Nonlinear viscose flow induced nonlocal vibration and instability of embedded DWCNC via DQM

Nonlinear thermo free vibration and instability of viscose fluid-conveying double-walled carbon nanocones (DWCNCs) are studied using Hamilton’s principle and differential quadrature method (DQM). The small-size effects on bulk viscosity and slip boundary conditions of nanoflow through Knudsen number (Kn) is considered. The nanocone is simulated as a clamped-clamped Euler-Bernoulli’s beam embedded in an elastic foundation of the Winkler and Pasternak type. The van der Waals (vdW) forces between the inner and outer nanocones are taken into account. The detailed parametric study is conducted, focusing on the combined effects of the nonlocal parameter, apex angles, aspect ratio, temperature change, fluid viscosity, boundary conditions and the elastic medium coefficient on the dimensionless frequency and critical fluid velocity of DWCNCs. The results show that the small-size effect on flow field is remarkable on frequency and critical fluid velocity of DWCNC. Also, the nonlinear frequency and critical flow velocity decrease with increasing the nonlocal parameter and cone semi-vertex angle. The results are in good agreement with the previous researches.     

利用体块PZT制备膜片式压电微泵

利用锆钛酸铅(PZT)的逆压电效应,设计并制备了膜片式压电微泵。通过将电能转换为机械能,实现了液体的微流体控制。微泵由微驱动器与单向微阀两部分组成;微驱动器主要为液体流动提供驱动力,单向微阀则用于精确控制液体的流动方向。通过对PZT-Si膜片的位移量、位移形状的仿真分析,确定了微驱动器的设计尺寸,并估算其液体驱动性能。利用共晶键合工艺、研磨减薄工艺、硅深反应离子刻蚀工艺和准分子激光加工工艺等制备出了微驱动器和单向微阀。最后,设计了驱动测试实验,检测了微泵的液体驱动性能。测试结果表明:所制备的膜片式压电微泵驱动的谐振频率约为70kHz,能驱动微米量级的液体位移或运动。当微泵驱动电压为30Vp-p、频率为600Hz时,液体的驱动流速约为65μL/min。该微泵具有体积小,线性度好等特点。     

Geometrically nonlinear vibration analysis of piezoelectrically actuated FGM plate with an initial large deformation

A theoretical model for geometrically nonlinear vibration analysis of piezoelectrically actuated circular plates made of functionally grade material (FGM) is presented based on Kirchhoff’s-Love hypothesis with von-Karman type geometrical large nonlinear deformations. To determine the initial stress state and pre-vibration deformations of the smart plate a nonlinear static problem is solved followed by adding an incremental dynamic state to the pre-vibration state. The derived governing equations of the structure are solved by exact series expansion method combined with perturbation approach. The material properties of the FGM core plate are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to the power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Control of the FGM plate’s nonlinear deflections and natural frequencies using high control voltages is studied and their nonlinear effects are evaluated. Numerical results for FG plates with various mixture of ceramic and metal are presented in dimensionless forms. In a parametric study the emphasis is placed on investigating the effect of varying the applied actuator voltage as well as gradient index of FGM plate on vibration characteristics of the smart structure. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Eung-Soo Shin Farzad Ebrahimi received his B.S. and M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from University of Tehran, Iran. He is currently working on his Ph.D. thesis under the title of “Vibration analysis of smart functionally graded plates” at Smart Materials and Structures Lab in Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Tehran. His research interests include vibration analysis of plates and shells, smart materials and structures and functionally graded materials.     

Semi-active vibration control using piezoelectric actuators in smart structures

The piezoelectric materials, as the most widely used functional materials in smart structures, have many outstanding advantages for sensors and actuators, especially in vibration control, because of their excellent mechanical-electrical coupling characteristics and frequency response characteristics. Semi-active vibration control based on state switching and pulse switching has been receiving much attention over the past decade because of several advantages. Compared with standard passive piezoelectric damping, these new semi-passive techniques offer higher robustness. Compared with active damping systems, their implementation does not require any sophisticated signal processing systems or any bulky power amplifier. In this review article, the principles of the semi-active control methods based on switched shunt circuit, including state-switched method, synchronized switch damping techniques, and active control theorybased switching techniques, and their recent developments are introduced. Moreover, the future directions of research in semi-active control are also summarized.     

