考虑材料微观塑性损伤的焊接接头延性裂纹扩展行为分析

通过考虑材料微观塑性损伤，定量研究了焊接接头中强度匹配、试件几何形状对接头抗延性裂纹扩展行为的影响。对管线用钢焊接接头，测试了标准三点弯曲试样、同种接头及不同匹配状态的双边裂纹拉伸试样的阻力曲线。通过考虑材料塑性损伤的数值模拟，由标准三点弯曲试样的阻力曲线测试结果，得出反映材料微观损伤的特殊单元模型控制参量，再根据该参量对同种接头及不同接头强度匹配下双边缺口拉伸试件的阻力曲线进行了定量预测，其结果与试验结果相当吻合。结果表明，考虑塑性损伤的特殊单元模型能很好地描述接头的抗延性裂纹扩展阻力特性。     

Effect of metal layer thickness on the decohesion of high purity copper–sapphire interfaces

The decohesion of high purity Cu–sapphire interfaces has been studied by using double cleavage drilled compressive (DCDC) specimens, accompanied by in situ optical observations of the crack extension mechanisms. The Cu layer thickness was varied between 10 and 100 μm. Decohesion occurred along the interface subject to a resistance, Γ_R(Δa), that rises with crack extension. The magnitude of the resistance was determined to be much larger (by a factor 4) for specimens with the thicker (100 μm) Cu layer. The observations revealed that the rupture occurred by a ductile mechanism involving void formation at the interface, followed by plastic void growth in the Cu, and subsequent coalescence by the separation of the interface between voids. Aspects of the failure sequence change with the Cu layer thickness. These changes, as well as the difference in the toughness, are attributable to a transition in constraint between the thin and thick layers. Namely, the thin layer develops high constraint (relative to the thicker layer) that elevates the mean stress ahead of the crack and causes the failure process to progress to a location further from the crack front. The measured trends in Γ_R(Δa) for the two different layer thickness are shown consistent with models of the constraint transition for interface failure by ductile mechanisms.     

Three-dimensional quantitative in situ study of crack initiation and propagation in AA6061 aluminum alloy sheets via synchrotron laminography and finite-element simulations

Ductile crack initiation and propagation in AA6061 aluminum alloy for a fatigue precrack have been studied in situ via synchrotron radiation computed laminography, a technique specifically developed for three-dimensional imaging of laterally extended sheet specimens with micrometer resolution. The influence of the microstructure, i.e. due to the presence of coarse Mg₂Si precipitates and iron-rich intermetallics, on the void nucleation process is investigated. Coarse Mg₂Si precipitates are found to play a preponderant role in the void nucleation and ductile fracture process. Void growth and void coalescence are then observed and quantified by three-dimensional image analysis during crack initiation and propagation. Parameters for a Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman micromechanical damage model are identified experimentally and validated by finite-element simulations.     

Micromechanics-based model for trends in toughness of ductile metals

Relations between fracture toughness and microstructural details have been calculated for ductile materials based on a dilatational plasticity constitutive model that has recently been proposed. The model generalizes the Gurson model to account for both void growth and coalescence with explicit dependence on void shape and distribution effects. Based on a small scale yielding formulation of crack growth, toughness trends are determined as a function of yield stress, strain-hardening, initial porosity, void shape and spacing as well as void spacing anisotropy. Distinctions are drawn between the engineering fracture toughness, which is typically associated with 0.2 mm of crack growth, and the theoretical toughness based on coalescence of the crack tip with the first void ahead of it. Comparison with one set of experimental data for a steel is made for which a fairly complete characterization of the microstructure is available.     

残余应力对管线钢韧性断裂的影响

以弹塑性断裂力学理论为基础,应用ABAQUS有限元软件,采用固有应变法引入残余应力,并基于细观塑性损伤模型研究了残余应力对管线钢韧性裂纹扩展阻力曲线的影响.模型中选择了具有不同深浅裂纹的单边缺口弯曲（SENB）试样和DNV推荐准则中用于管线钢断裂评估的单边缺口拉伸（SENT）试样,并对这两种断裂力学试样在大范围屈服条件下的裂纹扩展阻力曲线（CTOD-R曲线）行为进行了对比分析.结果表明,对于深裂纹试样,残余应力降低了韧性裂纹扩展阻力曲线,而浅裂纹试样受残余应力的影响可忽略不计.     

