实施产业调整和振兴规划 推进工业节能降耗减排

工业占GDP比重的43％,是我国经济的最大主体,能源消耗占全社会能源消耗的70％以上,是耗费能源、资源,产生环境污染的最主要产业。“十一五”以来,在党中央、国务院的正确领导下,在各部门、各地区、各行业的共同努力下,我国节能减排工作取得积极进展,工业增加值能耗持续下降,为单位GDP能耗由升转降发挥了重要作用。2006年、2007年、2008年单位工业增加值能耗分别比上年降低1．98％,5．46％和8．43％,     

葫芦岛市能源消耗现状及对策分析

葫芦岛是个高能耗的城市,工业技术和装备水平相对落后,万元GDP能耗大。近年来采取的一些措施使能耗水平得到了较大提高,但仍不够完善。本文针对葫芦岛市现阶段能源消耗的特点,初步分析了其能源消耗的发展趋势,提出了节能降耗的一些建议。     

优化产品结构,挖掘结构节能潜力

一、结构节能取决于合理的产品结构 结构节能之本质内容应该是:在有限能源供给条件下,谋求高能耗产品与低能耗产品协调发展中的积极平衡,使有限的能源发挥最大的效益。结构节能不是一味强调限制重工业(尤其高能耗的原材料工业)产品的发展,结构节能取决于合理的产品结构。 建立合理的产品结构,要“因地制宜”。在缺能地区,更多地发展能耗低、技术和智能密集的行业,从比例上而不是从绝对量上降低高能耗工业地位,无疑是正确的。本文以耗能大户为例,分析结构节能。 二、结构节能实际意义分析 工业部门能源消费约占全社会消费70％,是节能重点部门,也是分析产品结构节能的重点方向。 1、福建省电力工业内部结构节能情况 分析表一 1991年主要火电厂概况     

结构调整与节能降耗

一、山西能耗分析 山西是一个能源生产大省,同时也是一个能源消耗大省,据统计资料显示,2005年山西万元GDP耗能295 t标准煤,为全国平均122 t标准煤的2倍多,在全国万元GDP能耗中排名第四位.山西的能耗高与山西的经济结构有着密切的关系.从产业结构上看,有两个突出的特点:一是工业占国民经济比重大,2005年全省工业增加值占GDP的比重为50.6%,超过全国平均水平8.8个百分点;二是工业内部主导行业以高耗能行业为主且集中度高,2005年全省36个工业大类行业中处前五位的煤炭、炼焦、黑色、有色冶炼、电力其工业增加值占全部规模以上工业增加值总量的81.14%,行业集中度在全国排第二位,远远高于全国36.61%的水平.在形成上述产业结构的同时,工业成为超大的耗能部门.2004年,全国工业部门耗能量占全社会能耗总量的70.6%,山西则高达82.15%,2005年上升为83.83%.高耗能的产业结构已成为山西经济结构最为突出的特点.     

名词注释

1、高耗能行业：1985年，国家工业系统平均万元GDP（国民生产总值的简称）能耗为15．96吨标准煤，GDP能耗高于这个平均数的行业，称之为高能耗行业6按国际惯例和我国实际，1997年国家确定钢铁、化工、建材、电力、石化、有色、制糖、造纸、建筑、煤炭、纺织和交通运输等行业为高耗能行业。[第一段]     

总量和结构双重困扰山西节能降耗任重道远

在连续几年能源消耗高强度增长、煤电油运全面紧张后,节能已经成为全社会的共识.国家"十一五"规划纲要中提出了到2010年GDP实现翻一番,GDP能耗则降低20%的量化指标,节约能源已经上升为基本国策.加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,促进经济发展与人口、资源、环境相协调,这是中央做出的具有战略意义的重大决策.山西省委、省政府省时度势提出"十一五"期间山西GDP能耗降低25%的目标任务,超过全国目标5个百分点,显示出省委、省政府在结构调整取得明显成效的基础上,落实科学发展观,转变经济增长方式,实现山西经济可持续发展的决心和信心.然而从山西的经济结构和能耗现状进行分析,形势不容乐观.再从上半年规模以上工业能耗和全省GDP电耗情况看,如果不采取强有力的措施,仅完成开局之年降耗5.6%的任务也将十分困难.     

