交联聚乙烯交联度对材料击穿强度的影响

为了研究XLPE材料交联度对其电气性能的影响,制备不同交联度的XLPE样本并对其进行电气击穿实验,分析在不同的交联度区间范围内样本击穿场强变化。利用温度-时间控制法制备六组不同交联度的XLPE样本;利用差式扫描量热仪测量得到样本结晶度;利用交流变压器测量得到样本的击穿强度。实验结果表明,随着交联度上升,样本击穿场强呈先上升后下降趋势。在交联度为0%～75%区间范围内,样本击穿场强增加2%。在交联度为75%～88%范围内,样本击穿场强增加21.2%。而在交联度为88%～92%范围内,样本击穿场强下降5.3%。分析认为,样本的击穿强度与样本交联度和材料均匀程度有关。当交联度较低时,样本的击穿强度主要由样本交联度决定,随着交联度上升,样本击穿强度增加。但由于此时局部材料结构较为不均匀,因此击穿强度增加幅度不大。而当交联度上升至75%时,材料形成较为密集、均匀的三维网状结构,导致样本击穿场强大幅上升。而当交联度继续增加时,此时样本结晶度下降幅度较大,局部材料结构变得不均匀,导致样本击穿强度下降。     

Computational Study on the Effect of Shroud Shape on the Efficiency of the Gas Turbine Stage

The last stages of powerful power gas turbines play an important role in the development of power and efficiency of the whole unit as well as in the distribution of the flow parameters behind the last stage, which determines the efficient operation of the exhaust diffusers. Therefore, much attention is paid to improving the efficiency of the last stages of gas turbines as well as the distribution of flow parameters. Since the long blades of the last stages of multistage high-power gas turbines could fall into the resonance frequency range in the course of operation, which results in the destruction of the blades, damping wires or damping bolts are used for turning out of resonance frequencies. However, these damping elements cause additional energy losses leading to a reduction in the efficiency of the stage. To minimize these losses, dampening shrouds are used instead of wires and bolts at the periphery of the working blades. However, because of the strength problems, designers have to use, instead of the most efficient full shrouds, partial shrouds that do not provide for significantly reducing the losses in the tip clearance between the blade and the turbine housing. In this paper, a computational study is performed concerning an effect that the design of the shroud of the turbine-working blade exerted on the flow structure in the vicinity of the shroud and on the efficiency of the stage as a whole. The analysis of the flow structure has shown that a significant part of the losses under using the shrouds is associated with the formation of vortex zones in the cavities on the turbine housing before the shrouds, between the ribs of the shrouds, and in the cavities at the outlet behind the shrouds. All the investigated variants of a partial shrouding are inferior in efficiency to the stages with shrouds that completely cover the tip section of the working blade. The stage with a unshrouded working blade was most efficient at the values of the relative tip clearance less than 0.9%.     

机组惯量对暂态功角稳定性影响的复杂性

随着能源转型的推进,风电及光伏发电大规模入网引起的电力系统惯量水平降低对暂态功角稳定性的影响成为业界关注的热点。从电网送、受端的视角来界别机组惯量对暂态功角稳定性的定性影响,并不符合问题的本质。文中基于扩展等面积准则(EEAC),分析互补两群等值惯量的变化对主导映象系统暂态稳定裕度的影响。由于故障场景对两群映象系统暂态潮流的不同影响,以及上述两种影响的交互作用,造成机组惯量对暂态功角稳定性影响的复杂性。通过对两机哈密顿系统的解析分析及数值仿真,讨论了其规律。     

超声波电机频率-温度特性研究

为了研究超声波电机运行过程中温升和频率漂移等关键技术问题,采用自然对流传热问题的牛顿冷却定律和热容理论,建立了超声波电机的温度特性与驱动频率之间的关系表达式,仿真分析了驱动频率对电机温升的影响;考虑电机压电定子的转动惯量和剪切变形等因素,利用能量等效原则和铁摩辛柯梁振动理论建立了超声波电机谐振频率与温度之间的关系表达式,通过仿真研究了温度对电机谐振频率漂移的影响,并通过实验验证了仿真结果的正确性。仿真及实验结果表明:电机的谐振频率随着温度的升高呈线性降低;驱动信号频率越接近电机谐振频率,电机表面温度就越高。最后,根据研究结果提出了减小电机温升和频率漂移的措施,并通过实验验证所提出措施的有效性。     

Development of the scientific heritage of M.E. Deich in the sphere of the gas dynamics of two-phase media (On the 100th anniversary of his birthday)

