crash energy absorption during the compression of the composite tubes.     

Bifurcations in axially compressed thick elastic-plastic tubes

The stress at which first bifurcation takes place in an axially compressed thick elastic-plastic tube is calculated by utilizing the exact formulation developed in [1] for elastic tubes. Both axisymmetric and asymmetric modes of bifurcation are considered.     

Bifurcations in axially compressed thick elastic tubes

A systematic study is presented to investigate bifurcations in thick-walled elastic tube of finite dimensions under axial compression. Both axisymmetric and asymmetric modes are considered. The rate constitutive equations are taken in the form proposed by Hill which are available in a form simpler and more convenient than any other form involving strain-invariants. A wide variety of elastic solids are considered by utilizing the strain-energy function of Ogden. For the first time, the governing sixth-order differential equations are solved exactly to obtain critical stretch/stress at bifurcation which can be in axisymmetric or asymmetric mode depending upon cylinder dimensions and material properties.     

A numerical study of the behaviour and failure modes of axially compressed steel columns subjected to transverse impact

In this study a numerical simulation of the behaviour and failure modes of axially compressed steel column subjected to transverse impact by a rigid mass at different impact speeds and locations is presented. Firstly, the capability of the present numerical model to trace the response and to predict different failure modes of transversely impacted beams and columns with and without axial compressive force has been validated. These failure modes include plastic global failure, tensile tearing failure and transverse shear failure. The validation was performed by comparing simulation results in term of the contact force, deformation shape, failure mode and the maximum transverse displacement with available published experimental test results by others. The progressive damage and failure model available in ABAQUS/Explicit has been utilized in the present numerical models to account for material shear and tensile tearing failure under impact. Comparisons between the experimental and simulation results confirmed that the numerical models were able to accurately predict the aforementioned failure modes. Thereafter, a parametric study has been conducted to investigate the effects of several parameters on the response of axially loaded steel column, based on the results of which simplifying assumptions on column behaviour under impact can be made to develop appropriate design calculation methods for steel columns under such loading conditions.     

Localized plastic buckling deformation in axially compressed cylindrical shells

Summary A linear partial differential equation is derived to describe growth of an axisymmetric perturbation in the plastic buckling of axially compressed cylindrical shells. Simple J ₂ flow theory is used along with rigid-plastic material behavior. An asymptotic solution is then constructed for large values of a parameter which characterizes localization of an initial imperfection. The perturbation remains localized. The solution is compared with experimental results.     

The coupled vibration characteristics of a spinning and axially moving composite thin-walled beam

This article focuses on the coupled vibration characteristics of a spinning and axially moving composite thin-walled beam. Dynamic equations of the coupled vibration problem are built by Hamilton's principle. Galerkin's method is employed to solve the equations. The combined effects of spinning angular speeds and axial speeds on natural frequencies of the beam are studied specifically. Some interesting conclusions about the critical axial speed and critical spinning angular speed are proposed. Numerical simulations are performed to discuss the influences of spinning angular speeds, axial speeds, length- and thickness-to-radius ratios and fiber orientation angles on vibration characteristics of the beam.     

The dynamic pressure from a compressed arc in metal cutting

Direct spectroscopic techniques applied to plasma metal cutting show that the dynamic pressure is dependent on the working conditions in the plasma source.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 684–689, April, 1978.     

Buckling deformation in axially compressed elastic-plastic cylindrical shells initiated by local axisymmetric imperfections

Summary A solution for growth of a perturbation describing buckling deformation initiated by a local axisymmetric imperfection in an axially compressed elastic-plastic cylindrical shell is obtained in simple closed form for small time. The constitutive relations for the plastic strains are based on simple J ₂ flow theory. A comparison is made with bifurcation analysis, and localization of the buckling deformation is examined.     