2015中国能源效率评析

本文从全社会以及工业、交通等部门,对我国GDP能耗、单位产品能耗等进行了分析,指出技术创新已成为低碳发展的第一推动力,其中,互联网已成为节能潜力最大的新技术。2015年,我国第一、二、三产业占GDP比重分别为9.0%、40.5%、50.5%,制造业中的高耗能行业产量和产品能耗均与2014年相比有所下降,能源消费量明显减少。民用天然气消费量大幅增长,可再生能源开发利用飞跃发展,水电、风电和光伏发电装机容量同比增加迅速。2015年,我国节能成效显著,全社会实现节能量240.9Mtce。     

东台市调整结构提高节能潜力

在介绍江苏省东台市2009年节能实践的基础上,分析其经济结构现状及发展对全市GDP能耗的影响。实践证明,通过发展第三产业,提升绿色能源比重,增产低能耗高附加值工业产品,可调整经济结构,提高节能潜力。     

从18个城市看我国人均能耗和单位GDP能耗水平

以“清洁能源行动”18个试点示范城市为案例,探讨我国城市人均能耗和单位GDP能耗水平,分析影响我国城市人均能耗和单位GDP能耗水平的关键因素,主要有城市能源消费总量、人均GDP水平、第二产业比重和农村人口比例等。与世界平均水平相比,我国目前人均能耗和单位GDP能耗还有很大差距,节能降耗和发展新能源技术尤为重要。     

长安镇“十三五”节能工作探析

对长安镇节能现状进行分析,2015年长安镇三产结构为0.2:63.7:36.1,第三产业比重一直徘徊在36%,三产比重偏低;长安镇全社会综合能源消费量110.54万吨标准煤,单位GDP能耗为0.276吨标准煤/万元,为全市单位GDP能耗平均水平的60.93%。工业用电量占全社会用电量的78.89%。长安镇可挖掘节能空间收窄,节能降耗压力进一步加大。对"十三五"节能方向从优化经济结构转型、调整优化能源结构、扎实推进工业节能、夯实管理节能提出相应对策,为长安镇实现"十三五"节能目标提供有力支撑。     

Application and development of solar energy in building industry and its prospects in China

China is the second largest country in energy consumption. More and more energy demand pressures cause the Chinese government to review its economy and energy policies in order to support the sustainable development. In China, the building sector amounts to 27.8% total energy consumption, which is only behind the industry sector. China has abundant solar energy resource, which is extensively applied to buildings. Therefore, solar energy utilization in buildings has become one of the most important issues to help China optimize the energy proportion, increasing energy efficiency and protecting the environment. Solar energy resource and its district distribution in China are introduced in detail in this paper, and the representative solar energy application to the building sector is highlighted as well. The solar energy utilization obstacles, especially policy disadvantages in building sector in China, are reviewed. Moreover, the application prospects of solar energy in building sector are presented in combination with the China economic and household industry growth.     

国内外能耗监测控制管理理论与实践

能耗监测是能源管理中的重要环节,国外不少国家在这方面都进行了积极的努力,制定了一些相关政策,并取得了一部分研究成果.我国于上世纪90年代初就出台了关于能耗监测的有关规定,2007年颁布的《单位GDP能耗监测体系实施方案》规定了能耗监测的主体、主要内容和指标.工业、交通运输和建筑是我国三大“耗能大户”,因此能耗监测研究和管理实践也主要集中在这三个领域.信息技术的发展为工业企业的能耗监测提供了基础平台,运用计算机信息技术对能耗实行现代化管理,成为企业实现信息化管理、降低成本的一种重要手段.道路交通约占我国交通运输业能耗的75％,因而对道路交通能耗的监测是交通运输业能耗监测的主要任务,而对机车能耗的监测是铁路运输能耗监测的主要内容之一.建筑能耗监测主要针对大型公共建筑,通过信息化手段进行信息采集及能耗监测.目前有关能耗监测的研究还处于起步阶段,尚未全面展开,能耗监测技术还不成熟,监测设备也不齐全.今后除了要继续探索能耗监测技术以外,还应重点加强对主要行业能耗监测控制管理体系的研究.     

