褐煤在鼓泡流化床和循环流化床燃烧的汞迁移试验研究

对褐煤在小型电加热鼓泡流化床和小型电加热循环流化床中燃烧时的汞迁移特性进行了对比试验研究,重点考察了不同燃烧工况对汞迁移特性的影响。试验结果表明,炉膛温度和给煤量增加,鼓泡流化床和循环流化床的烟气总汞HgT均增加,飞灰颗粒汞含量Hg(p)均减少,并且循环流化床的烟气总汞HgT值均低于相同燃烧工况的鼓泡流化床值,循环流化床的飞灰颗粒汞含量Hg(p)值均高于相同燃烧工况的鼓泡流化床的值;流化风速增加,循环流化床的烟气总汞HgT减少,飞灰颗粒汞含量Hg(p)增加,鼓泡流化床烟气总汞HgT增加,飞灰颗粒汞含量Hg(p)减少。     

Characterization of particulate matter in the hot product gas from atmospheric fluidized bed biomass gasifiers

This study compares the characteristics of particulate matter (PM) in the hot product gas from three different atmospheric fluidized bed biomass gasifiers: a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) gasifier, a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) gasifier, and an indirect BFB gasifier (the latter integrated with a CFB boiler). All gasifiers displayed a bimodal particle mass size distribution with a fine mode in the <0.5 μm size range and a coarse mode in the >0.5 μm size range. Compared with the mass concentration of the coarse mode the mass concentration of the fine mode was low in all gasifiers. For both the BFB and CFB gasifiers the fine-mode PM had a similar inorganic composition, indicating an origin from the ash and the magnesite bed material used in both gasifiers. In the indirect BFB gasifier the fine-mode PM was instead dominated by potassium and chlorine, and the tar fraction properties evoked tar condensation in the sampling system that affected mainly the fine-mode PM. The coarse-mode PM in the BFB gasifier was dominated by char fragments abraded from the pyrolyzed wood pellets. In the CFB gasifier the coarse-mode PM was mainly ash and magnesite bed material that passed through the process cyclone. In the indirect BFB gasifier the coarse-mode PM was mainly ash, probably originating both from the BFB gasifier and the CFB boiler.     

Process simulation of a lignite-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler integrated with a dryer and a pyrolyzer

A process model using Aspen Plus was established to simulate the performance of a lignite-fired 1,025 t/h circulating fluidized bed boiler integrated with a dryer and a pyrolyzer for improving the energy efficiency. The combustion module of the proposed model was first verified by design data and the system characteristics of the circulating fluidized bed boiler combined with the coal dryer and the pyrolyzer were then investigated. The most suitable case for the retrofit of existing 1,025 t/h CFB boilers is that 35% of the coal was dried and then pyrolyzed with the energy efficiency of 95.3% and exergy efficiency of 50.2%. The results demonstrate the lignite-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler integrated with a dryer and a pyrolyzer facilitates the system performances effectively.     

循环流化床锅炉优点分析

循环流化床锅炉因具有燃料适应性广、负荷调节性强以及环保性能优良而日益得到人们的重视,并且是传统技术所无法实现的,正是由于这些技术优点,使循环流化床锅炉得以快速发展和广泛应用.     

生物质燃料循环流化床锅炉的模型化设计

生物质燃料在循环流化床（CFB）中的燃烧正在得到进一步的应用和开发。在燃煤CFB锅炉模型化设计的基础上，针对生物质燃料的特点和现有的CFB研究成果，进行了生物质燃料CFB锅炉的建模、程序设计和锅炉设计，同时对一些新的模型内容进行了介绍。模型的计算结果同已报道的试验结果较为吻合。     

循环流化床锅炉物料平衡分析

循环流化床物料平衡是循环流化床燃烧的核心和基础,它影响到循环流化床燃烧效率和脱硫效率,并决定燃烧室内的热负荷分布。循环流化床“一进二出”的物料平衡系统是循环流化床的核心概念,也是理解循环流化床物料平衡的关键。本文介绍并分析了循环床物料平衡的某些问题,如循环流化床定态设计、床料质量和物料平衡模型等。循环流化床运行需要高的“床料质量”和较大物料循环量,要求流化床锅炉分离器分离效率曲线存在一个清晰的100％分离粒径截止点。循环流化床内物料平衡除了受分离器效率影响外,还受到给煤成灰及磨耗特性、床内颗粒分层、排渣方式及效率等因素的影响。     