BFRP约束钢筋混凝土轴压圆柱的尺寸效应研究

为了研究结构的尺寸效应,开展了3种不同尺寸几何相似玄武岩纤维布约束钢筋混凝土圆柱的轴压试验.试验总共设计制作了27个试件,15根为对比未加固试件,12根为约束(加固)试件,并按试件直径将它们分为150、200、250mm 3组.3组试件的箍筋直径、纵筋直径及加固用的BFRP层数分别按3∶4∶5制作.试验结果表明,试件破坏时的名义应力随着试件尺寸的增大而降低,即试件强度具有尺寸效应,且几何相似圆柱强度的尺寸效应遵循Banzant的尺寸效应规律.     

On quasi-static crushing of thin-walled steel structures in cold temperature: Experimental and numerical studies

The aim of the study reported herein was to investigate the effects of low temperatures on the crushing characteristics of steel plated structures. The motivation of this study is for the analysis of ship collisions in Arctic waters. A series of tensile coupon tests were performed to examine their material behaviour at low temperatures, and then quasi-static axial crushing tests were carried out on thin-walled square tubes. The test tubes were made of ASTM A500-type carbon steel, and both the tensile coupon tests of the material and the crushing tests of the tubes were performed in a liquid nitrogen cooled chamber. To reflect the conditions of the Arctic environment more realistically, the tensile coupon tests of the material were also carried out in a dry-ice cooled chamber. LS-DYNA nonlinear finite element method simulations applying a practical approach of modelling techniques were performed to investigate the structural crashworthiness of the thin-walled steel tubes numerically. The tests in the liquid nitrogen cooled chamber showed that the fracture strain of the material was not affected (reduced) by temperatures as low as −80 °C, although fracture strain was significantly reduced below −100 °C. The fracture strain results obtained in the dry-ice cooled chamber, however, show this strain to be affected (reduced) by low temperatures even between 0 °C and −80 °C, which is equivalent to the Arctic environment. It was also observed that fracture occurs in thin-walled tubes under crushing loads at low temperatures. The LS-DYNA computations also detected the fracture behaviour of test tubes in cold temperatures in a relevant way.     

Analytical model for the effective strain in FRP-wrapped circular RC columns

The available models for predicting the ultimate capacity and stress–strain relationships of confined concrete rely on an assumed FRP ultimate strain value. It is commonly assumed that FRP fails when hoop strain in the jacket reaches its ultimate tensile strain determined according to flat coupon tests. However, experimental results of FRP confined concrete showed that in most cases, FRP experimental ultimate tensile strain is clearly not reached at the rupture of the FRP jacket. The discrepancies may include the shape and conditions of concrete substrate as well as defects or stress concentrations in FRP jackets (in particular, the multiaxial stress state in FRP wrapping due to the transfer of loads through the bond with concrete). The present paper covers only issues related to this latter aspect. Since the average absolute error of all confinement models showed a remarkable decrease when the effective FRP hoop strain (smaller than ultimate flat coupon strain) was inserted in the equations, an analytical model to directly evaluate the FRP strain efficiency factor as the strain ratio between the effective FRP hoop strain at failure and the flat coupon test outcomes has been formulated. Multiaxial failure criteria have been adopted (i.e. 3D Tsai–Hill criterion for FRP) in the model considering axial, circumferential and radial stresses. Results of theoretical analyses and experimental tests (experimental data available in literature) have been compared showing a good agreement.     

Reduced density of effective electrons in metal films

The thickness-dependent conductivity 〈σ(d?)〉 of aluminium, gold and copper films was measured during evaporation by a process-controlled experiment. From the digitally recorded data four parameters (σ_∞, l_∞, p, h) were evaluated by applying an extended Fuchs' theory. The conductivity σ_∞ due to volume scattering of the electrons depends on the evaporation conditions and is always less than σ_bulk for single-crystal bulk material. The decrease in σ_∞ compared with σ_bulk is found to be caused by localization of charge carriers rather than by a decrease in the mean free path.     