The characterization and interpretation of ductile fracture mechanisms in AL2024-T351 using X-ray and focused ion beam tomography

This paper describes an experimental investigation into the mechanism of ductile fracture in the aluminum alloy AL2024-T351 using a combination of synchrotron X-ray and focused ion beam tomography. Microstructural features that influence fracture at the micro- and nanoscale were characterized in virgin material in three-dimensions. The nature and volume fraction of ductile damage was then quantified as a function of distance below the fracture surfaces of tested notched and fatigue pre-cracked laboratory specimens. In both specimens the ductile fracture process initiates with the brittle fracture of large irregular intermetallic particles at low levels of plastic strain. With increasing plasticity, the resulting voids grow and combine with pre-existing porosity to increase the overall void volume fraction. Once a critical void volume fraction is attained, final failure occurs by the fracture or decohesion of dispersoids from the matrix, initiating a second population of nanoscale voids, which interlinks the larger voids. The critical void volume fraction for coalescence and the distribution of ductile damage below the fracture surface is markedly different between blunt-notched and pre-cracked specimens, with notched specimens exhibiting a significantly lower critical void volume fraction and a more extensive distribution of ductile damage below the fracture surface than is observed in pre-cracked specimens. This observation, related to the gradients in stress triaxiality and plastic strain in each specimen type, has important implications for the calibration of ductile damage mechanics models against notched-specimen data and their use to predict crack behavior in engineering structures.     

Effects of rate on crack growth in a rubber-modified epoxy

The rate-dependent fracture behavior of a 10-phr rubber-modified epoxy was investigated using double-cantilever-beam tests at various crosshead speeds. Dramatic rate effects were observed in the R-curve behavior and in the relationship between the applied energy-release rate and the crack velocity. Furthermore, a transition between fracture with toughening mechanisms operating (kinetic crack growth) and brittle behavior (dynamic crack growth) was observed. This transition depended on the crack velocity and applied energy-release rate. Such behavior is expected to depend on how the intrinsic toughness and/or the extrinsic toughening mechanisms are influenced by strain rate. It was shown that the size of the process zone was only weakly dependent on the crack velocity until the onset of dynamic fracture. Furthermore, the extent of void growth was virtually independent of the crack velocity in the kinetic regime. These results appear to rule out the notion that crack-tip shielding is significantly affected by rate effects in this rubber-modified epoxy. Rather, the rate effects may arise from a rate-dependent intrinsic toughness. It was observed that the intrinsic toughness decreased significantly with increasing crack velocity. The crack instability was shown to be associated with an abrupt cessation of the development of the process zone, with both cavitation and void growth being totally suppressed.     

基于微观损伤机理的延性裂纹扩展行为分析

在考虑材料内部塑性损伤的基础上,通过有限元数值方法(特殊单元模型法),编制了求解韧性断裂特征参量的程序,模拟材料的韧性断裂过程.通过单轴拉伸试验的模拟结果,得出反映材料微观损伤的控制参量,再根据该参量对同种材料的标准三点弯曲试验进行定量预测,即实现从一种试验结果预测同种材料的其它试验结果.结果表明,在韧性裂纹扩展时,考虑塑性损伤的特殊单元模型能够很好地描述材料的韧性断裂过程,可以实现同种材料不同试验间相互预测的目的.     

In situ observations on effects of hydrogen on deformation and fracture of A533B pressure vessel steel

External hydrogen gas atmospheres enhanced dislocation motion, multiplication of dislocations, and dis-location source activation under applied loading during in situ high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) observations of A533B pressure vessel steel. However, in both vacuum and hydrogen atmos-pheres, fracture occurred in a ductile manner in specimen areas transparent in the 1000-keV HVEM. The principal effect of the hydrogen atmosphere was to decrease the stress required for deformation near the crack tip and for crack propagation. Deformation at the crack tip was highly localized in both atmos-pheres, and a yielding strip plastic zone, analogous to the Dugdale-Barenblatt model for crack growth, formed ahead of the crack tip. The crack tip plasticity was confined to this strip. Inside the yielding strip, final cracking occurred through a sliding-off mechanism in the thin areas of the HVEM specimen. In the thicker areas of the specimen, where the yielding strip ahead of the crack was no longer transparent, crack tip blunting and void/microcrack formation ahead of the main crack tip could be observed directly. Crack tip blunting occurred by a two-corner mechanism, and further crack growth initiated by strain lo-calization at one of the crack tip vertices. Also void/microcrack formation ahead of the main crack tip was operative and resulted in coalescence into the main crack tip along the anticipated shear bands. Frac-tography of the thicker areas showed a ductile, dimpled fracture mechanism both in vacuum and hydro-gen atmospheres. Technical Research Centre of Finland, Metals Labo-ratory, SF-02150 Espoo, Finland     

