Glocal integrity in 420 stainless steel by asynchronous laser processing

Cold working individual layers during additive manufacturing (AM) by mechanical surface treatments, such as peening, effectively “prints” an aggregate surface integrity that is referred to as a glocal (i.e., local with global implications) integrity. Printing a complex, pre-designed glocal integrity throughout the build volume is a feasible approach to improve functional performance while mitigating distortion. However, coupling peening with AM introduces new manufacturing challenges, namely thermal cancellation, whereby heat relaxes favorable residual stresses and work hardening when printing on a peened layer. Thus, this work investigates glocal integrity formation from cyclically coupling LENS® with laser peening on 420 stainless steel.     

Reducing corrosion of additive manufactured magnesium alloys by interlayer ultrasonic peening

Additive manufad (AM) magn alloys corrode rapidly due to tensile stress and coarse microstructures. Cyclically combining (hybridizing) additive manufacturing with interlayer ultrasonic peening was proposed as a solution to improve corrosion resistance of additive manufactured magnesium WE43 alloy through strengthening mechanisms and compressive residual stress. Applying interlayer peening work hardened discrete layers and formed a glocal integrity of regional grain refinement and subsurface compressive residual stress barriers. Tensile residual stress that typically accelerates corrosion decreased 90%. Results showed time-resolved control over corrosion was attainable by interlayer peening, and local corrosion within print cells decreased 57% with respect to as-printed WE43.     

Effect of controlled shot peening and laser shock peening on the fatigue performance of 2024-T351 aluminum alloy

The influence of shot peening, laser shock peening, and dual (shot and laser peening) treatment on the fatigue behavior of 2024-T351 was investigated. Tests showed a fatigue life improvement in all three cases with laser shock peening and dual treatment displaying fatigue performance superior to shot peening. Fractographic analysis showed that the relatively poor performance of the shot peening is caused by ductility loss.     

激光冲击TC17钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展试验

为研究激光冲击强化对钛合金试件疲劳性能的影响,在标准试件的裂纹扩展路径上设计了全强化和间隔强化两种不同的强化方案,研究激光冲击强化对试件疲劳寿命和裂纹稳定扩展时速率的影响规律,利用有限元数值模拟和X射线残余应力测试获得了试件的残余应力场分布状态,并对比分析了试件的断口形貌和微观组织特征。结果表明:相比于未强化试件,激光冲击强化后试件的平均疲劳寿命分别提高了2.14倍和1.90倍,两种不同的冲击强化方法分别降低钛合金试件的裂纹扩展速率24%和15%。间隔强化后试件表面产生-512 MPa的最大残余压应力,裂纹扩展的C′值为-7.3,m值为2.6,而强化间隔区引入最大值为82.4 MPa的残余拉应力,裂纹扩展速率急剧升高,C′值减小至-13.6,m值为8.0。当裂纹扩展到强化区时,扩展速率再次降低,激光冲击强化对TC17钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展有显著的抑制作用。     

激光冲击强化技术在核电领域的研究进展

激光冲击强化技术属于改善金属性能的重要表面形变强化技术,因其独特的技术优势在航天及船舶领域获得广泛应用。 随着科技的发展研发出多种激光冲击强化技术,并逐渐开始在核电装备领域获得应用,然而针对该技术在核电领域的研究进展缺乏系统的综述。先通过介绍不同表面形变强化技术,叙述激光冲击强化技术的发展,阐述激光冲击强化机制,最后综述激光冲击强化技术在核电领域的应用研究进展。总结发现,激光冲击强化技术可有效改善核电领域材料力学、摩擦磨损及腐蚀性能,但传统和添加辅助手段激光冲击强化技术受约束层和吸收层影响较大,无涂激光冲击强化技术对金属易产生热效应, 飞秒激光冲击强化影响层浅且强化效果差,不同工艺技术在核电领域提升摩擦磨损性能研究较少。对不同工艺激光冲击强化机理及在核电领域材料不同性能的提升进行深入研究,为进一步提升激光冲击强化技术在核电领域材料的应用提供理论基础,可为核电领域关键装备进行强化、提升核电装备运行寿命提供参考。     