The impact of bed temperature on heat transfer characteristic between fluidized bed and vertical rifled tubes

In the present work, the heat transfer study focuses on assessment of the impact of bed temperature on the local heat transfer characteristic between a fluidized bed and vertical rifled tubes (38mm-O.D.) in a commercial circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. Heat transfer behavior in a 1296t/h supercritical CFB furnace has been analyzed for Geldart B particle with Sauter mean diameter of 0.219 and 0.246mm. The heat transfer experiments were conducted for the active heat transfer surface in the form of membrane tube with a longitudinal fin at the tube crest under the normal operating conditions of CFB boiler. A heat transfer analysis of CFB boiler with detailed consideration of the bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient and the contribution of heat transfer mechanisms inside furnace chamber were investigated using mechanistic heat transfer model based on cluster renewal approach. The predicted values of heat transfer coefficient are compared with empirical correlation for CFB units in large-scale.     

循环流化床锅炉设计中若干问题探讨

循环流化床燃烧技术是一种新型、高效、清洁的燃烧技术,有许多其它热工设备无法比拟的优势。 但在循环流化床锅炉设计方面还有一些方面亟待解决,文中就循环流化床锅炉设计方面的一些问题,如 气固两相流体动力特性对其设计的影响;一、二次风比例,燃烧份额对其设计的影响;炉内传热系数对其 设计的影响等方面作了一些阐述。     

300MW CFB锅炉翻床的处理

根据300MW CFB锅炉床压分布的特点,分析了CFB锅炉的翻床现象及原因,提出了可采取的预防措施及翻床后的处理方法,认为对双支腿结构CFB锅炉避免炉膛两侧床料失衡造成翻床是有效的。     

Clean and ecological coal combustion in the binary circulating fluidized bed

The aim of this paper is to increase the understanding of the role of the binary circulating fluidized bed in the process of clean and ecological coal combustion. The operating range of a stable fluidized bed, as a function of gas velocity changes and the flow rate of fine particles, is determined for all possible conditions. Experiments concerning the combustion and desulfurization processes in multi-solid fluidized bed (MSFB) and circulating fluidized bed (CFB) systems give evidence that the residence time of burnt particles in the combustion chamber of MSFB is much extended. This is directly reflected in better combustion conditions, especially those for fine particles, as well as in the process of desulfurization. The advantages of the binary circulating fluidized bed over typical circulating systems make it one of the most efficient methods of clean and ecological coal combustion.     

Modelling heat transfer in a circulating fluidized bed

A model for the bed-to-wall heat transfer under low temperature condition in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) was developed based upon a simplified cluster renewal concept. The age of clusters in contact with the wall at different locations along the height of the CFB was estimated as the weighted average age considering their formation and disintegration. One set of experimental data on heat transfer in a 4.5-metre high, 0.15-metre diameter CFB under low temperature condition (67–77°C) was chosen for comparison with prediction of local heat transfer coefficient. The experimental observation and prediction have shown a qualitative agreement.     

Fundamental design of a continuous biomass gasification process using a supercritical water fluidized bed

A novel biomass gasification (first stage of hydrogen production from biomass) process using a supercritical water fluidized bed was proposed and the fundamental design of the process was conducted. The flow rate was determined by evaluating the minimum fluidization velocity and terminal velocity of alumina particles enabling fluidization with the thermodynamic properties of supercritical water. Three cases were examined: a bubbling fluidized bed in which water was used mainly as the fluidized medium and biomass were added for gasification, a bubbling fluidized bed fluidized by biomass slurry feed alone, and a fast fluidized bed fluidized by biomass slurry feed alone. According to calculations of the residence time and thermal efficiency assuming heat recovery with a heat exchanger efficiency of 0.75, the bubbling fluidized bed fluidized by biomass slurry alone was appropriate for continuous biomass gasification using a fluidized bed.     

