铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头行为分析

详细介绍了搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）接头塑性流变数值模拟所得到的结果，并且利用搅拌摩擦焊的“插入试验”，测量了搅拌头旋转着插入铝合金材料过程中作用在搅拌头上的作用力，并将之转化为有效的粘度值和温度输出，确定了搅拌摩擦焊过程中充分塑化区（FPZ）的材料粘性，3－D数值模拟结果显示了搅拌头肩台下大约1.5mm的紊流区域的形成；解释了在异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接过程中无序混合产生的间混薄层结构，以及局部液相形成（初始熔化）引起的搅拌头的瞬间滑移导致了在特定的温度下（Tcrit）的材料粘性迟滞。     

三维搅拌摩擦焊接过程数值模拟

将搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的流动看作是层流、粘性、非牛顿流体绕过旋转的圆柱体,并基于流体力学理论,建立了三维搅拌摩擦焊缝金属塑性流动的数值分析模型.计算结果表明,在焊缝上部表面附近,由于搅拌头轴肩的影响,材料流动比较混乱,发生多次绕流现象;焊缝下部材料流动规律性较明显:只有很少一部分靠近搅拌头探针的材料在焊接过程中受到探针的作用而发生变形和流动,在大多数的模拟条件下,探针直径范围内的材料仅仅在回撤边一侧沿旋转方向绕过探针.焊缝中部具有底部和上部材料的流动特点,是探针和轴肩共同影响的结果.采用"标记嵌入技术"对焊缝金属流动进行可视化研究,试验结果与模拟结果进行了验证,模拟结果能很好地预测塑性金属流动趋势.     

二维搅拌摩擦焊接过程的数值模拟

将搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的流动看作是层流、粘性、非牛顿流体绕过旋转的圆柱体,并基于流体力学理论,建立了二维搅拌摩擦焊缝金属塑性流动的数值分析模型.计算结果表明:只有很少一部分靠近搅拌头探针的材料在焊接过程中受到探针的作用而发生变形,直接影响到材料的流动;在大多数的模拟条件下,探针直径范围内的材料仅仅在回撤边一侧沿旋转方向绕过探针,而不是在探针两侧绕流;绕过探针以后,焊缝金属材料又以恒定的速度,继续向前移动;变形区域内流变材料的流动速度大于探针直径范围外流变材料的流动速度.采用"标记嵌入技术"对焊缝金属流动进行了可视化研究,并对实验结果与模拟结果进行了验证,模拟结果能很好地预测塑性金属流动趋势.     

铝合金LD10-LF6搅拌摩擦焊的金属塑性流动

通过对LF6／LD10进行搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)的工艺试验研究，分析了工艺参数对金属流动的影响。结果表明，当压入量和倾角大小适宜，采用带有螺纹的搅拌工具(T001)时，能促进金属塑性流动；在一定范围内提高旋转速度或者焊接速度，不但能促进金属塑性流动，并且能使金属以涡形层状间混方式流动。当采用低速度参数，LF6铝合金处于前进侧时，涡形层状问混结构呈现均匀分布；LF6铝合金处于后退侧，则结果相反，但是提高旋转速度，不论LF6铝合金处于哪一侧，金属都能稳定流动。     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头腐蚀行为

采用晶间腐蚀试验和剥落腐蚀试验研究了2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的腐蚀行为,结合金相显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱仪等分析手段研究了接头腐蚀后的表面形貌和腐蚀产物的成分,并对接头腐蚀机理进行了初步的探讨.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊焊核区耐蚀性比母材高;腐蚀从点蚀开始,逐渐发展为晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀的全面腐蚀形貌;接头组织成分的均匀化,降低了材料形成局部腐蚀原电池的倾向,使得电位正向移动,接头耐蚀性增强.     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头晶间腐蚀分析

采用晶间腐蚀试验研究了2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的晶间腐蚀行为,结合接头显微组织、微观硬度、腐蚀形貌及腐蚀深度,分析母材与焊核区的差异,并对接头晶间腐蚀机理进行了初步的探讨.结果表明,焊核区为细小的等轴晶组织,且接头上表面焊核区的晶粒要大于下表面焊核区的晶粒;母材区硬度最高,下表面焊核区硬度最低;焊核区的耐蚀性优于母材,且上表面焊核区耐蚀性优于下表面焊核区,母材最大腐蚀深度为145.9 μm,上表面焊核区及下表面焊核区最大腐蚀深度为46.3 μm和84.1 μm.     

铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊

在详细介绍搅拌摩擦焊原理，特点的基础上，针对铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊特点，性能以及工业应用进行了阐述，并且对搅拌摩擦焊在中国市场的发展和应用作了简略介绍和预测。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头腐蚀疲劳研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)技术由于其固相焊接特征,在焊接铝合金方面具有显著优势。随着铝合金FSW接头在工业领域的应用越来越广,其腐蚀疲劳性能成为人们的关注重点。综合评述了铝合金FSW接头腐蚀疲劳的最新研究进展,介绍了铝合金FSW接头腐蚀疲劳研究的必要性及未来发展趋势。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接参数对温度场的影响

检测搅拌摩擦焊过程中铝合金薄板上各特征点在不同焊接参数下的温度变化规律，研究搅拌摩擦焊接参数对焊接过程温度场的影响。试验结果表明，在搅拌头旋转速度一定时，各特征点的温度峰值随焊接速度的增加而降低；在焊接速度一定时，特征点的温度峰值随搅拌头旋转速度的增加而升高。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织分析

对4mm厚的铝合金板材进行搅拌摩擦焊接,用光学显微镜观察了焊缝截面的显微组织。由于温度和变形程度不同,焊缝不同位置的组织有所不同,母材区晶粒组织明显比过渡区和搅拌区的晶粒组织细小而均匀。过渡区的材料由于受到搅拌头的剪切作用,发生了大的弯曲变形,呈板条状组织。     

Modeling of material flow in friction stir welding process

This paper presents a 3D numerical model to study the material flow in the friction stir welding process. Results indicate that the material in front of the pin moves upwards due to the extrusion of the pin, and then the upward material rotates with the pin. Behind the rotating tool, the material starts to move downwards and to deposit in the wake. This process is the real cause to make friction stir welding process continuing successfully. The tangent movement of the material takes the main contribution to the flow of the material in friction stir welding process. There exists a swirl on the advancing side and with the increase of the translational velocity the inverse flow of the material on the advancing side becomes faster. The shoulder can increase the velocity of material flow in both radial direction and tangent direction near the top surface. The variations of process parameters do have an effect on the velocity field near the pin, especially in the region in which the material flow is faster.     

2024铝合金板搅拌摩擦焊接塑性材料流动的可视化检测与数值模拟(英文)

将薄铜片作为标示材料镶嵌于2024铝合金板中,经搅拌摩擦焊接焊后,用金相法观察其最终位置。参考材料流动的可视化实验结果,建立搅拌摩擦焊传热与材料流动的三维数值分析模型。搅拌针附近塑性材料流动速度分布模式的计算结果与可视化实验结果基本一致。当焊接速度一定时,随搅拌针旋转速度的提高,搅拌针附近塑性材料流动加剧。焊核区形状与尺寸的计算结果与实测数据吻合。     

3D visualization of the material flow in friction stir welding process

0IntroductionThe friction stir welding(FSW),a new solid-statewelding process invented by TWI in1991,is perhaps themost remarkable and potentially useful new welding tech-nique.In the welding process,the base metal doesn’tmelt,so great advantages can be a…     

回填式搅拌摩擦点焊过程的材料流动规律模拟

利用流体力学软件ANSYS FLUENT模拟了回填式搅拌摩擦点焊过程的材料流动行为,着重分析了搅拌头旋转速度与回填速度对材料流动的影响规律并加以试验验证.模拟结果表明,材料的流动速度随着到套筒内外壁距离的增加而减小,流动速度最大值出现在套筒端面的外壁处.在套筒内部,流动速度最小的材料位于焊点的中心处,此处的材料流动状态可通过增加旋转速度进行改善;从扩大焊点有效面积的角度来讲,增加搅拌头的旋转速度优于增加回填速度.上述规律得到了试验验证.     