This article is a brief overview of some scientific and engineering ideas in the sphere of two-phase gas dynamics that were developed by the team of the Problem Laboratory of Turbomachines, Department of Steam and Gas Turbines, Moscow Power Engineering Institute (NRU MPEI, National Research University), under the leadership of Mikhail Efimovich Deich since 1963 and the analysis of their development and influence on the current state of the problem. At the early stages of the studies on two-phase media, the problem of the measurement of physical parameters of phases was especially urgent. The characteristics of probes for the measurement of one-phase flows in the presence of drops were studied, and the corrections for the influence of the second phase were obtained. However, the main focus was the development of new methods, and the optical method using a laser light source that is currently used at the leading laboratories of the world was chosen as the main method. The study of the wet-steam flow in nozzles is one of the first stages of the research on the problem. In these studies, the wave structure of supersonic wet-steam flows (condensation jumps and shock waves, Mach waves, turbulent condensation, periodic condensation nonstationarity, etc.) was investigated in detail. At present, like in the earlier studies, much attention is paid to the study of the influence of the addition of surface-active substance (SASs) on the wet-steam flow. The study of the wet-steam motion in steam-turbine stages was performed simultaneously with physical studies as the practical application of the obtained results. The development of computer technology in the 21st century contributed to the elaboration of the theoretical methods for the calculation of wet-steam flows in elements of power devices.     

Studying the operation of a VVER steam generator in the condensing mode at different parameters of emergency processes

The article presents the results of the experimental study of heat and mass transfer processes in an NPP steam generator during the operation of passive safety systems of new-generation VVER reactor installations. At the GE2M-PG test rig in the Leypunsky Institute for Physics and Power Engineering, two series of experiments corresponding to different stages of the accident were completed. In these experiments, the performance of VVER steam generator in the condensing mode with and without the removal of gas-vapor mixture from the “cold” header has been studied. As a result of the first series of experiments, it was found that, for any of the parameters of the emergency process, the steam generator’s power does not drop below 80% of the original value. Furthermore, we revealed that the composition and physical properties of gases in the investigated concentration range did not notably affect the processes in the steam generator. In the second series of experiments without removal of noncondensable gases, the influence of parameters of the emergency process on the efficiency of heat transfer in the steam generator operating in the condensing mode was investigated. In order to study the heat transfer processes, we studied the change of the temperature difference between the media of the first and second circuits in our experiments. We found that the value of the temperature difference depends on both the mass of noncondensable gases accumulated in the tube bundle and their accumulation rate. The accumulation rate is determined by the power of the steam generator and the concentration of gases entering the steam generator. As a result of the analysis of experimental data, we obtained the analytical dependence reflecting change in the power of the steam generator operating in the emergency condensing mode.     

The results of the implementation of the strategic master plan gained after five years and the prospects for its further implementation

This paper presents an analysis of the results of the elaboration and implementation of the Strategic Master Plan of utilization and environmental rehabilitation of decommissioned nuclear fleet facilities and the supporting infrastructure in the North-West of Russia, gained after five years. The special features of the elaboration of the extremely complex comprehensive program at the international level and the uniqueness of the result obtained towards the elimination of the problems of a nuclear legacy of the Cold War and the use of the method having been employed in other fields are shown.     

Electrostatic Current Generator Having a Disk Electret as an Active Element

An electrostatic current generator having a disk electret as the active element is described. The electret consists of two oppositely polarized half-disks producing an electric field normal to the plane of the electret. The electret constitutes the rotor of the generator and is located between two pairs of conducting half-disks which constitute the stator of the generator. The field of the electret induces charges on each half-disk of the stator. The magnitude and polarity of these charges at any given time are determined by the angle formed at this particular time between the plane separating the two halves of the electret and the plane separating the half-disks of the stator. When the half-disks of the stator are appropriately connected through an external circuit, an ac current is produced. The order of magnitude of the peak value of the current is given by I ? ?e?S where ae is the effective surface charge density of the electret, S is the total area of the flat surfaces of the electret, and w is the angular velocity of rotation of the electret.     

深圳变电站500 kV主变压器直流偏磁现象测试及抑制分析

为明确深圳变电站变压器出现间歇性噪音的成因,解决变压器噪音异常的问题,对深圳站500 kV变压器接地中性点的直流电流进行监测,通过分析表明:该变压器的噪音异常现象是由杂散电流导致的变压器直流偏磁引起。为治理变压器的直流偏磁现象,根据杂散电流入侵变压器接地中性点直流电流的特征,采用电容隔直装置对深圳站的变压器直流偏磁进行抑制;并从深圳站变压器及深圳站片区电网的角度,通过全网监测对比分析隔直装置对深圳站入侵变压器中性点直流电流的抑制效果,以及其对片区电网变压器的影响。结论表明:应根据电网的电气拓扑结构,并基于全网角度,对深圳站500 kV自耦变压器的直流偏磁进行综合优化治理。     