基于正交实验和数据驱动的喷丸表面完整性参数预测

目的 探究喷丸工艺参数对18CrNiMo7-6滚子表面完整性的影响规律,得到喷丸工艺参数与表面完整性的映射关系,提高喷丸工艺的质量与效率.方法 运用Python语言对Abaqus进行二次开发,建立喷丸仿真的随机多弹丸模型并进行了试验验证.设计正交实验研究喷射角度、喷射速度、弹丸直径、覆盖率及弹丸类型对残余应力与表面粗糙度的影响规律,并用随机森林算法得到各个工艺参数对喷丸综合效果的重要度值.以喷射角度、喷射速度、弹丸直径、覆盖率、弹丸类型、距表面深度为输入,残余应力和表面粗糙度为输出,建立基于神经网络的喷丸表面完整性参数预测模型.结果 通过正交实验分析得到弹丸直径和喷射速度对表面粗糙度有显著影响.各个喷丸工艺参数对18CrNiMo7-6滚子的喷丸综合效果的重要度依次为:喷射角度0.249,喷射速度0.224,弹丸类型0.193,覆盖率0.173,弹丸直径0.161.在各个工艺参数范围内,较优的工艺参数组合为:喷射角度90°,喷射速度80 m/s,弹丸直径0.7 mm,覆盖率300％,弹丸材料为铸钢丸.基于神经网络的喷丸表面完整性参数预测模型的平均相对误差低于7％.结论 基于神经网络的喷丸表面完整性参数预测模型可以较准确地表示喷丸工艺参数与表面完整性参数之间的映射关系,能够为喷丸工艺提供相关参考.     

激光冲击E690高强钢Ostwald熟化现象的试验研究

目的 研究功率密度对激光冲击E690高强钢表面Ostwald熟化现象的影响。方法 根据理论分析激光冲击金属材料与产生调幅分解的内在联系,提出因激光冲击强化产生 Ostwald熟化现象所需要的条件。使用场发式透射电镜(TEM)获取激光冲击E690高强钢试样表面微观组织结构和选区电子衍射花样,观测不同功率密度的TEM形貌相中晶粒尺寸的变化特征,以及Ostwald熟化现象验证。结果 通过TEM形貌像可以看出,E690高强钢基材是由铁素体层与渗碳体层交替重叠组成的珠光体形貌,在激光冲击强化作用下,发生了晶粒细化,薄层渗碳体逐渐消失,电子衍射花样逐渐呈圆环状变化。当激光功率密度上升至4.07 GW/cm²时,持续细化的材料发生粗化,出现调幅分解组织,选区电子衍射花样中出现卫星斑,E690高强钢表面发生了Ostwald熟化现象。当激光功率密度达到5.09 GW/cm²,E690高强钢表层产生了纳米晶。结论 较弱和较强的功率密度都不能使脱溶物到达发生Ostwald熟化机制的临界半径,Ostwald熟化现象与纳米晶相邻出现。     

A basic study for application of laser peening to large-scale steel structure

Laser peening can introduce compressive residual stress to the surface and therefore is effective in enhancing fatigue strength. In this study, we conducted laser peening in air with a water film formed by a nozzle and examined whether the distribution of residual stress along the thickness was different from that achieved by laser peening in water in our previous studies. We also assessed the resultant residual stress and fatigue life when the pulse energy was reduced for developing a simple method to conduct laser peening on large structures. Compressive residual stress equivalent to that observed after laser peening in water was obtained in nozzle-type laser peening in terms of magnitude and depth. With the reduction of pulse energy, it was observed that the depth of the compressive residual stress tended to decrease significantly and the fatigue life also tended to reduce. The results indicate that the depth of the compressive residual stress has a considerable effect on the fatigue life of welded structures as well as the magnitude of the surface residual stress.     

激光冲击选区强化对2024铝合金叶片振动响应特性的影响

目的 探究激光冲击强化技术对2024铝合金叶片振动性能的影响,并探寻最理想的冲击参数.方法 运用Johnson-Cook动态塑性本构模型模拟激光冲击选区强化过程,对强化后的2024航空铝合金叶片的振动特性进行分析.将2024铝合金在激光冲击强化过程中产生的残余应力场和梯度密度分布导入模型,量化激光冲击强化对2024铝合...     

