低气压下板式电加热器换热性能的研究

板式电加热器是一种常用的供热设备，其电热板的温度有一定的限制。随着海拔高度的增加，大气压力的降低会引起空气密度的减小，根据传热学理论的分析，将导致自然对流换热系数h下降，即电加热器的换热性能下降。按照Kreith和Gryzagoridis提出的经验公式，若仅考虑气压的影响，在唐古拉山垭口处竖平壁的自然对流换热系数h仅为海平面处的73％。如果板式电加热器的电功率不变时，电热板的温度就会升高。低压箱内的试验结果证明了这一趋势。     

Combined Streamline Upwind Petrov Galerkin method and segregated finite element algorithm for conjugate heat transfer problems

A combined Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin method (SUPG) and segregated finite element algorithm for solving conjugate heat transfer problems where heat conduction in a solid is coupled with heat convection in viscous fluid flow is presented. The Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin method is used for the analysis of viscous thermal flow in the fluid region, while the analysis of heat conduction in solid region is performed by the Galerkin method. The method uses the three-node triangular element with equal-order interpolation functions for all the variables of the velocity components, the pressure and the temperature. The main advantage of the presented method is to consistently couple heat transfer along the fluid-solid interface. Four test cases, which are the conjugate Couette flow problem in parallel plate channel, the counter-flow in heat exchanger, the conjugate natural convection in a square cavity with a conducting wall, and the conjugate natural convection and conduction from heated cylinder in square cavity, are selected to evaluate efficiency of the presented method.     

A study on natural convection from two cylinders in a cavity

Steady-state natural convection heat transfer characteristics from cylinders in a multiply-connected bounded region are clarified. A spectral finite difference scheme (spectral decomposition of the system of partial differential equations, semi-implicit time integration) is applied in numerical analysis, with a boundary-fitted conformai coordinate system through a Jacobian elliptic function with a successive transformation to formulate a system of governing equations in terms of a stream function, vorticity and temperature. Multiplicity of the domain is expressed explicitly.     

等温容器放气过程中对流换热模型的研究

为了提高等温容器的性能,对等温容器放气过程中的对流换热模型进行了研究。用4个已知流量特性的电磁阀分别对4种等温容器进行了放气实验,采集放气过程中的压力曲线,并采用“停止法”得到放气过程中的温度曲线。基于等温容器放气过程的热力学模型,结合放气过程中的压力曲线和温度曲线,确定了放气过程中的对流换热系数,最后利用相似原理拟合得到了放气过程中声速阶段和亚声速阶段的对流换热经验关系式。声速阶段和亚声速阶段的经验关系式不仅体现了放气速度对对流换热的影响,还反映了铜丝填充密度,也就是孔隙率对换热的影响;声速阶段的经验关系式中还引入了空气压缩比,体现了空气在高压缩状态下压缩性对对流换热的影响。     

Numerical simulation of natural convection in annuli with internal fins

The solution for the natural convection in internally finned horizontal annuli is obtained by using a numerical simulation of time-dependent and two-dimensional governing equations. The fins existing in annuli influence the flow pattern, temperature distribution and heat transfer rate. The variations of the fin configuration suppress or accelerate the free convective effects compared to those of the smooth tubes. The effects of fin configuration, number of fins and ratio of annulus gap width to the inner cylinder radius on the fluid flow and heat transfer in annuli are demonstrated by the distribution of the velocity vector, isotherms and streamlines. The governing equations are solved efficiently by using a parallel implementation. The technique is adopted for reduction of the computation cost. The parallelization is performed with the domain decomposition technique and message passing between sub-domains on the basis of the MPI library. The results from parallel computation reveal in consistency with those of the sequential program. Moreover, the speed-up ratio shows linearity with the number of processor.     

