超临界汽轮机再热第一级叶片固粒冲蚀特性的数值分析

采用数值方法计算与分析了超临界汽轮机再热第一级的固体颗粒三维运动特性,根据固体颗粒撞击叶片的位置、速度与撞击角以及叶片材料的抗冲蚀性能综合分析了静叶与动叶的冲蚀机理及冲蚀特性,指出静叶吸力面冲蚀是从动叶反弹回来的固粒撞击所引起的。此外,还分析了动静叶轴向间距及机组负荷对反弹至静叶的颗粒数量的影响,结果表明,随着轴向间距的减小和负荷的降低,反弹回静叶的颗粒数量增加。     

透平叶片弯、扭、掠联合造型规律及其气动性能研究

为研究静叶弯、扭、掠联合造型对流场结构的影响,以某高压透平首级叶片为研究对象,借助计算流体力学与正交优化方法,基于动静叶最佳匹配原则（即对于每种静叶构型,动叶都进行了相应的扭转规律变化,使得动静叶气动性能处于最佳匹配状态）,研究了静叶不同复合构型方式对流场结构的影响。结果表明：在合理的静叶弯曲规律下,静叶扭转改型对透平性能有较大影响,掠改型对透平性能影响有限;在一定的扭转规律下,对静叶进行掠改型对轮周效率的影响较小,仅后掠改型会提高透平的轮周效率;对弯扭掠静叶匹配扭动叶进行联合优化,得到的最佳透平的轮周效率为87.12%,与原始透平相比,轮周效率提高了2.09%。     

Numerical Modelling of the Aeroelastic Behaviour and Variable Loads for the Turbine Stage in 3D Transonic Flow

Introduction Aeroelastic phenomena in the turbine stage are characterized by instability, continuous interaction and energy exchange between the fluid and the structure; so they cannot be studied properly in the frame of each of uncoupled domains separately (aerodynamics or structural dynamics). The traditional approach in flutter calculations of bladed disks is based on frequency domain analysis[1,2], in which the blade motion is assumed to be a harmonic function of time with a constant phas…     

多级轴流压气机吸雨性能变化的数值研究

为了研究吸雨对轴流压气机性能和稳定性的影响,以某型三级轴流压气机为研究对象,利用CFD软件针对不同吸雨量及雨滴颗粒直径进行了两相流数值模拟。研究结果发现：雨水的吸入会不同程度地降低压气机的总压比、总温比及效率等性能参数,在相同吸雨量的情况下雨滴颗粒的直径变化对压气机性能影响较小,而性能的恶化程度会随着吸雨量的增大而大幅度增大;雨水的吸入会影响压气机的气动参数,影响各级间的性能匹配,雨水的吸入会不同程度上改变各级的进口气流角,对后两级的影响较大;雨水吸入使动叶叶根处的反动度变小,叶顶处的反动度变大,从而改变各级间动静叶的负荷分配,降低压气机的效率。     

Predicting wind turbine blade loads and aeroelastic response using a coupled CFD–CSD method

The aeroelastic response and the airloads of horizontal-axis wind turbine rotor blades were numerically investigated using a coupled CFD–CSD method. The blade aerodynamic loads were obtained from a Navier–Stokes CFD flow solver based on unstructured meshes. The blade elastic deformation was calculated using a FEM-based CSD solver which employs a nonlinear coupled flap-lag-torsion beam theory. The coupling of the CFD and CSD solvers was accomplished in a loosely coupled manner by exchanging the information between the two solvers at infrequent intervals. At first, the present coupled CFD–CSD method was applied to the NREL 5MW reference wind turbine rotor under steady axial flow conditions, and the mean rotor loads and the static blade deformation were compared with other predicted results. Then, the unsteady blade aerodynamic loads and the dynamic blade response due to rotor shaft tilt and tower interference were investigated, along with the influence of the gravitational force. It was found that due to the aeroelastic blade deformation, the blade aerodynamic loads are significantly reduced, and the unsteady dynamic load behaviors are also changed, particularly by the torsional deformation. From the observation of the tower interference, it was also found that the aerodynamic loads are abruptly reduced as the blades pass by the tower, resulting in oscillatory blade deformation and vibratory loads, particularly in the flapwise direction.     