冲击波动态传播特性对激光喷丸残余应力场的影响

以TC4钛合金为研究对象,基于Johnson-Cook本构模型,分析了高应变率效应对激光喷丸过程中塑性波波速的影响。通过三维有限元方法模拟了不同作用参数激光喷丸诱导冲击波的传播过程,探讨了多次激光喷丸作用后残余压应力饱和现象的产生机理及利用该效应获得均匀表面残余压应力的方法。结果表明:高应变率效应对激光喷丸作用过程中塑性波速度有显著影响,塑性波的速度与所产生的塑性应变呈反比关系。功率密度越大,初始产生的塑性应变越大,塑性波速度越小,冲击波能量衰减越快,冲击波压力幅值降低越快;相同激光喷丸功率密度,随着作用次数的增加,产生的塑性应变逐渐减小,塑性波速度增大,冲击波压力衰减变缓,使激光喷丸诱导的残余压应力逐渐增大;作用次数达到3~4次时,衰减过程基本相似,诱导的残余压应力增幅不大,作用效果基本达到饱和。利用多次激光喷丸作用产生的饱和效应,当激光光斑搭接率超过50%时,即可使搭接区域作用次数达到3次及以上,使激光喷丸作用效果达到饱和,可获得均匀的表面残余压应力。     

表面完整性对马氏体不锈钢疲劳性能的影响

研究了马氏体不锈钢表面喷丸强化后表面粗糙度，表面形貌，表面残余应力和表面层残余压应力场等表面完整性的变化及其对疲劳性能的影响，结果表明：马氏体不锈钢对表面粗糙度比较敏感，经喷丸强化后产生的残余压应力有利于提高疲劳寿命，且采用低喷丸强度时对疲劳性能更加有利。     

金属零件表面改性的喷丸强化技术

传统的机械喷丸工艺在工业界已经得到广泛的应用。随着激光技术的发展,出现了一种新的加工工艺——激光喷丸。它们都能改善金属零件表面的机械性能,尤其是在表面产生压缩应力,使零件的抗应力腐蚀等能力大为提高,从而延长零件的疲劳寿命。由于激光喷丸具有形成的残余压应力比机械喷丸深等优势,因而强化效果更佳。     

表面完整性对C250型超高强度钢高周疲劳性能的影响

利用圆磨、一次喷丸和二次喷丸3种不同的加工方法,在C250型超高强度钢(C250钢)上引入不同的表面完整性状态。研究了不同表面完整性状态下C250钢试样的表面形貌、表面粗糙度和表面残余应力等表面完整性参数并分析了其在室温下的光滑(应力集中系数,Kt=1)旋转弯曲疲劳S-N曲线和缺口(Kt=1.7)旋转弯曲疲劳S-N曲线。结果表明:由于表面完整性状态的优化,相比圆磨状态,一次喷丸后C250钢光滑试样和缺口试样的疲劳极限分别提高15.4%和18.1%,二次喷丸后分别提高26.2%和20.1%,在C250钢疲劳性能方面二次喷丸增益更大。然而,二次喷丸后C250钢的缺口敏感性较一次喷丸有所增大,原因是二次喷丸带来的表面平滑化和最大残余压应力外移效果对光滑试样疲劳性能影响明显,但对缺口试样影响相对较小。     

渗碳齿轮齿根喷丸强化研究现状与展望

弯曲疲劳是齿轮传动中的主要失效形式,严重影响了齿轮使用性能.喷丸强化工艺是齿轮常用的表面强化方法,对提升齿根抗弯曲疲劳性能效果显著.介绍了两种典型的喷丸强化方法(气动式喷丸和离心式喷丸),分别从应用范围、加工效率、喷射原理、表面完整性等方面对其进行了比较.为揭示喷丸强化机制,概述了喷丸工艺数值模拟与工艺参数优化方法,分析了喷丸对齿根表面完整性影响机制,并阐述了表面完整性参量之间的相互作用关系.同时,阐明了齿轮喷丸后的疲劳断裂机理,包括裂纹萌生与扩展机制.在此基础上,重点论述了受喷齿轮弯曲疲劳性能的影响因素,并提出了改善齿轮疲劳强度的措施.此外,简要探讨了齿轮喷丸后,疲劳强度提升幅度问题,并归纳了受喷齿轮弯曲疲劳建模方法.最后,对齿轮齿根喷丸强化工艺进行总结,并对其发展趋势进行了展望.     

