蜂蜜添加方式对羊酸乳品质及抗氧化活性的影响

在羊乳中添加蜂蜜,研制一款功能性乳制品。分别于羊乳发酵前和发酵后添加枣花蜜,比较不同工艺蜂蜜羊酸乳的发酵速度、感官品质、菌数、持水力、质构特性以及抗氧化活性差异。发酵前加入枣花蜜,有助于缩短羊酸乳凝乳时间,但整体口感稍差,乳酸菌增殖抑制程度较大,持水力下降,硬度、稠度、内聚性和黏性指数有所降低,抗氧化活性则显著提高;而发酵结束后添加枣花蜜,羊酸乳凝乳时间无显著变化,但整体风味和口感、持水力及抗氧化活性均得到有效提高,且乳酸菌增殖抑制程度较小,硬度、稠度、内聚性和黏性指数则明显降低。蜂蜜添加方式对羊酸乳发酵速度、品质及抗氧化活性有显著影响,可根据产品目标选择合适工艺。     

Effects of cyclodextrins on the flavor of goat milk and its yogurt

Goat milk fat includes several branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs), like 4-methyloctanoic acid, which when free, are responsible for goaty flavor. This flavor limits the market opportunities for goat milk. Prior research showed that cyclodextrins (CDs) can reduce goaty flavor, presumably by binding free fatty acids. This research extends that observation. In odor ranking trials in citrate buffer at pH 4.8, β-CD concentrations between 0% and 0.35% were increasingly effective in reducing odor intensity due to 4-methyloctanoic acid, but only when present in high molar excess. α-CD was also effective, but γ-CD was not. In lipase-treated goat milk only β-CD was effective but at much lower molar excess, a difference potentially explained by several factors. One was that BCFAs bind to CDs in marked preference to their straight chain isomers. Displacement experiments with phenolphthalein disproved that hypothesis. The ability of β-CD to reduce goaty flavor intensity extended to yogurt. An analytical panel showed that flavor of goat yogurt was reduced by addition of β-CD, but only if added before heating and fermentation. A hedonic trial showed that consumers preferred unsweetened and sweet/vanilla-flavored goat yogurt more when β-CD was included, P = 0.004 and 0.016, respectively. Males liked all yogurts more than females (P < 0.01), but there was a treatment × gender interaction (P = 0.016) for sweet/vanilla yogurt: sweet/vanilla masked the goaty flavor for males but not females. This results parallels previously demonstrated gender effects for sheepmeat flavor caused by BCFAs. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: β-Cyclodextrin masks goaty flavor in yogurt, and with its GRAS status means it could be used in commercial goat yogurts and similar products so the real or perceived nutritional advantages of goat milk are not lost to goaty flavor.     

Effects of polymerized goat milk whey protein on physicochemical properties and microstructure of recombined goat milk yogurt

Goat milk whey protein concentrates were manufactured by microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF). When MF retentate blended with cream, which could be used as a starting material in yogurt making. The objective of this study was to prepare goat milk whey protein concentrates by membrane separation technology and to investigate the effects of polymerized goat milk whey protein (PGWP) on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of recombined goat milk yogurt. A 3-stage MF study was conducted to separate whey protein from casein in skim milk with 0.1-µm ceramic membrane. The MF permeate was ultrafiltered using a 10 kDa cut-off membrane to 10-fold, followed by 3 step diafiltration. The ultrafiltration-diafiltration-treated whey was electrodialyzed to remove 85% of salt, and to obtain goat milk whey protein concentrates with 80.99% protein content (wt/wt, dry basis). Recombined goat milk yogurt was prepared by mixing cream and MF retentate, and PGWP was used as main thickening agent. Compared with the recombined goat milk yogurt without PGWP, the yogurt with 0.50% PGWP had desirable viscosity and low level of syneresis. There was no significant difference in chemical composition and pH between the recombined goat milk yogurt with PGWP and control (without PGWP). Viscosity of all the yogurt samples decreased during the study. There was a slight but not significant decrease in pH during storage. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus acidophilus in yogurt samples remained above 10⁶ cfu/g during 8-wk storage. Scanning electron microscopy of the recombined goat milk yogurt with PGWP displayed a compact protein network. Results indicated that PGWP prepared directly from raw milk may be a novel protein-based thickening agent for authentic goat milk yogurt making.     

