The canine urinary bladder and prostate

Nonrecurrence and variations in the ascending course of the recurrent laryngeal nerves make it essential to identify the nerve to avoid injury to it during thyroidectomy. We believe that visual identification of the nerve without undue handling is all that is necessary. The recurrent nerve is no more delicate than other similar nerves. Unilateral injury to the recurrent nerve may result in temporary hoarseness which will improve with time. Some restriction of the airway during exertion may be present. Bilateral injury to the recurrent nerves may produce initially a loss of voice without airway constriction. Later the voice may return, accompanied by serious respiratory embarrassment on exertion.     

Ureterocystoplasty--ureteral augmentation of the urinary bladder

The article is preceded by an introduction to world-wide communication networks. Some important basic features are explained. The major impact is on temporary and future aspects of the Internet for psychiatry. A variety of advantages in World Wide Web telemedicine for patients, clients, psychotherapists, clinicians and scientists are extensively demonstrated. Useful and established possibilities are discussed. Finally, the risks of this kind of communication are shown and listed.     

Primary osteosarcoma of the urinary bladder

PURPOSE: To review the effects on intraocular pressure control of the use of standard and heparin-coated intraocular lenses (IOLs) following combined cataract and glaucoma surgery after a minimum period of 2 years. METHODS: Case note review of all patients with glaucoma who required cataract extraction combined with trabeculectomy and who were randomized to either of the two IOL types. The number of ocular hypotensive medications and the intraocular pressures were recorded pre-operatively and at 3, 6, 18 and 24 months following surgery. RESULTS: The two groups (9 receiving standard IOLs and 10 heparin-coated IOLs) were comparable for age, sex and follow-up, as were the pre-operative intraocular pressures and number of treatments. Post-operatively, all patients achieved an intraocular pressure < 21 mmHg at the final visit, with only one patient in each group requiring topical medication, but the standard lens group had a higher intraocular pressure at 2 years (p<0.05). The magnitude of the fall from the pre-operative values was greater in the heparin-coated lens group at 2 years after surgery (p<0.02). The presence of a visible drainage bleb occurred equally frequently in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a heparin-coated IOL does not adversely affect the intraocular pressure control following combined cataract and drainage surgery. The greater fall in intraocular pressure at 2 years in those receiving a heparin-coated IOL may have occurred by chance.     

Plastic repair of the urinary bladder

Clinical observations of 76 patients in whom an artifical urinary bladder was constructed from the rectum are presented. 52 patients were operated upon for cancer of the urinary bladder, total papillomatosis, a metastasis of uterine cancer in the bladder, cancer of the sigmoid with the urinary bladder involvement, sarcoma and cancer of the prostate with the bladder involvement. 17 patients were operated upon for extrophy, 7 -- for cancer of the urethra. An isolation of the rectum is followed by ligation of the upper rectal and vein. Fifteen patients died postoperatively due to peritonitis (6), ascending infection of the urinary tract (4), postoperative shock (I), phlegmon of the minor pelvis (I). In late postoperative period an artificial urinary bladder provides for reservoir and excretory functions.     

The arterial supply of the developing proximal end of the human femur

By means of perfusion studies, an analysis was made of the arterial supply to the proximal end of the femur in 150 specimens from autopsied fetuses and children, aged from twenty-six weeks of gestation to fourteen years and eight months old. All died of diseases which did not involve the hip joint. Two anastomotic rings were found: an extracapsular one formed by the medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries, and a subsynovial intra-articular ring at the articular cartilage-neck junction. The intra-articular rings in males were discontinuous more often than in females. A three-plane analysis of totally-cleared specimens demonstrated that the epiphyseal plate constituted an absolute barrier to blood flow between the epiphysis and metaphysis in all but two of the 124 barium sulphate-perfused specimens examined. A smaller number of ascending cervical arteries crossed the anterior and medial surfaces of the mid-neck in the specimens from three to ten-year-old white children than in those from newborn to two-year-old white and black children. This finding may be important for the etiology of Legg-Perthes disease. No differences with respect to age, sex, or race were found in the arteries of the ligamentum teres.     

Betadrenoceptors in urinary bladder

When rat peroneal nerves were fixed under 5 different fixation schedules with various osmolalities (310, 410 and 900 milliosmoles), the frequency of abnormality of mitochondria in the axoplasm was lowest in myelinated fibers fixed with 6% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (900 milliosmoles). The relationship of axonal area to number of myelin lamellae was significantly different between high-osmolality fixation and low-osmolality fixation. Assuming that the number of myelin lamellae remains the same with fixation, there was a significant shrinkage in the axonal area of fibers with high-osmolality fixation. The amount of shrinkage was less in larger fibers than in smaller fibers fixed at high osmolality.     

Ultrasonography of urinary bladder disorders

Ultrasonography is often recommended as the first diagnostic imaging modality in patients with hematuria or dysuria. It can provide information relative to the capacity of the urinary bladder, changes in bladder outline, changes in wall thickness, identification of mural and luminal masses, and identification of extrinsic lesions that may displace the bladder wall causing changes in its shape. Ultrasonography allows an evaluation of the entire urinary tract (except distal urethra) in both female and male dogs as well as the sublumbar region for lymphadenopathy.     

A case of xanthogranuloma of the urinary bladder

A case of xanthogranuloma of the urinary bladder is reported. A 68-year-old man was referred to our hospital for the evaluation of microscopic hematuria. At that time, he did not have an abdominal tumor and ultrasonography showed no abnormality of the kidneys and the bladder wall. Two months later, he was admitted with the chief complaints of perineal discomfort and non tender fist size mass was palpable in the lower abdomen. Ultrasonography, computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging MRI demonstrated a supravesical mass which was strongly suspected as urachal tumor. Total cystectomy with urachal resection was performed. The histological diagnosis was xanthogranuloma. The patient has been in good health without recurrence, 4 years after surgery. We discuss xanthogranuloma of the urinary bladder in the literature.     