1200mm末级超长叶片全三维工程设计的数值研究

采用汽轮机全三维粘性流场计算程序,通过优化匹配静、动叶和合理选择流道内的各项气动参数,成功地完成了全速机组超长1200mm末级叶片的工程设计。对设计结果的数值验证表明,后加载的弯扭静叶片使得流道内的流动均匀加速,从而减小叶型与二次流损失,并为动叶提供优化设计方案。在动叶下半部分采用后部加载叶型,在上半部分采用专门设计的超音速叶型,可降低激波及激波与边界层相互作用损失。     

Numerical Analysis of the Aeroelastic Behaviour for the Last Turbine Stage in 3D Transonic Flow

An understanding of the physics of the mutual interaction between gas flow and oscillating blades, and the development of predictive capabilities is essential for improving overall efficiency, durability and reliability. In this study presented the algorithm proposed involving the coupled solution of 3D unsteady flow through a turbine stage and dynamic problem for rotor blades motion by action of aerodynamic forces without separating outer and inner flow fluctuations. There has been performed the calculations for the last stage of the steam turbine under design and off-design regimes. It has investigated the mutual influence of both outer flow non-uniformity and blades oscillations. It has shown that amplitude-frequency spectrum of blade oscillations contains the high frequency harmonics, corresponding to rotor moving one stator blade pitch, and low frequency harmonics caused by blade oscillations and flow non-uniformity downstream from the blade row.     

某型舰用汽轮机末级_次末级叶片弯扭改型设计

应用S2流面正问题计算程序、S1流面计算程序和全三元Euler方程计算程序对某型舰用汽轮机低压末级、次末级静叶进行了弯扭改型设计,分析了舰用汽轮机变工况时叶栅流场的特点和采用弯扭叶片后机组性能的变化。结果表明：在低工况运行时,弯扭叶片抑帛了根部反动度随负荷降低而加速下降的趋势和顶部反动度随负荷降低而增大的趋势,提高了叶栅低工况运行时的抗分离能力,同时顶部漏泄损失也有所减小。     

Aeroelastic multidisciplinary design optimization of a swept wind turbine blade

Mitigating loads on a wind turbine rotor can reduce the cost of energy. Sweeping blades produces a structural coupling between flapwise bending and torsion, which can be used for load alleviation purposes. A multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) problem is formulated including the blade sweep as a design variable. A multifidelity approach is used to confront the crucial effects of structural coupling on the estimation of the loads. During the MDO, ultimate and damage equivalent loads are estimated using steady‐state and frequency‐domain–based models, respectively. The final designs are verified against time‐domain full design load basis aeroelastic simulations to ensure that they comply with the constraints. A 10‐MW wind turbine blade is optimized by minimizing a cost function that includes mass and blade root flapwise fatigue loading. The design space is subjected to constraints that represent all the necessary requirements for standard design of wind turbines. Simultaneous aerodynamic and structural optimization is performed with and without sweep as a design variable. When sweep is included in the MDO process, further minimization of the cost function can be obtained. To show this achievement, a set of optimized straight blade designs is compared to a set of optimized swept blade designs. Relative to the respective optimized straight designs, the blade mass of the swept blades is reduced of an extra 2% to 3% and the blade root flapwise fatigue damage equivalent load by a further 8%.     

平衡态计算模型分析低压末级叶片

大容量冷凝机组的低压末级叶片的长度代表了汽轮机制造商的设计制造水平和能力,同时效率高、安全性能好、长度更大的叶片符合国家节能降耗的产业发展目标.本文采用平衡态计算模型对汽轮机低压末级叶片蒸汽流动状态进行数值模拟分析,根据不同叶高处极限流、载荷、熵的分布情况分析,表明在末级动叶根部存在去湿和涡流问题、末级静叶顶部存在涡流和摩擦损失.因此在今后的末级叶片优化时必须重点加以改进.     

Studies of some high solidity symmetrical and unsymmetrical blade H-Darrieus rotors with respect to starting characteristics,dynamic performances and flow physics in low wind streams

Vertical axis wind turbines can be successfully installed in low wind speed conditions but its detailed starting characteristics in terms of starting torque, starting time and dynamic performances have not been investigated thoroughly which is important for increasing the energy yield of such turbines. Amongst their designs, H-Darrieus rotor, in spite of having good power coefficient, possesses poor self-starting features as symmetrical blade profiles are used most of the times. Instead of using symmetrical blades if unsymmetrical or cambered blades are used with high solidity, then starting performance of H-Darrieus rotor along with its power coefficients can be improved. Though this performance improvement measures are correlated with improvement in the starting characteristics, a detailed work in this direction would be useful and for this reason the present work has been carried out. Three types of blade designs have been considered; two unsymmetrical blades namely S815 and EN0005 and one conventional symmetrical NACA 0018 blade, and experiments are conducted using a centrifugal blower test rig for three-bladed H-Darrieus rotors using these three considered blades at low wind streams (4 m/s, 6 m/s and 8 m/s). Considering reality, the effects of flow non-uniformity and turbulence intensity on the rotor performance at optimum condition as well as flow physics have also been studied. It has been found that unsymmetrical S815 blade rotor has higher dynamic torque and higher power coefficient than unsymmetrical EN0005 and symmetrical NACA 0018 blade H-Darrieus rotors.     