Investigation on ductile fracture in fine-blanking process by finite element method

In order to continuously analyze the whole fine-blanking process.from the geginning of the operation up to the total rupture of the sheet-metal,without computational divergence, a 3-D rigid visco-plastic finite-element method based on Gurson void model was developed.The void volume fraction was introduced into the finite element method to document the ductile fracture of the sheet-metal.A formulation of variation of the rigid visco-plastic material was presented according to the virtual work theory in which both the effects of equivalent stress and hydrostatic pressure in the deformation process were considered.The crack initiation of the sheet was predicted and the crack propagation was geometrically fulfilled in the simulation by separating the nodes according to the stress state.Furthermore.the influences of different state-variables on the deformation process were also studied.     

Modeling vapor pressure effects on void rupture and crack growth resistance

The phenomenon of vapor pressure assisted void growth and rupture is studied. Plastic electronic packages absorb moisture which condenses within numerous micropores in the substrate, solder mask and die attach materials as well as near their interfaces. During reflow soldering, the condensed moisture vaporizes with the result that these micropores as well as interfaces are subjected to high vapor pressure. Under extreme conditions, our study suggests that vapor pressures can attain high enough levels to drive the voids to grow to rupture, thereby causing package failure. Under other conditions, residual/thermal stresses assisted by vapor pressure can cause crack growth within the polymeric materials as well as along interfaces. Vapor pressure effects on void growth have been incorporated into the Gurson model for porous ductile material. Using this model, a finite element study shows that the combination of high vapor pressure and high porosity is very detrimental to fracture toughness.     

An orthotropic ductile damage model for visco-plastic materials

Numerical modelling of bulk forming processes has to identify the conditions that may result in unsatisfactory products. In ductile materials, damage may occur with the micro void nucleation at the site of second phase particles and inclusions in the plastic or visco-plastic matrix and then with the micro void growth. In this work an isotropic ductile damage model is extended to load cases with successive tensile and compressive steps and with pure deviatoric stress state. The constitutive equations satisfy the Clausius-Duhem inequality for negative or positive voids volume fraction rate. The constitutive parameters are identified with the Rice and Tracey model modified for a sphere initially filled with a soft or a hard inclusion. Axisymmetric geometries are considered for remote strain fields without distortion. A plane cell and a 3D unit cell are analysed numerically for the deviatoric strain state and various combined deviatoric and volumetric deformations.     

空穴长大延性损伤新模型

以45中碳钢为研究对象,进行了拉伸、压缩、扭转、精冲实验,并结合有限元对各实验过程中的应力三轴度和延性损伤进行了分析,归纳了金属材料的3种延性损伤机理:无空穴影响剪切损伤、剪切型空穴损伤和拉伸型空穴损伤.在上述工作基础上,提出了一个新的基于空穴长大的延性损伤模型,能够较准确地预测材料拉伸、精冲过程中延性断裂的出现,扩大了损伤模型的预测范围.     

Effect of triaxiality on void growth and coalescence in model materials investigated by X-ray tomography

Void growth and coalescence/linkage, which play significant roles during ductile fracture processes, are strongly influenced by stress triaxiality in a deforming solid. The stress state can be changed by cutting notches in a tensile sample. In the current paper, void growth and linkage of an artificial void array embedded in a notched model material was studied by X-ray computed tomography, coupled with in situ tensile deformation. The cross-sectional shape of the tensile specimens was square, and a pair of notches was cut along only one direction. Thus, the lateral principal stress does not have an isotropic distribution: the principal stress along the notch direction is considered to be higher. This technique allowed us to explore the entire process of growth and linkage events of a void array embedded in a metal matrix. The notch effect creates a marked acceleration in void growth, leading to a large reduction in the linkage strains, as compared with similarly fabricated unnotched samples. The standard models for coalescence could not provide consistent predictions of the measured notch effect.     