Pregnancy after urinary bladder augmentation

Pregnancy after augmentation enterocystoplasty is an increasingly frequent phenomenon in women with congenital anomalies or a neurogenic urinary bladder. Possible complications during pregnancy and the period near delivery and their treatment is described by the authors, based on the case-history of a 22-year-old primipara after ileocoecal augmentation. The authors summarise the so far scarce data reported in the literature.     

Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder after radiotherapy

The spontaneous intraperitoneal rupture of the urinary bladder is an extremely rare life threatening event. There are often difficulties in making the diagnosis. A case of spontaneous rupture of the bladder 6 years after radiation therapy for uterus cancer is reported. An early surgical exploration including the closing of the rupture, peritoneal lavage and continuous vesical drainage will save the life of the patient.     

The mechanism of Na+ transport by rabbit urinary bladder

The mechanism of Na+ transport in rabbit urinary bladder has been studied by microelectrode techniques. Of the three layers of epithelium, the apical layer contains virtually all the transepithelial resistance. There is radial cell-to-cell coupling within this layer, but there is no detectable transverse coupling between layers. Cell coupling is apparently interrupted by intracellular injection of depolarizing current. The cell interiors are electrically negative to the bathing solutions, but the apical membrane of the apical layer depolarizes with increasing Isc. Voltage scanning detects no current sinks at the cell junctions or elsewhere. The voltage-divider ratio, alpha, (ratio of resistance of apical cell membrane, Ralpha, to basolateral cell membrane, Rb) decreases from 30 to 0.5 with increasing Isc, because of the transport-related conductance pathway in the apical membrane. Changes in effective transepithelial capacitance with Isc are predicted and possibly observed. The transepithelial resistance, Rt, has been resolved into Ra, Rb, and the junctional resistance, Rj, by four different methods: cable analysis, resistance of uncoupled cells, measurements of pairs of (Rt, alpha) values in the same bladder at different transport rates, and the relation between Rt and Isc and between alpha and Isc. Rj proves to be effectively infinite (nominally 300 k omega muF) and independent of Isc, and Ra decreases from 154 to 4 omega muF with increasing Isc. In the resulting model of Na+ transport in "tight" epithelia, the apical membrane contains an amiloride-inhibited and Ca++-inhibited conductance pathway for Na+ entry; the basolateral membrane contains a Na+--K+-activated ATPase that extrudes Na+; intracellular (Na+) may exert negative feedback on apical membrane conductance; and aldosterone acts to stimulate Na+ entry at the apical membrane via the amiloride-sensitive pathway.     

Development of extrahepatic arterial blood supply to the liver during hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of development of the collateral circulation to the liver during hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) with the presence of hepatic tumours adjacent to the hepatic surface, and with pretreatment occlusion of aberrant hepatic arteries. In 102 patients with unresectable malignant hepatic tumours treated with HAIC using an implantable port system, development of collaterals to the liver was assessed with CT arteriography using the implantable port and pre- and postoperative angiography. Aberrant hepatic arteries, if present, were occluded prior to treatment for hepatic arterial redistribution. Collaterals to the liver were seen in 29 patients, who had 35 areas with collateral perfusion: 22 areas were in the right posterosuperior area, 6 in the left peripheral area and 7 in the right or left lobar area. Collaterals were revealed more frequently in patients with hepatic tumours adjacent to the hepatic surface than in those without hepatic tumours in peripheral areas in the liver (p < 0.0001). In addition, collaterals developed more frequently in patients with an aberrant hepatic arterial anatomy compared with those with conventional anatomy (p = 0.0007). Our results indicated that patients with hepatic tumours adjacent to the hepatic surface and with pretreatment occlusion of aberrant hepatic arteries had the potential to develop collaterals to the liver during HAIC.     

The effects of drugs and anaesthetic agents on the urinary bladder and sphincters

The influence of sedative, anaesthetic and neuromuscular blocking drugs on diagnostic urethral pressure profiles and cystometrograms has been investigated. These agents have marked effects on the results obtained; in particular, the urethral pressure profile was raised by opiates and lowered by anaesthetic induction agents. Bladder capacity as measured by the cystometrogram was greatly increased by halothane. These findings indicate that urodynamic studies should be performed only on conscious unsedated patients.     

Ammonia transport by the urinary bladder of Bufo marinus

Among cyanobacteria, the heterocystous, N2-fixing Anabaena variabilis and the unicellular Anacystis nidulans have recently been shown to possess an NAD+-dependent, bidirectional hydrogenase. A 5.0 kb DNA segment of the A. nidulans genome is now identified to harbor the structural genes hoxUYH coding for three subunits of the bidirectional hydrogenase. The gene arrangement in A. nidulans and in A. variabilis is remarkably dissimilar. In A. nidulans, but not in A. variabilis, the four accessory genes hoxW, hypA, hypB and hypF could be identified downstream of hoxH. An insertional homozygous mutant in hoxH from A. nidulans was completely inactive in performing Na2S204-dependent H2 evolution but could utilize the gas with almost 50% of the activity of the wild type. These findings with the first defined hydrogenase mutant in any photosynthetic, 02-evolving microorganism indicate that the unicellular cyanobacterium A. nidulans possesses both an uptake and a bidirectional hydrogenase. The physiological role(s) of the two hydrogenases in unicellular non-N2-fixing cyanobacteria is not yet understood.