Corner flow control in high through-flow axial commercial fan/booster using blade 3-D optimization

This study is aimed at using blade 3-D optimization to control corner flows in the high through-flow fan/booster of a high bypass ratio commercial turbofan engine. Two kinds of blade 3-D optimization, end-bending and bow, are focused on. On account of the respective operation mode and environment, the approach to 3-D aerodynamic modeling of rotor blades is different from stator vanes. Based on the understanding of the mechanism of the corner flow and the consideration of intensity problem for rotors, this paper uses a variety of blade 3-D optimization approaches, such as loading distribution optimization, perturbation of departure angles and stacking-axis manipulation, which are suitable for rotors and stators respectively. The obtained 3-D blades and vanes can improve the corner flow features by end-bending and bow effects. The results of this study show that flows in corners of the fan/booster, such as the fan hub region, the tip and hub of the vanes of the booster, are very complex and dominated by 3-D effects. The secondary flows there are found to have a strong detrimental effect on the compressor performance. The effects of both end-bending and bow can improve the flow separation in corners, but the specific ways they work and application scope are somewhat different. Redesigning the blades via blade 3-D optimization to control the corner flow has effectively reduced the loss generation and improved the stall margin by a large amount.     

Effect of load reduction mechanisms on loads and blade bearing movements of wind turbines

The power control of wind turbines is usually realized via a change in the pitch angle of the rotor blades. Pitching facilitates the exact control of the turbines and the reliable deceleration of the rotor when required. Pitch movements can moreover be used for load control. One of these methods is called individual pitch control (IPC). IPC controls the blades individually and brings about a significant reduction in the fatigue loads and extreme loads placed on the structural components, while at the same time reducing the yield of the turbine only slightly. The lower loads reduce material costs, and thus, the cost of energy (CoE) is reduced, despite the slight reduction in yield. The method is nevertheless not used everywhere since the additional movement cycles put the rotor blade bearings in particular under stress. Special attention must be paid to small amplitude oscillating movements, which carry a high risk of inducing surface damage in the rolling contacts of the blade bearings. This paper uses a cycle analysis of the IWT7.5‐164 reference turbine to illustrate the differences in the movement patterns of wind turbine blade bearings with and without IPC. Moreover, model calculations with single contacts are used to show which of the movement patterns carries a risk of inducing surface damage. The use of IPC leads to the expected load reduction at the blade root. In current literature, IPC is usually assumed to have a negative influence on the life expectancy of blade bearings, but the findings of this study contradict this. The summed blade bearing movement is increased, although the number of very small pitch angles occurring is reduced. This reduction reduces the risk of wear in the blade bearings.     

A comprehensive investigation of trailing edge damage in a wind turbine rotor blade

Wind turbine rotor blades are sophisticated, multipart, lightweight structures whose aeroelasticity‐driven geometrical complexity and high strength‐to‐mass utilization lend themselves to the application of glass‐fibre or carbon‐fibre composite materials. Most manufacturing techniques involve separate production of the multi‐material subcomponents of which a blade is comprised and which are commonly joined through adhesives. Adhesive joints are known to represent a weak link in the structural integrity of blades, where particularly, the trailing‐edge joint is notorious for its susceptibility to damage. Empiricism tells that adhesive joints in blades often do not fulfil their expected lifetime, leading to considerable expenses because of repair or blade replacement. Owing to the complicated structural behaviour—in conjunction with the complex loading situation—literature about the root causes for adhesive joint failure in blades is scarce. This paper presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of energy release rates at the tip of a transversely oriented crack in the trailing edge of a 34m long blade for a 1.5MW wind turbine. First, results of a non‐linear finite element analysis of a 3D blade model, compared with experimental data of a blade test conducted at Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU) Wind Energy (Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark), showed to be in good agreement. Subsequently, the effects of geometrical non‐linear cross‐section deformation and trailing‐edge wave formation on the energy release rates were investigated based on realistic aeroelastic load simulations. The paper concludes with a discussion about critical loading directions that trigger two different non‐linear deformation mechanisms and their potential impact on adhesive trailing‐edge joint failure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大型核电汽轮机末级长叶片开发中若干问题讨论

结合大功率核电汽轮机末级叶片的开发经验,介绍了核电汽轮机长叶片开发的一般流程,包括转速、根径、叶高等关键参数确定的基本原则和需要考虑的因素.结合核电机组排汽湿度大、末级叶片高度长的特点,从工程设计的角度对结构、叶型、防水蚀、转子叶片耦合振动等一些关键问题进行了探讨分析.     