陶瓷间约束金属薄层中孔洞间的屏蔽效应及破坏机理

通过体胞分析方法,对处于陶瓷间约束金属薄层中和陶瓷／金属界面上的孔洞间的相互作用进行了大变形弹塑性有限元分析。计算结果表明：（１）较软的约束层中的孔洞对界面的长大具有屏蔽作用,当约束层中孔洞与界面上孔洞的大小相差不大时,约束金属薄层中的孔洞对界面上的孔洞具有较强的屏蔽作用,破坏一般起始于约束层中;当支中孔洞较界面孔洞小得多时,它对界面上孔洞的屏蔽作用减弱,界面上的孔洞长大较快,破坏一般起始于陶瓷／     

柔度法确定延性金属动态断裂起裂点及阻力曲线的建立

运用柔度法校正了动态冲击的起裂能。借助试验及理论分析,得到J-△a曲线。预制裂纹在起裂之前处于以塑性变形为主导的钝化状态,起裂之后则处于微孔形成与长大机制控制下的延性断裂过程,而起裂点实际上是这两个过程之间的过渡。     

BEHAVIOR OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS AT BLUNT NOTCHESIN A MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

1.IntroductionTheinitiati0nandpropagation0ffatiguec=acksatn0tchesareofgreatpracticalim-portancesincethemaj0rity0ffatiguefailuresinengineeringc0mponentsandstructuresoccurduetol0calstressconcentrationsatnotches.Thefatiguelifeisusuallyseparatedintotwoparts:0neportion0flifespentincrackinitiationandtheotherp0rti0nspentinpropagati0n.However,t0talfatiguelifecannotbeevaluatedbecausetherearepresentlyn0proceduresf0revaluatingthecrackinitiati0nlength.Crackinitiati0nisusuallydefinedasthepr0cessesofl0calpl…     

Fracture behaviour of diffusion bonded bimaterial Ti–Al joints

Abstract

Failure modes of constrained metal foils between two elastic solids are rather different from those in the unconstrained condition. If the interface adhesion is strong between materials, a lower strength thin metal (plastic) foil between two much higher strength metals (elastic) can undergo substantial plastic deformation and fail with high triaxiality induced ductile fracture. Experiments have been conducted to explore the modes of failure and the factors governing fracture in such a constrained metal interlayer. In the present work, the effects of soft inter layer thickness and brittle reaction layer on the fracture behaviour of four point bend specimens have been investigated. A series of solid state diffusion bonds were produced between 25 × 25 mm section titanium bars using pure aluminium foils of different thickness (50, 457, 914, and 2000 μm) as the soft constrained inter layer. All four point bend specimens containing an ～ 2 μm thick intermetallic reaction layer TiAl₃ between the titanium and aluminium failed in ductile fracture mode within the soft aluminium interlayer next to the interface. A number of void formations were observed ahead of the crack tip next to the interface. No evidence of interface debonding was observed. However, the specimens containing an 8 μm thick TiAl₃ layer failed by brittle fracture along the interface between the titanium substrate and the TiAl₃ layer. It was found that decreasing the soft interlayer thickness from 2000 to 457 μm increased the load carrying capacity and decreased the fracture toughness caused by constrained plastic deformation (high triaxiality) of the interlayer.     

Resistance-curve and fracture behavior of Ti–Al3Ti metallic–intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites

The R-curve and fracture toughness behavior of single-edge notch beams of Ti–Al₃Ti metallic–intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites has been investigated. Composites with 14, 20, and 35% volume fraction Ti, with a corresponding intermetallic layer thickness of ~540, ~440, and ~300 microns, respectively, were tested in crack arrester and crack divider orientations. In the arrester orientation, the R-curve could not be determined for the two highest Ti volume fraction compositions as the main crack could not be grown through the test samples. In the divider orientation, R-curves were determined for all three Ti volume fractions tested. The laminate composites were found to exhibit more than an order of magnitude improvement in fracture toughness over monolithic Al₃Ti. Crack bridging and crack deflection by the Ti layers were primarily responsible for the large-scale bridging conditions leading to the R-curve behavior and enhanced fracture toughness. Estimates of steady-state toughness under small-scale bridging conditions were in close agreement with experimental results.     

PROBABILISTIC MODELING OF BRITTLE FRACTURE WITH PRIOR DUCTILE CRACK EXTENSION

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