An experimental study on the transition criteria of open channel natural convection flows

Natural convection experiments were carried out for a wide range of the Grashof number from 10⁴ to 5 × 10⁹ or for the Rayleigh number from 10⁷ to 10¹³ in order to seek the proper transition criteria from laminar to turbulent. Using the analogy concept, heat transfer systems were simulated by corresponding mass transfer systems. The copper sulfate electroplating system was chosen as the mass transfer system. The experimental results closely reproduced the McAdams’s correlation for laminar and Fouad’s for turbulent. The Sherwood numbers obtained from the experiment were proportional to the 1/4 power of Rayleigh number or Grashof number at laminar region and the near 1/3 power at turbulent region as the well known theory. This paper concludes that the proper transition criteria of the natural convection should be the Grashof number of 10⁹. The originality of this paper comes from the fact that the study deals with very large value of Schmidt number and that by using the analogy experiment methodology, high values of Rayleigh number and Grashof number were achieved with a relatively short test facility.

     

Effect of thermal radiation on convection heat transfer in cooling channel of photovoltaic thermal system

The effect of thermal radiation on convection heat transfer in flat-box type cooling channel of photovoltaic thermal system with tilt angle of 30 degree was studied by 3D numerical simulation under constant heat flux boundary condition. The temperature contours and velocity fields of fluid near the outlet were obtained. The variations of wall temperature and convection Nusselt number along flow direction for all the separate walls composing the cooling channel were compared and analyzed. The results show that due to thermal radiation, the deflection of the maximum velocity region to heated top wall, together with the asymmetry of temperature field is weakened. For natural convection, radiation promotes the formation of multi-vortices. For mixed convection, heat transfer on all the cooling channel walls is enhanced under the condition of lower heat flux while heat transfer on heated top wall is deteriorated when the heat flux is relative high. Also, pressure re-rising is promoted by thermal radiation.     

薄带连铸结晶辊表面形貌对界面传热的影响

利用宝钢自主开发的界面热流测量装置研究了薄带连铸用铜结晶辊表面形貌对界面传热的影响,并建立了界面传热模型。结果表明:结晶辊表面与钢液的接触面积越大,界面的峰值热流越大;研究的三种结晶辊的平均热流相差不大;该界面传热模型可以较好地预测结晶辊表面形貌对界面传热的影响。     

横圆管表面空气自然对流换热测试系统开发

为了更好地研究受热横圆管在大空间中的自然对流换热现象,设计开发了横圆管表面空气自然对流换热测试系统.该测试系统采用上下位机模式,可实现横圆管的自然对流换热系数的测定和准则关联式的验证.实际应用结果表明,该测试系统具有功能完善、测量精度高、重复性好等优点,很好地满足了自然对流换热测试的要求.     

Efficiency analysis of straight fin with variable heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity

In this study, one type of applicable analytical method, differential transformation method (DTM), is used to evaluate the efficiency and behavior of a straight fin with variable thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient. Fins are widely used to enhance heat transfer between primary surface and the environment in many industrial applications. The performance of such a surface is significantly affected by variable thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient, particularly for large temperature differences. General heat transfer equation related to the fin is derived and dimensionalized. The concept of differential transformation is briefly introduced, and then this method is employed to derive solutions of nonlinear equations. Results are evaluated for several cases such as: laminar film boiling or condensation, forced convection, laminar natural convection, turbulent natural convection, nucleate boiling, and radiation. The obtained results from DTM are compared with the numerical solution to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. The effects of design parameters on temperature and efficiency are evaluated by some figures. The major aim of the present study, which is exclusive for this article, is to find the effect of the modes of heat transfer on fin efficiency. It has been shown that for radiation heat transfer, thermal efficiency reaches its maximum value.     

Estimation of convection heat transfer coefficient and surface emissivity of a nonreacting specimen in cone calorimeter using RPSO method

Data for the convection heat transfer coefficient and the surface emissivity of a matter are not easily available from the literature and are usually assumed to be constant values in most studies of pyrolysis. In this study the convection heat transfer coefficient and the surface emissivity of a specimen placed within a cone calorimeter under different external heat fluxes are estimated by using the statistical repulsive particle swarm optimization (RPSO) method. The transient surface temperature distribution of the specimen are measured from the cone calorimeter experiments for different external heat fluxes and these data are then used to determine the convection heat transfer coefficient and the surface emissivity of the specimen inversely. To check the accuracy of this method, we compared the measured temperature and the recalculated temperature of the specimen by using the estimated convection heat transfer coefficient and surface emissivity and we confirmed that they were fairly well matched with each other. We conclude that the proposed RPSO method of estimating the convection heat transfer coefficient and surface emissivity can be an alternative way of obtaining these data for various fire analyses.     