System identification modeling and unstable behavior of the dynamics of flows within the tip region of an axial compressor blade passage

In recent years, the correlation coefficient of pressure data from the same blade passage in an axial compressor unit has been used to characterize the state of flow in the blade passage. In addition, the correlation coefficient has been successfully used as an indicator for active control action using air injection. In this work, the correlation coefficient approach is extended to incorporate system identification algorithms in order to extract a mathematical model of the dynamics of the flows within a blade passage. The dynamics analyzed in this research focus on the flow streams and pressure along the rotor blades as well as on the unsteady tip leakage flow from the rotor tip gaps. The system identification results are used to construct a root locus plot for different flow coefficients, starting far away from stall to near stall conditions. As the compressor moves closer to stall, the poles of the identified models move towards the imaginary axis of the complex plane, indicating an impending instability. System frequency data is captured using the proposed correlation based system identification approach. Additionally, an oscillatory tip leakage flow is observed at a flow coefficient away from stall and how this oscillation changes as the compressor approaches stall is an interesting result of this research. Comparative research is analyzed to determine why the oscillatory flow behavior occurs at a specific sensor location within the tip region of the rotor blade.     

Numerical and performance analysis of one row transonic rotor with sweep and lean angle

In this study,aerodynamic behaviors of swept and leaned blades were investigated.Axial and tangential blade curvatures impacts on compressor＇s operating parameters were analyzed separately.A commercial CFD program which solves the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations was used to find out the mentioned impact and the complicated flow field of transonic compressor-rotors.The CFD method that was used for solving flow field＇s equation was validated by experimental data of NASA Rotor 67.The results showed that the compressor with curved rotors had higher efficiency,rotor pressure ratio and stable operating range compared to the compressor with un-curved rotors.Using curved rotors mostly had higher impact on the overall stable operating range compared to the other operating parameters.Operating range involves choking point and stall point that were changed separately by using of bended blade.For finding the detailed impact of sweep and lean angle on transonic blades,various forms of lean and sweep angles were exerted to basic rotor.It was found that sweep angles increased overall operating range up to 30%,efficiency up to 2%and pressure ratio up to 1%.Leaning the blades increased the safe operating range,the pressure ratio and efficiency by 14%,4%and 2%respectively.     

Helical vortex theory and blade element analysis of multi-bladed windmills

Multi-bladed windmills usually pump water for agriculture and domestic consumption, often in remote locations. Although they have been around for over 150 years, their aerodynamic performance is still poorly understood. This paper describes the use of helical vortex theory (HVT) and blade element momentum (BEM) analysis to predict windmill thrust, torque, and extracted power. We emphasize the unusual features of windmills: low Reynolds numbers and tip speed ratios and high solidity, all related to the generation of high torque at low wind speeds. Wind tunnel tests on a model rotor with 3, 6, 12, and 24 circular-arc, constant-chord blades determined the thrust, torque, and extracted power over a range of tip speed ratio that extended to runaway. For comparison, BEM was implemented with a correction for finite blade number derived from HVT, as well as the classical Prandtl tip loss factor. The HVT correction predicted the rotor power coefficient to within 3% of the test data on the average. At low tip speed ratios and smaller blade numbers, HVT was consistently more accurate than the Prandtl factor. At all blade numbers, the measured rotor torque exceeded the BEM predictions at the lowest tip speed ratios indicating stall delay which became more important (and more beneficial for windmill performance) as the blade number increased. The Prandtl formulation predicted the thrust to within a mean accuracy of 13% and was more accurate than the HVT method.     

Optimization of cycloidal water turbine and the performance improvement by individual blade control

This paper investigates an advanced vertical axis turbine to enhance power generation from water energy. The turbine, known as a cycloidal water turbine, is a straight-bladed type adopting a cycloidal blade system that actively controls the rotor blades for improved turbine efficiency, according to the operating conditions. These characteristics enable the turbine to self-start and produce high electric power at a low flow speed, or under complex flow conditions. A parametric study has been carried out by CFD analysis, with various characteristics including different number of blades, chord length variations, variety of tip speed ratios, various hydrofoil shapes, and changing pitch and phase angles. Optimal parameters have been determined, and the performance of the turbine has achieved approximately 70% better performance than that of a fixed pitch turbine. An experimental study has also been carried out which shows that the results correlate quite well with the theoretical predictions although the power output was reduced due to the drag forces of the mechanical devices. Another numerical optimization was carried out to improve the rotor performance by adopting an individual blade control method. Controllable pitch angles were employed to maximize the rotor performance at various operating conditions. The optimized result obtained using genetic algorithm and parallel computing, shows an improvement in performance of around 25% compared with the cycloidal motion.     

燃气透平第一级叶片燃气侧的流动与换热特性研究

对某重型燃气轮机透平第一级叶栅通道内无气膜冷却下的三维黏性流动与传热特性进行了数值模拟,对比了不同来流湍流度对叶片燃气侧流动与换热特性的影响,分析了静叶非定常尾迹对动叶换热特性的影响.结果表明:来流湍流度对静叶表面的换热特性有明显的影响,但对动叶表面换热特性的影响很小;静叶尾迹对动叶表面的换热特性影响较大.