高速异步电动机转轴的疲劳特性分析

基于Ansys多物理场仿真软件平台,对高速异步电动机的转轴进行疲劳特性分析,校核高速异步电动机转轴的疲劳强度和高速运行的可靠性,预测电机转轴的寿命;分析电磁力对转轴疲劳寿命的影响,判断疲劳特性的类型。对比分析作用于电机结构的电磁力波频率、幅值和电机转轴各阶模态的固有频率,校核电机转轴的强度。在转轴不会因电磁振动发生断裂的前提下,将电磁力等效为静应力分析转轴的疲劳特性,校核电机轴在电机寿命周期内是否会发生短周疲劳损坏;并采用凹圆角设计进一步提高转轴的结构可靠性,提高电机的转轴寿命。     

Considering the summation of the effect of harmful substances during the calculation of the environmentally safe waste water discharge

This article presents the technique of assessing the maximum allowable (standard) discharge of waste waters with several harmful substances into a water reservoir. The technique makes it possible to take into account the summation of their effect provided that the limiting harmful indices are the same. The expressions for the determination of the discharge limit of waste waters have been derived from the conditions of admissibility of the effect of several harmful substances on the waters of a reservoir. Mathematical conditions of admissibility of the effect of wastewaters on a reservoir are given for the characteristic combinations of limiting harmful indices and hazard classes of several substances. The conditions of admissibility of effects are presented in the form of logical products of the sums of relative concentrations that should not exceed the value of 1. It is shown that the calculation of the process of wastewater dilution in a flowing water reservoir is possible only on the basis of a numerical method to assess the wastewater discharge limit. An example of the numerical calculation of the standard limit of industrial enterprise wastewater discharges that contain polysulfide oil, flocculant VPK-101, and fungicide captan is given to test this method. In addition to these three harmful substances, the water reservoir also contained a fourth substance, namely, Zellek-Super herbicide, above the waste discharge point. The summation of the harmful effect was taken into account for VPK-101, captan, and Zellek-Super. The reliability of the technique was tested by the calculation of concentrations of the four substances in the control point of the flowing reservoir during the estimated maximum allowable wastewater discharge. It is shown that the value of the maximum allowable discharge limit was almost two times higher for the example under consideration, taking into account that the effect of harmful substances was unidirectional, which provides a higher level of environmental safety for them.     

无线通信网络在电力行业中应用分析

随着电网通信技术的不断发展,电力行业基础数据的采集分析显得尤为重要,通信网络则是数据采集的基础,构建通信网络、发展通信网络,扩大通信网络已经是今后智能电网发展的必然趋势。而无线通信网络在电力行业充当的角色与日俱增。合理的利用无线通信网络是今后数据采集的必然手段之一。     

考虑可再生能源消纳责任权重的年度合同电量月度分解方法

在可再生能源电力消纳保障机制的政策背景下,作为电力系统运行的主要参与者之一,省级电力交易中心需要积极承担可再生能源电力消纳责任,通过编制合理、有效的月度电能交易计划,促进可再生能源电力的消纳和政策的落实.文中提出了一种考虑可再生能源电力消纳责任权重的年度合同电量月度滚动分解方法.该方法基于优化和决策理论,通过对影响可再生能源电力消纳的因素的分析,建立了考虑可再生能源电力消纳责任权重指标完成难度和空气污染指数的双目标优化模型.除此之外,模型通过对剩余月份合同电量的整体优化,保证了电量执行的可行性和分配的公平性.算例结果验证了所提方法的合理性和有效性.     

Steam injection impact on the performances of nozzle grid in wet-vapor stream

Results of experimental study of the efficiency of intra-channel steam injection on the surface of nozzle grids of steam turbines operating in the wet steam flow are presented. The main objective of this study was to determine the basic mechanisms of the steam injection impact on the kinematic characteristics of the liquid phase outside an isolated nozzle grid. The kinetic energy loss distributions of the liquid phase and sliding coefficients of droplets along the grid spacing depending on the injected steam pressure at different theoretical values of the Mach number and the initial wetness are presented. The efficiency index was determined taking into account the kinetic energy loss distribution for the liquid phase along the grid spacing, depending on the pressure reduction on the slot. The investigation was conducted using the total pressure probe placed behind the object under study. The average diameters of large droplets of erosion-hazardous liquid phase at a certain distance from the grid were determined. In measuring the characteristics of the liquid phase particles, a laser diagnostics system of streams was used, based on the “POLIS” complex. The main advantage of this complex is the fact that it is contactless, which allows one to measure characteristics of the liquid phase particles without any distortion of the results and aerodynamic influence on the main stream. It is established that an intra-channel steam injection promotes the destruction of liquid film that formed as a result of the condensation of liquid droplets on the surfaces of nozzle blades, as well as the alignment of the velocity field and the average size reduction of droplets behind the grid. The experimental results have shown that the efficiency of injection (relative to the reduction of the amount of erosion-hazardous droplets) of hot steam substantially depends on the flowing regime of wet steam.     