Numerical simulations on material flow behaviors in whole process of friction stir welding

A finite element model based on solid mechanics was developed with ABAQUS to study the material flow in whole process of friction stir welding (FSW), with the technique of tracer particles. Simulation results indicate that the flow pattern of the tracer particles around the pin is spiral movement. There are very different flow patterns at the upper and lower parts of the weld. The material on the upper surface has the spiral downward movement that is affected by the shoulder and the lower material has the spiral upward movement that is affected by the pin. The velocity of the material flow on the periphery of the stirring pin is higher than that at the bottom of the stirring pin. The material can be rotated with a stirring pin a few times, agreeing well with the previous experimental observation by tungsten tracer particles.     

5052铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的材料流动数值模拟

采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法探究了电阻辅助加热温度对2519A-T87铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头成形性的影响,基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日方法建立了电阻辅助加热搅拌摩擦焊的三维热-力耦合模型,分析了焊接过程温度场分布和材料流动行为,阐明了电阻辅助加热工艺消除搅拌摩擦焊隧道型缺陷的作用机理.结果表明,辅助加热工艺使焊接峰值温度从483 ℃提高至549 ℃,并增加了350 ℃以上高温区间的停留时间,扩大了高温分布区域,降低了材料变形抗力,增强了材料从焊核区后退侧运动至前进侧的流动性,使材料回填更充分,从而消除了焊缝内部隧道型缺陷.

     

Understanding the material flow path of friction stir welding process using unthreaded tools

Material flow during friction stir welding is very complex and not fully understood. Most of studies in literature used threaded pins since most industrial applications currently use threaded pins. However, initially threaded tools may become unthreaded because of the tool wear when used for high melting point alloys or reinforced aluminium alloys. In this study, FSW experiments were performed using two different pin profiles. Both pins are unthreaded but have or do not have flat faces. The primary goal is to analyse the flow when unthreaded pins are used to weld thin plates. Cross-sections and longitudinal sections of welds were observed with and without the use of material marker (MM) to investigate the material flow. Material flow with unthreaded pin was found to have the same features as material flow using classical threaded pins: material is deposited in the advancing side (AS) in the upper part of the weld and in the retreating side (RS) in the lower part of the weld; a rotating layer appears around the tool. However, the analysis revealed a too low vertical motion towards the bottom of the weld, attributed to the lack of threads. The product of the plunge force and the rotational speed was found to affect the size of the shoulder dominated zone. This effect is reduced using the cylindrical tapered pin with flats.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦点焊接头塑化金属流动形态分析

在搅拌摩擦点焊过程中,塑化金属的流动形态是影响焊点成形及接头力学性能的主要因素。通过采用镶嵌标识材料的方法,研究了搅拌摩擦点焊过程中接头塑化金属的流动形态。结果表明,在焊点横截面上,匙孔两侧塑化金属发生塑性变形的宽度基本相同,从焊点表面到底面,塑性变形区宽度逐渐减小。在焊点的上部,塑化金属主要受轴肩的作用,在轴肩摩擦力和材料之间的剪切力作用下沿搅拌针旋转的方向运动,随着距焊点表面距离的增大,塑化金属沿搅拌针旋转方向的运动趋势逐渐减小。搅拌针周围的塑化金属在搅拌针螺纹向下的压力作用下,以螺旋状向焊点底部运动,运动到焊点底部后受底板的阻碍和未塑化金属的挤压作用从搅拌针四周向焊点上部运动。     

Finite element simulation of material flow in friction stir welding

Abstract

A brief summary of recent finite element simulation results for the friction stir welding process is presented. The focus of the present study is on the characterisation of material flow around the rotating tool pin. Material flow patterns predicted by finite element simulations are found to compare favourably with experimental observations. The simulation results also reveal that material particles tend to pass and move behind the rotating pin from the trailing side, rather than both sides, of the pin. Possible variations in the material flow pattern due to variations in process parameters are discussed.     

Effect of welding speed on the material flow patterns in friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy

The clear zigzag-line pattern on transverse cross sections can be used to explain the formation mechanism of the weld nugget when friction stir welded AZ31 magnesium alloy without any other insert material is used as mark. It provides a simple and useful method to research the joining mechanism of friction stir welding. The rotation speed is kept at 1000 r/min and the welding speed changes from 120 mm/min to 600 mm/min. The macrostructure on the transverse cross section was divided into several parts by faying surface. The results show that the shape and formation procedure of the weld nugget change with the welding speed. There are two main material flows in the weld nugget： one is from the advancing side and the other is from the retreating side. A simple model on the weld nugget formation of FSW is presented in this article.