Vibration analysis of orthotropic circular and elliptical nano-plates embedded in elastic medium based on nonlocal Mindlin plate theory and using Galerkin method

In the present study a continuum model based on the nonlocal elasticity theory is developed for free vibration analysis of embedded orthotropic thick circular and elliptical nano-plates rested on an elastic foundation. The elastic foundation is considered to behave like a Pasternak type of foundations. Governing equations for vibrating nano-plate are derived according to the Mindlin plate theory in which the effects of shear deformations of nano-plate are also included. The Galerkin method is then employed to obtain the size dependent natural frequencies of nano-plate. The solution procedure considers the entire nano-plate as a single super-continuum element. Effect of nonlocal parameter, lengths of nano-plate, aspect ratio, mode number, material properties, thickness and foundation on circular frequencies are investigated. It is seen that the nonlocal frequencies of the nano-plate are smaller in comparison to those from the classical theory and this is more pronounced for small lengths and higher vibration modes. It is also found that as the aspect ratio increases or the nanoplate becomes more elliptical, the small scale effect on natural frequencies increases. Further, it is observed that the elastic foundation decreases the influence of nonlocal parameter on the results. Since the effect of shear deformations plays an important role in vibration analysis and design of nano-plates, by predicting smaller values for fundamental frequencies, the study of these nano-structures using thick plate theories such as Mindlin plate theory is essential.     

Optimal control of random vibration in plate and shell structures with distributed piezoelectric components

The state covariance assignment (SCA) method of Skelton and associates has been extended to the optimal random vibration control of large-scale complicated shell structures with distributed piezoelectric components and under nonstationary random excitations. It provides a direct approach for achieving performance goals stated in terms of the root-mean-square (RMS) values which are common in many engineering system designs. The large-scale shell structures with distributed piezoelectric components of complicated geometrical configurations are approximated by the hybrid strain or mixed formulation based lower order triangular shell finite elements developed in the present investigation. Each of these shell finite elements has three nodes. Every node has seven degrees of freedom (dof) which include three translational, three rotational and one electric potential dof. These elements are better alternatives to those based on the displacement formulation and that hinged on the truly hybrid strain formulation in that they eliminate locking problems commonly associated with displacement based lower order shell finite elements. Computed results applying the proposed approach for a plate and a cylindrical shell structures with distributed piezoelectric components and under stationary random excitations are included to demonstrate its simplicity of use and efficiency of implementing the proposed approach.     

Multiple frequency vibration of the micro lubricating gap geometry between cylinder block and valve plate in an axial piston pump

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - Refined models of the forces in the cylinder block/valve plate system along Z axis and the moments around X and Y axes were built, considering the...     

Sensitivity analysis of surface topography using the submerged non uniform piezoelectric micro cantilever in liquid by considering interatomic force interaction

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - The aim of this study is modeling and investigating the micro-cantilever (MC) vibration behavior of atomic force microscopy (AFM) more accurately by...     

Modeling and controlling a semi-active nonlinear single-stage vibration isolator using intelligent inverse model of an MR damper

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - Semi-active systems with variable stiffness and damping have demonstrated excellent performance. The aim of this study is to investigate the new...     

Revisiting the free transverse vibration of embedded single-layer graphene sheets acted upon by an in-plane magnetic field

Murmu et al. [23] recently presented a nonlocal model for the transverse vibration of simply supported graphene sheets in the presence of a unidirectional in-plane magnetic field. Further studies showed that the majority of Lorentz’s force components were improperly provided and led to invalid governing equations. To remove such deficiencies, the most general form of Lorentz’s force components is carefully extracted in the present work. The nonlocal equations of motion of the problem are reconstructed and solved again. The influences of crucial parameters on the flexural frequencies of magnetically affected graphene sheets and nanoribbons are examined in detail. Furthermore, the crucial discrepancies between the results obtained in this study and those of the abovementioned previous work are rationally discussed. Some erroneous results of the latter are also rectified.     

Pasternak foundation effect on the axial and torsional waves propagation in embedded DWCNTs using nonlocal elasticity cylindrical shell theory

The axial and torsional wave propagation in a double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) embedded on elastic foundations are investigated using nonlocal continuum shell theory. The effects of the surrounding elastic medium are considered using the spring constant of the Winkler-type and the shear constant of the Pasternak-type. The van der Waals (vdW) forces between the inner and the outer nanotubes are taken into account. The dynamic response of the carbon nanotube is formulated on the basis of nonlocal elasticity shell theory. The cut-off frequencies are obtained and it has been concluded that the cut-off frequencies are independent of small scale coefficient and shear modulus of the elastic medium. It has been found that the phase velocity sharply decreases by increasing the axial half wave number and approaches a constant value. It has also been concluded that the maximum phase velocity predicted by nonlocal theory is located between 5 and 10 nanometers while for local theories the phase velocity sharply decreases in this interval and approaches a constant value. Results show that the effect of Pasternak-type on phase velocity is significant but the effect of Winkler-type is not really considerable.     