Measuring heat transfer coefficient in convection reflow ovens

In this paper, the evaluation of a measurement method is discussed which can determine the heat transfer coefficient in convection reflow ovens. Nowadays the reflow ovens apply forced convection heating with nozzle-matrix blower system. In these ovens the heat transfer coefficients of the heater gas streams determine mainly the efficiency of heating. A method is presented which has two steps: in the first step, the heat transfer coefficient of the heater gas streams is studied above the assembly in function of height; in the second step, the heating efficiency of the nozzle-lines is compared as a distribution of the heat transfer coefficient in the oven. The heat transfer coefficients are calculated from the heat equation of the reflow oven. It is also presented with the distributions of the heat transfer coefficient that how the contamination of the nozzles affects the heating efficiency of the reflow oven.     

A boundary element solution approach for the conjugate heat transfer problem in thermally developing region of a thick walled pipe

This paper presents a sole application of boundary element method to the conjugate heat transfer problem of thermally developing laminar flow in a thick walled pipe when the fluid velocities are fully developed. Due to the coupled mechanism of heat conduction in the solid region and heat convection in the fluid region, two separate solutions in the solid and fluid regions are sought to match the solid-fluid interface continuity condition. In this method, the dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) with the axial direction marching scheme is used to solve the heat convection problem and the conventional boundary element method (BEM) of axisymmetric model is applied to solve the heat conduction problem. An iterative and numerically stable BEM solution algorithm is presented, which uses the coupled interface conditions explicitly instead of uncoupled conditions. Both the local convective heat transfer coefficient at solid-fluid interface and the local mean fluid temperature are initially guessed and updated as the unknown interface thermal conditions in the iterative solution procedure. Two examples imposing uniform temperature and heat flux boundary conditions are tested in thermally developing region and compared with analytic solutions where available. The benchmark test results are shown to be in good agreement with the analytic solutions for both examples with different boundary conditions.     

亚快速凝固过程中瞬态界面传热的研究进展

在亚快速凝固过程中,基体与熔体间的界面传热直接影响着熔体凝固过程以及凝固坯壳的组织形貌和表面质量,而瞬态界面传热又是其中的关键问题。重点从瞬态界面传热的研究方法、影响瞬态界面热流的因素、瞬态界面热流对凝固组织的影响等三个方面综述了目前国内外瞬态界面传热的研究进展,并提出目前研究中存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of natural convection heat transfer coefficient of V-type fin configurations

In the present study, the natural convection heat transfer coefficient from V-type fin-arrays on a vertical base is investigated both experimentally and numerically. The CFD simulations are carried out using Fluent software. The investigated cases consist of different shapes of a 90-degree V-type fin which are broken into discrete pieces instead of being an integrated fin. The number and shape of pieces as well as the gap between them is studied for different cases. By scrutinizing the results, an optimum fin shape on a vertical base is determined. In addition, the optimum V-type fin array is introduced by studying the number of rows for the optimum fin shape. Finally, a correlation is presented which relates the Nusselt number with the modified Rayleigh number.     

Modeling of laminar forced convection in spherical-pebble packed beds

There are many parameters that have significant effects on forced convection heat transfer in packed beds, including Reynolds and Prandtl numbers of flow, porosity, pebble geometry, local flow conditions, wall and end effects. In addition, there have been many experimental investigations on forced convection heat transfer in packed beds and each have studied the effect of some of these parameters. Yet, there is not a reliable correlation that includes the effect of main parameters; at the same time, the prediction of precise correct limits for very low and high Reynolds numbers is off hand. In this article a general well-known model of convection heat transfer from isothermal bodies, next to some previous reliable experimental data has been used as a basis for a more comprehensive and accurate correlation to calculate the laminar constant temperature pebble-fluid forced convection heat transfer in a homogeneous saturated bed with spherical pebbles. Finally, for corroboration, the present results are compared with previous works and show a very good agreement for laminar flows at any Prandtl number and all porosities.     