A state-of-the-art review of the sustainability and energy efficiency of buildings in Saudi Arabia

Sustainable buildings have an important role in achieving sustainable development by improving energy utilization and environmental performance. Buildings are considered as the biggest single contributor to world energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In Saudi Arabia, the significance of the building sector can be described on the basis of per capita electricity consumption, per capita carbon dioxide emissions, and the increasing number of buildings because of economic and population growth. Therefore, the country should consider establishing energy-efficient buildings to promote sustainable development. Efforts in developing energy-efficient technologies should increase for the national energy policy. This article comprehensively describes the current challenges and opportunities of energy consumption and various energy conservation options that are viable for the Saudi building sector. Current policy efforts for improving energy efficiency in Saudi buildings have been analyzed to enhance the sustainable development in the country. The study reveals that the energy conservation policy of the country has fairly improved in the past decades. However, the country has to focus on this area and perform urgent measures to adopt energy-efficient technologies in the building sector.     

中国燃料油市场现状与展望

随着我国经济的进一步发展和炼油深加工能力的大幅提高,以及国家政策的不断调整,我国燃料油供需结构发生明显变化。我国燃料油消费主要集中在船用燃料油、炼化原料深加工,化工、建材和轻工行业,以及电力、制造等领域。近年来,船用燃料油连续多年成为我国最大的燃料油用户,2012年占同期消费总量的49%;其次是炼化行业燃料油需求,主要用于地方炼厂的加工原料,占消费总量的40%;建材和轻工行业等工业燃料油,占消费总量的11%;而工业与电力行业的燃料油需求持续萎缩,市场份额逐年下降,特别是电力行业,2012年燃料油消费量仅为30×104t左右,占比不足1%。未来,受燃料油消费结构因素影响,我国燃料油消费仍主要集中在船用油与炼化行业两大板块。受消费税新政实施的影响,尽管中国原油一次加工能力连年提高,但燃料油产出率或将长期维持在较低水平。需求方面,预计未来几年,原料深加工用燃料油仍是燃料油消费的主力军;工业用燃料油的需求仍将呈现继续下滑的趋势;船用燃料油的需求将稳步上升,其价格有继续走高的可能。     

Energy design investigation for the Greek area of the North Aegean Sea

This paper describes an investigation of the energy design in the area of the North Aegean Sea. The future energy consumption is predicted until 2010 using simple statistic models for each economic sector such as domestic, tertiary and agricultural, transport, industry, etc. Three different energy design scenarios have been developed for predicting the energy consumption for each economic sector. These scenarios present three major energy evolutions: a conventionally expected energy evolution (business as usual); an energy saving evolution; and a combination of energy saving with simultaneous exploitation of renewable energy sources. The energy design investigation for the area of the North Aegean Sea is mainly based on simple statistic analysis on data describing the energy balance for each economic sector and kind of energy use. This energy balance analysis for the area of the North Aegean Sea has been performed in the present study in order to be furthermore used in the energy design investigation.     

Multiple criteria evaluation of current energy resources for Turkish manufacturing industry

Energy is the main component of natural resources of developing, as well as developed, countries like Turkey. Because of economic and social developments, the demand for energy, in general, has increased considerably in Turkey. Since Turkey is not an oil or natural gas (NG) producing country, the energy resource usage for energy consumption should be effective. The Turkish industrial sector comprises approximately 36% of Turkey’s primary energy consumption, and the manufacturing industry is the largest industrial sector. In this study, the focus was on the manufacturing industry as the major energy consuming sector in Turkey, and it was analyzed in terms of efficient use of energy resources. The most widely used energy resources in the Turkish manufacturing industry, namely fuel-oil, coal, electricity, LPG and NG were taken into account. Evaluation and selection of current energy resources in this selected industry can be viewed as a multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) problem, including human judgments, tangible and intangible criteria and priorities and trade offs between goals and criteria. The analytic network process (ANP), one of the MCDM methods, was used to evaluate the most suitable energy resources for the manufacturing industry in this study.     

