O-甲基-N-硝基异脲的合成

采用O-甲基异脲盐、硝酸和硫酸为原料一步反应生成O-甲基-N硝基异脲.研究了影响反应收率的各种因素.结果表明,选择O-甲基异脲1/2硫酸盐、发烟硫酸和发烟硝酸作为原料反应较理想.收率可达95%.IR和1HNMR对产品进行了结构鉴定,确定产品为O-甲基-N-硝基异脲.     

一锅法合成O-甲基-N-硝基异脲

采用尿素、硫酸二甲酯、硝酸、硫酸为原料一锅法合成O-甲基-N-硝基异脲。研究了反应温度、时间、催化剂、原料配比对反应收率的影响,确定了优化的工艺条件:原料配比n(尿素)∶n(硫酸二甲酯)=1.3∶1,温度70℃,催化剂50%硫酸,反应时间4 h,总收率为43%,含量在99%以上。     

O-甲基异脲硫酸盐的合成新工艺研究

以尿素和硫酸二甲酯为原料二步反应合成O-甲基异脲硫酸盐。(1)尿素和硫酸二甲酯经缩合(甲基化反应)、酸解、水解反应得O-甲基异脲硫酸氢盐,收率43％;(2)O-甲基异脲硫酸氢盐和氢氧化钠在甲醇溶液中反应制得游离O-甲基异脲,游离O-甲基异脲和氢盐中和制得O-甲基异脲硫酸盐,收率78％。     

O-甲基异脲醋酸盐的合成研究

以O-甲基异脲硫酸氢盐、氢氧化钠、醋酸钠、甲醇为原料合成O-甲基异脲醋酸盐,考察了原料的配比和反应时间对O-甲基异脲醋酸盐收率的影响;着重讨论了重结晶时溶剂的选择对产品收率和纯度的影响。在最佳的反应条件和重结晶条件下,产品收率可达80%,纯度≥95%,熔点范围为122～124℃(文献值为123～125℃)。     

硫酸羟胍的绿色合成工艺研究

以硫酸羟胺为原料、水为溶剂、O-甲基硫酸异脲为胍基化试剂合成硫酸羟胍。确定了适宜的反应条件为:反应温度0℃、反应时间8h、O-甲基硫酸异脲和硫酸羟胺的物质的量比为1.10、以甲醇-水(3∶7,体积比)为重结晶溶剂,在此条件下,硫酸羟胍收率为54.2%。优于传统工艺,是一种绿色清洁合成技术。     

N,O-二甲基-N'-硝基异脲运输中的热不稳定性研究

新型烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺、呋虫胺作为现阶段最为高效的杀虫剂之一而成为研发重点,其重要中间体N,O-二甲基-N'-硝基异脲的运输量也随之迅速增加,但该物质在高温热力学作用下呈现一定的不稳定性.基于联合国《关于危险货物运输的建议书》,通过差示扫描量热法对N,O-二甲基-N'-硝基异脲进行热稳定性初步判断后,根据联合国隔板试验、克南试验以及时间/压力试验对N,O-二甲基-N'-硝基异脲进行了爆炸性的排除,并通过热积累储存试验所得自加速分解温度排除了N,O-二甲基-N'-硝基异脲的自反应危险性.     

硫酸辛基胍的合成

以O-甲基异脲硫酸盐和辛胺为原料合成硫酸辛基胍，适宜条件为：反应温度40℃，反应时间4h．溶剂水和乙醇的体积比为1：1，收率为72.3％。通过红外光谱、元素分析等方法鉴定了合成产品的分子结构。     

O—甲基异脲硫酸盐的合成新工艺研究

以尿素和硫酸二甲酯为原料二步反应合成O－甲基异脲硫酸盐。（1）尿素和硫酸二甲酯经缩合（甲基化反应）、酸解、水解反应得O－甲基异脲硫酸氢盐，收率43％；（2）O－甲基异脲硫酸氢盐和氢氧化钠在甲醇溶液中反应制得游离O－甲基异脲，游离O－甲基异脲和氢盐中和制得O－甲基异脲硫酸盐，收率78％。     

三光气合成N-硝基-N,N'-二苯基脲的“一锅法”工艺

以N-硝基-2,4,6-三氯苯胺为原料,三光气为酰化剂,一锅法合成N-硝基-N-(2,4,6-三氯苯基)-N′-3,5-二甲基苯基脲。并确定酰化反应的优惠条件为:甲苯作溶剂、三乙胺为催化剂、n(三光气)∶n(N-硝基-2,4,6-三氯苯胺,5)=0.36∶1,反相滴加,反应温度为20℃,反应时间2h,此条件下收率为80%左右。通过元素分析、红外光谱分析、核磁氢谱对产品进行了结构鉴定。     

异丁叉二脲的合成研究

在酸催化作用下,采用尿素和异丁醛进行反应,合成了异丁叉二脲。异丁叉二脲可以做为饲料添加剂和长效肥料,通过实验确定了最佳反应条件:温度为64～68℃,pH值为3,n(异丁醛)∶n(尿素)为1:2.异丁叉二脲的收率可达98.4%,纯度可达97.1%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。