高压直流电缆接头稳态温度场分布及其影响因素

温度是反映电缆中间接头运行状态的重要参数。与交流不同,高压直流电缆中间接头绝缘层温度的变化影响着电场分布和空间电荷的积累,因此不仅要关注接头线芯的温度,更要研究绝缘层温度和绝缘层内外表面温差的变化。建立了高压直流XLPE绝缘电缆中间接头的简化模型,利用有限元软件进行仿真,得到了接头绝缘层稳态温度分布,并研究了不同线芯电流和电缆接头外表面温度分别对接头导线芯温度、XLPE主绝缘和硅橡胶（SIR）增强绝缘层温度分布以及绝缘层内外表面温差的影响。结果表明：直流高压下,线芯电流对三者影响较为显著;接头外表面温度对接头导线芯最高温度、绝缘层最高温度和绝缘层温度分布有影响,而对绝缘层内外表面温差的影响可忽略不计。     

场畸变气体开关寿命特性研究

气体开关为脉冲功率系统中的关键元器件之一,其寿命特性是业界关心的主要性能之一。文中进行了场畸变气体开关的寿命实验,通过分析实验条件下开关约10 000次放电后的绝缘内壁附着物成分,得出了在开关导通电流相对不大的情况下(10 kA)开关失效的主要原因为绝缘劣化,而造成绝缘劣化的主要原因为电弧烧蚀电极导致物质扩散溅射污染绝缘的结论。利用模拟电荷法对开关内电极间隙的电场进行了计算,并使用微粒群(PSO)算法对电极形状进行了优化分析,可以作为使电极尽量均匀烧蚀,提高开关寿命的优化设计算法。     

Heat transfer enhancement in steam-turbine condensers with the use of surface-active substances

A technology of the enhancement of the power efficiency of steam-turbine plants (STPs) is proposed by the treatment of surfaces of a piped condenser system over the steam and water sides with the use of surface-active substances (SAS). The transition of filmwise condensation into dropwise makes it possible to increase the heat-transfer coefficient by 50–70% because of hydrophobization of outside surfaces of the steam side that results in vacuum extension at minimum operating costs. The resulting data are verified by laboratory investigations and full-scale tests. The accumulation rate of thermobarrier deposits over the water side decreases by a factor of 6–8, and, correspondingly, the overhaul life connected with the refinement of condenser pipes increases. The maintenance of the hydrophobic film of SAS at the outside surface of condenser pipes can be provided by the periodic injection of SAS on the inlet of a low-pressure cylinder (CLP) of the turbine both in the period of short-time stops and during the operation of STPs. At the same time, because of the additional dispersion of the liquid phase, the rate of drop-impact erosion of the blade row decreases by 30%.     

汽轮机组变压运行热经济特性研究

相较理论计算与传统试验方法,全局动态试验方法在分析结果准确性、实施便捷性以及与调节阀特性相互关联的密切程度等方面更适于精确且完整地描述汽轮机组变压运行热经济特性。数台机组的实施应用表明,由该方法所得到的汽轮机组变压运行热经济特性可反映出定功率下可行阀位区间内不同初压下机组热耗率的连续变化趋势,不仅直观地展现出不同类型汽轮机组定功率变压运行的内在固有规律,而且有助于数值量化调节阀节流调频、调节阀重叠度等对机组热耗率的影响程度,在电力生产过程中具有较为广阔的工程应用价值,可为煤电机组宽负荷调峰运行方式的技术经济比较、汽轮机组配汽端综合优化及其控制策略等方面的研究提供技术参考。     

特高压电晕笼防护段的设计

为了克服特高压电晕笼设计中电晕笼两端部的电场畸变,确保电晕特性测试准确有效,需要增设一定长度的防护段。采用三维有限元方法精细计算了电晕笼内导线表面电场分布,分析了导线弧垂对防护段长度的影响并提出了新颖的电晕笼防护段设计方法。计算说明新型结构的防护段能有效平滑和抑制电晕笼端部附近导线表面电场的畸变,使电晕笼内导线表面电场更趋于一致,提高了电晕特性试验的准确性。     

壳体类铸件的低压铸造工艺试验研究

由于型号弹上产品中壳体类铸件的砂型铸造生产不能满足要求,项目通过采用低压铸造工艺方法提高了铸件产品的内部质量。设计中介绍了铸件的结构分析、浇冒系统的设计、升液管的选取、铝合金的熔炼、低压铸造工艺参数的确定等。表明采用干砂型的低压铸造工艺方法,既适用于车间的生产条件,也提高了生产效率,同时还降低了合金的消耗,使铸件的质量满足了军方的使用要求,提高了产品的成品率。