The non-energy intensive manufacturing sector.: An energy analysis relating to the Netherlands

This paper focuses on an area that has been neglected in energy analysis: the non-energy intensive industries. Using data at the 3-digit level for the Dutch manufacturing industry, we analyzed the performance of the sector with respect to its energy intensity, value added, value of production and energy costs. We found that energy consumption has increased by 30% between 1988 and 1999 while there has not been a decrease on energy intensity. A decomposition analysis was performed in order to separate structural, production and intensity effects. We found that structural changes played a minor role and that in fact, intensity effects added further energy requirements to those induced by output growth. The results of our study highlight the need for policy-makers and scientists to increase their attention to the non-energy intensive sector and encourage industries in these sectors to adopt energy-efficient technologies and management practices.     

Analysis on energy intensive industries under Taiwan's climate change policy

This study addresses the planning and implementation of energy, industry, and carbon economy policies concerning the development of the Taiwan's energy intensive industries from perspective of climate change. As a newly industrialized country, Taiwan attaches greater importance to the development of green energy and low-carbon industries, in cooperation with global pressure for carbon reduction due to climate changes, through energy and industrial conferences. Thus, in the past year the Taiwanese government constructed four laws concerning energy and carbon reduction in order to drive the green energy industry; furthermore, it plans to reduce current carbon emission benchmarks. Nevertheless, statistical analysis found that in the last decade, energy intensive industries have presented structural unbalance regarding energy consumption, CO₂ emissions, energy intensity, contributions to the GDP, and product value. Industries in the industrial sector have high energy consumption, high carbon emissions, and increase total domestic consumption and carbon emissions, which have disproportionate contributions to industrial added value; nevertheless, the government continues to approve investments for such energy intensive industries, and results in continuous increases in energy consumption and carbon emissions. This contradictory phenomenon indicates that newly industrialized countries rely on a manufacturing economic structure, which is difficult to adjust and violates the trends of a global low-carbon economy. Hence, the government must examine and adjust such unbalanced industrial structures, where such adjustments are executed in a fair and just manner, and encourage the development of high value-added measures for low-carbon manufacturing and service sectors to become equal with competitors in a global economy.     

Energy assessment of the Portuguese meat industry

The meat product industries play a major role in many global economies. In several countries, it is the industry with a higher economic weight within the food industries. As refrigeration systems are indispensable within the production processes, it is important to improve the overall energy efficiency in order to reduce the electricity consumption in these industries. The electrical energy consumption of the Portuguese meat industries is evaluated in this paper. The field study shows that electrical energy accounts for 66.5 % of the overall energy consumption in slaughterhouses, 85 % in sausage houses and 92.5 % in ham industries. Relatively to the refrigeration systems of these industries, results show that the average compressor nominal power per unit of cold room volume is comprised between 0.072 and 0.043 kW/m³. The average value of the specific electrical energy consumption for the slaughterhouses was 149 kWh/ton_HSCW, 660 kWh/ton_RM for sausage houses and 1208 kWh/ton_RM for ham production industries. Finally, a potential reduction of the electricity consumption based on simple energy efficiency measures was estimated in 24 % for the slaughterhouses, 13 % for the sausage houses and 8 % for the ham industry.     

What goes down must come up? Trends of industrial electricity use in the North-West of Russia

This article uses decomposition method to analyse industrial electricity consumption in North-Western Russia, namely in Archangelsk oblast, the Republic of Karelia and Murmansk oblast. The case sectors, forestry and electricity, have in most cases developed similarly in the chosen regions during 1990–2001. The decomposition analysis shows that the reduction of economic activity has reduced electricity consumption in all three regions but that it is not always the main factor reducing consumption. The changes in energy efficiency increased consumption in the forestry sector in all regions while in the electricity sector it led to a reduction. The changes in the structures of the regional economies increased electricity consumption in electricity industry which gained importance due to developments in the manufacturing industry. In Murmansk, forestry sector has almost disappeared during the observation period. This was the main observed electricity consumption reduction caused by structural changes. Many of the developments can be better understood against the general knowledge of transition factors.