Exact solutions for vibration and buckling of an SS-C-SS-C rectangular plate loaded by linearly varying in-plane stresses

Exact solutions are presented for the free vibration and buckling of rectangular plates having two opposite edges (x=0 and a) simply supported and the other two (y=0 and b) clamped, with the simply supported edges subjected to a linearly varying normal stress σ_x=−N₀[1−α(y/b)]/h, where h is the plate thickness. By assuming the transverse displacement (w) to vary as sin(mπx/a), the governing partial differential equation of motion is reduced to an ordinary differential equation in y with variable coefficients, for which an exact solution is obtained as a power series (the method of Frobenius). Applying the clamped boundary conditions at y=0 and b yields the frequency determinant. Buckling loads arise as the frequencies approach zero. A careful study of the convergence of the power series is made. Buckling loads are determined for loading parameters α=0,0.5,1,1.5,2, for which α=2 is a pure in-plane bending moment. Comparisons are made with published buckling loads for α=0,1,2 obtained by the method of integration of the differential equation (α=0) or the method of energy (α=1,2). Novel results are presented for the free vibration frequencies of rectangular plates with aspect ratios a/b=0.5,1,2 subjected to three types of loadings (α=0,1,2), with load intensities N₀/N_cr=0,0.5,0.8,0.95,1, where N_cr is the critical buckling load of the plate. Contour plots of buckling and free vibration mode shapes are also shown.     

Nonlinear vibration and instability of fluid-conveying DWBNNT embedded in a visco-Pasternak medium using modified couple stress theory

Nonlinear free vibration and instability of fluid-conveying double-walled boron nitride nanotubes (DWBNNTs) embedded in viscoelastic medium are studied in this paper. The effects of the transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia are considered by utilizing the Timoshenko beam theory. The size effect is applied by the modified couple stress theory and considering a material length scale parameter for beam model. The nonlinear effect is considered by the Von Kármán type geometric nonlinearity. The electromechanical coupling and charge equation are employed to consider the piezoelectric effect. The surrounding viscoelastic medium is described as the linear visco-Pasternak foundation model characterized by the spring and damper. Hamilton’s principle is used to derive the governing equations and boundary conditions. The differential quadrature method (DQM) is employed to discretize the nonlinear higher-order governing equations, which are then solved by a direct iterative method to obtain the nonlinear vibration frequency and critical fluid velocity of fluid-conveying DWBNNTs with clamped-clamped (C-C) boundary conditions. A detailed parametric study is conducted to elucidate the influences of the small scale coefficient, spring and damping constants of surrounding viscoelastic medium and fluid velocity on the nonlinear free vibration, instability and electric potential distribution of DWBNNTs. This study might be useful for the design and smart control of nano devices.     

Shape control in micro borehole generation by EMM with the assistance of vibration of tool

Electrochemical micromachining (EMM) is gaining importance day by day due its advantages that include no tool wear, absence of stress/burr, high MRR, bright surface finish and ability to machine complex shapes regardless of hardness. Overcut and taper formation is the main problem during micro borehole machining. In this paper, an electrical circuit model of EMM is presented for better understanding of the process and experimental MRR is found to be in good agreement with theoretical MRR. In the present set up variation of overcut with voltage, pulsed frequency, vibration amplitude of tool and vibration frequency of tool are investigated. To reduce overcut and taper angle of micro borehole, machining zone is simulated with a reversed taper tool and verified by practical experiments for proper shape control during micro borehole generation. Variation of micro nozzle angle with different feed rates and different times of machining are also investigated for the shape control during micromachining with conical tool. Finally, it has been shown that both reversed taper and forward taper tool can be used for generation of taper less micro features i.e. boreholes.     

Quantification of defects depth in glass fiber reinforced plastic plate by infrared lock-in thermography

The increasing use of composite materials in various industries has evidenced the need for development of more effective nondestructive evaluation methodologies in order to reduce rejected parts and to optimize production cost. Infrared thermography is a noncontact, fast and reliable non-destructive evaluation technique that has received vast and growing attention for diagnostic and monitoring in the recent years. This paper describes the quantitative analysis of artificial defects in Glass fiber reinforced plastic plate by using Lockin infrared thermography. The experimental analysis was performed at several excitation frequencies to investigate the sample ranging from 2.946 Hz down to 0.019 Hz and the effects of each excitation frequency on defect detachability. The four point method was used in post processing of every pixel of thermal images using the MATLAB programming language. The relationship between the phase contrast with defects depth and area was examined. Finally, phase contrast method was used to calculate the defects depth considering the thermal diffusivity of the material being inspected and the excitation frequency for which the defect becomes visible. The obtained results demonstrated the effectiveness of Lock-in infrared thermography as a powerful measurement technique for the inspection of Glass fiber reinforced plastic structures.     