The formation of sp3 bonding in compressed BN

Attributed to their specific atomic bonding, the soft, graphite-like, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and its superhard, diamond-like, cubic polymorph (c-BN) are important technological materials with a wide range of applications. At high pressure and temperature, h-BN can directly transform to a hexagonal close-packed polymorph (w-BN) that can be partially quenched after releasing pressure. Previous theoretical calculations and experimental measurements (primarily on quenched samples) provided substantial information on the transition, but left unsettled questions due to the lack of in situ characterization at high pressures. Using inelastic X-ray scattering to probe the boron and nitrogen near K-edge spectroscopy, here we report the first observation of the conversion process of boron and nitrogen sp(2)- and p-bonding to sp(3) and the directional nature of the sp(3) bonding. In combination with in situ X-ray diffraction probe, we have further clarified the structure transformation mechanism. The present archetypal example opens two enormous, element-specific, research areas on high-pressure bonding evolutions of boron and nitrogen; each of the two elements and their respective compounds have displayed a wealth of intriguing pressure-induced phenomena that result from bonding changes, including metallization, superconductivity, semiconductivity, polymerization and superhardness.     

The primary macrofragmentation of shear in compressed aluminum single crystals

We have experimentally studied the pattern of a deformation relief formed on the side faces of an aluminum single crystal in the initial stages of plastic straining. The single crystal sample exhibits the formation of macroscopic fragments differing by organization of the shear process. The main factors determining the character of this macrofragmentation are considered.     

The use of mineral fibre in compressed sheet gasket material

Lapinus Fibres, the world's leading supplier of engineered mineral fibres, is a member of the Rockwool International Group, a multinational corporation at the forefront of development, marketing and distribution of mineral fibre products. In this article, it discusses the properties and benefits of using mineral fibres as a reinforcing agent, the optimal formulations for compressed sheet materials and the best processing conditions for mixing and calendering.     

Selecting metal oxide nanomaterials for arsenic removal in fixed bed columns: from nanopowders to aggregated nanoparticle media

This paper investigates the feasibility of arsenate removal by aggregated metal oxide nanoparticle media in packed bed columns. Batch experiments conducted with 16 commercial nanopowders in four water matrices were used to select a metal oxide nanoparticle that both amply removes arsenate and can be aggregated using an inert binder. TiO2, Fe(2)O(3), ZrO2 and NiO nanopowders, which exhibited the highest arsenate removal in all water matrices, were characterized with fitted Freundlich adsorption isotherm (q=KC(e)(1/n)) parameters. In 10 mM NaHCO3 buffered nanopure water and at both pH approximately 6.7 and 8.4, K ranged from 1.3 to 12.09(mg As/g(media))(L/mg As)(1/n), and 1/n ranged from 0.21 to 0.52. Under these conditions, the fitted Freundlich isotherm parameters for TiO2 nanoparticles aggregated with inorganic and organic binders (K of 4.75-28.45(mg As/g(media))(L/mg As)(1/n) and 1/n of 0.37-0.97) suggested favorable arsenate adsorption. To demonstrate that aggregated nanoparticle media would allow rapid mass transport of arsenate in a fixed bed adsorber setting, short bed adsorber (SBA) tests were conducted on TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates at empty bed contact times (EBCT) of 0.1-0.5 min and Re x Sc=1000 and 2000. These SBA tests suggested that the binder has a negligible role in adsorbing arsenic and that mass transport is controlled by rapid intraparticle diffusion rather than external film diffusion.     

A new cost effective method of planarisation for multiple metal layers in the sub-100 nm-region

The availability of multiple metal layers has become essential for high-density layouts and economic chip size. The presented paper describes an efficient and low-cost alternative to Chemical-Mechanical-Polishing (CMP). The method uses an auxiliary wafer as a sort of plunger. Starting with a preprocessed wafer, for example from a Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology, a spin-on glass is applied before the deposition of the first metal layer. Afterwards a second silicon wafer will be covered homogeneously with photo resist and subsequentially coated with aluminum or titanium. This wafer serves as a plunger, while the metal layer protects the photo resist against impression. Whilst the plunger is pressed down on the spin-on glass, the first wafer is cooled down bonding the two wafers together. Separation of the wafers is accomplished by removing the photo resist layer. After the separation step any remaining photo resist as well as the aluminum layer are removed by etching. This process results in a planar surface which is optimally suited for the deposition and structuring of further metal layers which lead to more freedom concerning the complex interconnects in modern analog and digital circuits.