两相流动对流化床燃烧行为的影响

循环床锅炉沿床高的烟气浓度及燃烧份额分布测试结果证明,鼓泡流化床和循环流化床的重要差异表现为密相区燃烧行为的根本不同,由于床料平均粒径较低,循环床密相区的流动不同于鼓泡床,导致气固两相之间的传质阻力增加,从而影响燃烧反应,密相区的燃烧行为表现为欠氧。循环床锅炉沿床高乃至分离器都有燃烧反应发生,建立了考虑气固相间传质阻力的流化床密相区燃烧模型,并与实际循环流化床锅炉的测试数据比较,计算结果与测试值比较吻合。     

循环流化床锅炉的发展方向

介绍了循环流化床锅炉的历史由来及其发展,并针对其特点较详尽地阐述了循环流化床锅炉与其他炉型相比较所显示出来的优点,最后指出为实现循环流化床锅炉的进一步优化需解决的几个问题。     

循环流化床锅炉中NO_x的生成机理与排放控制研究

煤炭的高效洁净燃烧是实现洁净煤发电的一个重要领域,是洁净煤发电技术的核心。而循环流化床燃烧技术是一种新型的煤燃烧与发电技术,不仅可以大幅度减少NOx排放,易于脱除SO2的技术优势,而且具有煤种适应面广、高燃烧效率以及炉内脱硫脱氮的特点而得到推广。分析了循环流化床锅炉NOx的危害、生成机理及影响因素,在此基础上探讨了其控制措施,并提出未来烟气净化的方向。     

Artificial neural network models for biomass gasification in fluidized bed gasifiers

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been applied for modeling biomass gasification process in fluidized bed reactors. Two architectures of ANNs models are presented; one for circulating fluidized bed gasifiers (CFB) and the other for bubbling fluidized bed gasifiers (BFB). Both models determine the producer gas composition (CO, CO₂, H₂, CH₄) and gas yield. Published experimental data from other authors has been used to train the ANNs. The obtained results show that the percentage composition of the main four gas species in producer gas (CO, CO₂, H₂, CH₄) and producer gas yield for a biomass fluidized bed gasifier can be successfully predicted by applying neural networks. ANNs models use in the input layer the biomass composition and few operating parameters, two neurons in the hidden layer and the backpropagation algorithm. The results obtained by these ANNs show high agreement with published experimental data used R² > 0.98. Furthermore a sensitivity analysis has been applied in each ANN model showing that all studied input variables are important.     

循环流化床锅炉炉内流动和燃烧特性的理论模型

在对１台１２ＭＷ循环流化床锅炉进行试验研究的基础上,建立了能描述宽筛分循环流化床锅炉的炉内流体动力特性和燃烧过程的数学模型。循环流化床锅炉总体数学模型以所建流体动力特性模型为子模型,模拟了１２ＭＷ循环流化床锅炉的运行,模拟计算结果合理正确,与试验研究结果吻合良好。图１１参６     

基于流态重构的循环流化床锅炉节能燃烧技术的应用实践

针对循环流化床锅炉辅机电耗普遍偏高的问题,先后在燃烧劣质无烟煤的135 MW机组和300MW机组循环流化床锅炉上进行了降低床料存量实现流态重构的燃烧试验,分析了基于流态重构的循环流化床锅炉节能燃烧技术对改善锅炉机组性能的影响.运行实践表明:流态重构后,循环流化床锅炉辅机电耗明显下降,在风机具备变频条件下电耗可降低更多;135 MW机组锅炉运行厂用电率从8.2%降低为6.9%,300MW机组锅炉厂用电率约为4.3%,锅炉主要受热面的磨损明显减轻,飞灰可燃物含量降低3%～5%.     

大型循环流化床锅炉NO_x排放的研究

近年来循环流化床锅炉技术得到了迅速发展.基于由国内某锅炉厂生产并投运的大型循环流化床锅炉的实际运行及试验数据,对锅炉的NOx排放特性进行了分析和研究.分析了锅炉的NOx排放量与锅炉负荷,空预器进口氧量,上、下二次风配风量及配风方式,燃料特性及脱硫剂之间的关系.研究表明:锅炉运行过程中应合理调整燃烧工况,以优化运行,减少污染物排放.研究为电厂循环流化床锅炉的优化和调整运行参数提供借鉴和参考,从而实现锅炉NOx排放的环保达标.     

CFB锅炉内物料停留时间的模型研究

提出了颗粒停留时间概念,将物料进行粒径和年龄的分档,并通过模型计算出各个粒径档的停留时间分布。推导的停留时间与用床存量除以物料给进率所得的停留时间概念上相符合,但更深刻地反映了同一粒度的物料在床内的停留时间并不相同,并以此为基础对CFB锅炉内的物料停留时间分布进行了模型计算,模型同时研究了不同运行参数对颗粒停留时间的影响。