基于线电极原位制作的微细电解线切割加工

微细电解线切割加工是一种微细加工新方法。从理论上分析了线电极直径大小对微细电解线切割加工精度的影响,提出了原位制作微米尺度线电极的方法,并制作出直径5μm的钨丝线电极。通过电解线切割加工试验,加工出缝宽为20μm左右的微型桨叶结构和曲率半径在1μm以下的微细尖角结构。     

Damage location in an isotropic plate using a vector of novelty indices

This paper presents a novel approach to detecting and localising structural defects based on a novelty detection method, outlier analysis (OA), and a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network. In order to assess the effectiveness of the approach, a thin rectangular plate with isotropic behaviour was evaluated experimentally. The scope of this present work also comprises an investigation of the scattering effect of an ultrasonic guided wave on the tested plate under both damaged and undamaged conditions. The wave propagation is sequentially transmitted and captured by 8 PZT patches bonded on the plate, forming a sensor network on the tested isotropic rectangular structure. An in-house 8 channel multiplexer is incorporated in this small scale and low-cost ‘structural health monitoring’ (SHM) system to effectively swap the PZTs role from sensor to actuator and vice-versa. The ‘real-time damage demonstrator’ software is primarily developed to acquire and store the waveform responses. These sets of scattering waveform responses representing normal and damage conditions are transformed into a set of novelty indices that ultimately determine the true conditions of the tested structure. The acquired novelty indices representing the available sensor paths are used as the inputs for the neural network incorporating the MLP architecture to compute and predict the damage location in the x and y location on the tested isotopic plate.     

Possibilities for reducing the duration of acoustic pulses generated by a piezoelectric plate using a damper or an electric <Emphasis Type="Italic">RL</Emphasis> circuit for a plate excited by electric pulses of different durations

Calculation formulas were obtained for determining the shape of an acoustic pulse radiated by a piezoelectric plate that has a mechanical damper and a correcting electric circuit and is excited by electric pulses with durations that are multiples of an integer number of half periods at the antiresonance frequency ω₀. Calculations were performed for particular cases when either an electric circuit or a damper is present. The optimal parameters of the electric circuit that provide the shortest duration of radiated signals were determined. The durations and amplitudes of radiated signals obtained using the damper or the electric circuit were compared. Conclusions concerning the degree of efficiency of applying an electric RL load were made.     

Dynamic contour error compensation in micro/nano machining of hardened steel by applying elliptical vibration sculpturing method

In this study, a novel dynamic contour error compensation technique has been proposed for the elliptical vibration cutting process achieved through the ultra-precision amplitude control. The influence of the contour error, triggered due to the inertial vibrations of the friction-less feed drive system, on the machining accuracy deterioration has been experimentally investigated. In order to reduce the contour error, a compensation method utilizing a real-time amplitude control in the elliptical vibration cutting process has been applied. In the proposed method, the dynamic motion error along the depth of cut direction is detected by utilizing the precise linear encoders installed on the feed drive system. The motion error in real-time is subsequently converted into cancelling amplitude command for the vibration control system of the ultrasonic vibrator, thus, guaranteeing that the envelope of the vibration amplitudes auto-tracks the dynamic reference position of the motion axis in the depth of cut direction. Due to this, a constant nominal depth of cut can be obtained even though the inertial vibrations disturb the feed drive control during machining. A series of experimental investigations have been conducted in order to analyze the machining performance by employing the proposed method. The maximum machining error is observed to significantly decrease from 0.6 to 0.04 μm by applying the proposed compensation method. Finally, the micro dimple array with a structural height from about 200 to 600 nm could be accurately fabricated with a maximum machining error of 36.8 nm, which verified the feasibility of the proposed amplitude control compensation method.     

Solar radiation assisted mixed convection MHD flow of nanofluids over an inclined transparent plate embedded in a porous medium

The present paper investigates analytically and numerically the magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection flow of nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching inclined transparent plate embedded in a porous medium under the solar radiation. The two-dimensional governing equations are obtained considering the dominant effect of boundary layer and also in presence of the effects of viscous dissipation and variable magnetic field. These equations are transformed by the similarity transformation to two coupled nonlinear transformed equations and then solved using a numerical implicit method called Keller-Box. The effect of various parameters such as nanofluid volume fraction, magnetic parameter, porosity, effective extinction coefficient of porous medium, solar radiation flux, plate inclination angle, diameter of porous medium solid particles and dimensionless Eckert, Richardson and Prandtl numbers have been studied on the dimensionless temperature and velocity profiles. Also the results are presented based on Nusselt number and Skin friction coefficient.