约束层材料对7075铝合金激光喷丸表面强化的实验研究

目的研究不同约束层材料对激光喷丸表面强化效果的影响。方法将激光喷丸技术应用于7075航空铝合金的表面强化处理,利用自制柔性约束层、K9玻璃和水层作为激光喷丸的约束层材料,对7075-T6铝合金进行激光喷丸处理,通过测量不同约束层激光喷丸后的试样表面显微硬度值来衡量表面强化效果。结果在激光能量为1.6 J、脉宽为10 ns、波长为1064 nm的条件下进行单点单次冲击,自制柔性约束层的表面强化效果最好,能使7075铝合金靶材的表面显微硬度值有效提升了11.62%,并且进行连续激光冲击后,其硬度值提升了18.11%;水层作为约束层的表面强化效果次之,能使7075铝合金靶材的表面显微硬度值提升6.99%,容易造成水花飞溅;K9玻璃作为约束层的表面强化效果最差,其表面显微硬度值仅提升了4.05%,K9玻璃在激光喷丸试验中容易破裂。结论通过对激光喷丸试验的结果进行分析和比较,发现不同约束层材料对7075铝合金表面强化效果影响的机理不同,自制柔性约束层对7075铝合金激光喷丸表面强化效果最显著,且具有工程应用价值。     

激光冲击喷丸对LY12合金疲劳寿命的影响

研究了激光冲击喷丸对含中心紧固孔LY12合金试样的疲劳寿命的影响。试样表面经连续三次激光冲击喷丸处理后,可获得351MPa的表面残余压应力,且深度可达1．3mm以上。疲劳试验结果显示,激光冲击喷丸后,试样的裂纹扩展速率比未喷丸试样低约一个数量级,疲劳寿命约为未喷丸试样的20倍。结果表明,激光冲击喷丸是改善构件或材料疲劳性能的有效表面处理技术,在航空工业具有广泛的应用前景。     

GH742高温合金激光冲击强化和喷丸强化残余应力

对GH742高温合金进行激光冲击强化和喷丸强化,利用X射线应力分析仪测定强化层的残余应力,对比分析2种残余应力的差异和特征,并采用不同的退火温度进行退火,研究表面残余应力在高温下的稳定性。结果表明,2种表面强化方法都可以在GH742高温合金表层引入残余压应力,但激光冲击强化试样比喷丸强化试样具有更深的残余压应力层和较好的稳定性,且残余压应力最大值在表面;与激光冲击强化的试样相比,喷丸强化试样的残余压应力较浅,而且随着喷丸强度的增加,最大残余压应力也由表面移向了次表面。     

基于激光喷丸的板料成形试验研究

利用不同能量的Nd∶Glass激光对不同厚度的LY12CZ航空铝合金进行了激光喷丸成形。激光脉冲参数为波长1.06μm,脉冲为23ns,光斑直径为7mm。试样尺寸为100mm×25mm。激光喷丸沿宽度方向进行,相邻光斑的距离为4mm。试样的表面涂有黑漆,流动的水帘作为约束层。结果表明,试样经多条激光喷丸后,试样变成了单曲率的圆筒形,试件表面都存在有益的残余压应力,曲率半径随激光脉冲能量加大而减小,随板料厚度的减小而加大,随喷丸条带间距的加大而加大。     

The Effect of Surface Engineering Treatments on the Fatigue Behavior of 2024-T351 Aluminum Alloy

The work examines the effect of controlled shot peening (CSP), laser shock peening (LSP) and ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) on the fatigue behavior of 2024-T351 aluminum alloy. The testing methodology has been designed to extract information regarding specific products of the treatments and their individual affect on fatigue damage. The work concludes that all three surface treatments improve the fatigue resistance of the material with the LSP covering the areas of safe-life and damage tolerance, the control shot peening can only benefit the area of short crack growth while the UIT proved to benefit both the short and long crack growth.     

Effect of the impact energy of various peening techniques on the induced plastic deformation region

In order to clarify the relationship between the depth of dimples and the plastically deformed region beneath the surface induced by shot peening and compare the characteristics of various peening methods in terms of single impact energy, the plastic deformation regions induced by single impact at various peening techniques were visualized using Fry's etching method. The relationships between impact energy and both the dimple size and plastic deformation region in the high shot speed range (～50 m/s) were clarified, and the relationships were found to be different from those in the low speed range (～25 m/s). The plastic deformation zones induced by cavitation and laser peening were also studied in order to understand their features. The results showed that the ratio of the plastic deformation region to dimple depth induced by cavitation peening and laser peening was more than 3 times larger than that induced by conventional shot peening, though the plastic deformation volumes induced by cavitation and laser peening were smaller than that induced by conventional shot peening.