环面接触复层多孔轴承热流体动压润滑性能及生/传热机制分析

为分析热效应对多孔环面接触复层含油轴承流体润滑性能的影响,建立环面接触复层含油轴承系统的热流体动压润滑模型,数值分析轴承系统的温度场及速度场分布,讨论考虑热效应时的复层含油轴承流体润滑问题及其生热、传热机制。结果表明：从轴承底面到摩擦对偶面,温度呈先升高后降低趋势,径向上温度随着半径增加而升高,系统的最高温度位于油膜区外环面上的最小膜厚处;轴承系统中的热量主要由油膜相对剪切发生,周向相对运动速度是系统生热的主要影响因素,温度与周向速度的分布形态相似,油膜产生的热量通过对流换热逐渐向多孔轴承中传导,轴承表层厚度或渗透率降低,对流换热效果变差,轴承系统中温度升高,热效应对润滑性能的影响变大;考虑热效应后,油膜润滑性能变差,但数值分析精度提高,数值结果更接近试验实测值。     

热冲压过程传热耦合研究*

提出一种新的思路解决热冲压过程的传热耦合模拟。板料和模具之间的界面传热系数借助圆柱形冲压试验数据并通过有限元优化反算的方法获得,将获得的界面传热系数(Interfacial heat transfer coefficient, IHTC)引入到ABAQUS的U形冲压模型中,进行单次热冲压模拟,得到一个冲压周期内模具表面任意节点的热流密度曲线。通过调用SAS程序求得模面任意节点对应的时均热流密度,将每个节点的时均热流密度和笛卡儿坐标系下的空间坐标对应关系引入到STAR-CCM+中作为模具淬火传热模拟的第二类边界条件。接着通过网格数据映射将稳态淬火模拟得到的模具温度场,水道壁表面传热系数(Film heat transfer coefficient, FHTC)和壁面冷却水温度重新导入到ABAQUS的冲压模型中进行新的热冲压模拟,此时的热冲压过程即同时实现板料-模具的界面传热和模具-水流的表面传热的稳态模拟。设计并制造仿真中使用的U形模具进行连续热冲压试验,采集特征点的稳态温度,与仿真结果进行对比。结果表明：耦合后的板料和模具的最大温度和未耦合的单次冲压相比升高近一倍,温度分布沿着水道进口向出口方向发生迁移。耦合后的板料和模具特征点温度与达到稳态的试验采集温度误差均小于10%。     

Turbulent natural convection flow and heat transfer in an inclined square enclosure

Numerical analysis was performed for the two-dimensional turbulent natural convection in an inclined enclosure. The enclosure has two walls which one is heated and the other cooled, and has the other two walls of the linear temperature distributions. The inclined angle is equal to zero when the wall of linear temperature was horizontal and increases counter-clockwise. The mean continuity, mean momentum and mean energy equations have been obtained by using the conventional time-averaging procesure. The turbulent model has been applied ak-ε two equation model of turbulence similar to the one proposed by the Launder and Spalding. Numerical results were studied for a series of inclined angle, ranging from 0° to 60° and for a Grashof number range of 6×10⁶∼10⁸. The average heat transfer rate on hot wall is shown maximum value at 30° regardless of Grashof number taken here. When Gr≥5×10⁷ and θ≥45°, the flow region of whole enclosure became a significant turbulence. This paper was presented at the International Symposium on the Refined Flow Modeling and Turbulent Measurement. Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.A., 1985     

Resonant enhancement of natural convection in a cubic enclosure under time-periodic magnetizing force

A numerical investigation was carried out for natural convection of air (paramagnetic fluid) in a cubic enclosure subjected to constant gravity and time-periodic magnetizing force. Since the magnetizing force expressed as the gradient of magnetic induction squared in each direction, has three-dimensional characteristics, three-dimensional modeling of system would be required to investigate the effect of magnetizing force more accurately. In this study as a sequent research, the basic analysis of Kang and Hyun [16] was extended to the case of three-dimensional and to cases when the magnitude of magnetizing force is varied. Two geometrical configurations for the location of electrical coils, were considered. The amplification characteristics of heat transfer rate in the cube according to the change of the magnitude of magnetizing force, were investigated especially when the resonance occurs. The numerical results showed that the heat transfer is enhanced appreciably by application of large magnitude of magnetizing force. In addition, the results for two- and three-dimensional cases were also compared.