乳酸菌产粘特性及其对搅拌型酸羊奶稳定性的影响

对8株乳酸菌的产粘特性及其对搅拌型酸羊奶稳定性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,4株嗜热链球菌中S.t-499菌株的产黏能力较强,4株保加利亚乳杆菌中L.b-300菌株的稳定性较好;优良菌株S.t-499和L.b-300比例为2∶1,发酵剂添加量为2%,发酵温度为39℃时,搅拌型酸羊奶的粘度较高,稳定性较好,贮藏20d内无乳清析出现象。      

Physicochemical,microbial, and sensory properties of nanopowdered eggshell-supplemented yogurt during storage

This study was carried out to investigate the possibility of adding nanopowdered eggshell (NPES) into yogurt to improve the functionality of yogurt and the effects of adding NPES on the physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties of the products during storage. The pH and mean lactic acid bacteria counts of NPES-added (0.15–0.45%, wt/vol) yogurt ranged from 4.31 to 4.66 and from 6.56 × 10⁸ to 8.56 × 10⁸ cfu/mL, respectively, whereas these values ranged from 4.13 to 4.44 and 8.46 × 10⁸ to 1.39 × 10⁹, respectively, for the control samples during storage at 5°C for 16 d, which indicates a prolonged shelf-life with NPES-supplemented yogurt. Color analysis showed that the lightness (L*) and position between red and green (a*) values were not significantly influenced by the addition of NPES. However, the position between yellow and blue (b*) value significantly increased with the addition of the concentration (0.45%, wt/vol) of NPES at d 16 of storage. Sensory evaluation revealed that NPES-added yogurts showed a notably less sourness score and a higher astringency score than the control. An earthy flavor was higher in 0.45% NPES-supplemented yogurt compared with the control. Based on the results obtained from the current study, the concentration (0.15 to 0.30%, wt/vol) of NPES can be used to formulate NPES-supplemented yogurt without any significant adverse effects on the physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties.     

Physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties of yogurt supplemented with nanopowdered chitosan during storage

This study was carried out to determine the possibility of adding nanopowdered chitosan (NPC) into cholesterol-reduced yogurt to improve the functionality of yogurt and the effects of adding NPC on the physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties of the products during storage. The pH values and mean lactic acid bacteria counts of NPC-added (0.3 to ∼0.7%, wt/vol) and cholesterol-reduced yogurt ranged from 4.19 to 4.41 and from 4.75 × 10⁸ to 9.70 × 10⁸ cfu/mL, respectively, when stored at 4°C for 20 d, thereby indicating a possibility of prolonging the shelf life of yogurt. In color, the a* and b* values for cholesterol-reduced yogurt were not significantly influenced by the addition of NPC (0.1 to ∼0.7%, wt/vol); however, the L* values significantly decreased with the addition of the greatest concentration (0.7%, wt/vol) of NPC at 0-d storage. The sensory test revealed that the astringency scores significantly increased at 0-d storage when the greatest concentration (0.7%, wt/vol) of NPC was added into cholesterol-reduced yogurt. Based on the data obtained from the current study, it is concluded that concentrations (0.3 to ∼0.5%, vol/vol) of NPC could be used to produce an NPC-added and cholesterol-reduced yogurt without significantly adverse effects on the physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties.     

Textural and sensory characteristics of whole and skimmed flavored set-type yogurt during long storage

A study of refrigerated storage (10°C for 91 d) of whole and skimmed flavored set-type yogurt was made. Comparison with storage at 20°C for 21 d and 30°C for 3 d (accelerated) was also carried out. Refrigerated storage yogurts were assessed by a trained panel and by a consumer panel. Trained-panel scores were correlated to instrumental data, and the acceptability data for long storage were studied using consumer criteria. In all cases, after-storage pH values barely changed over storage time, indicating that the yogurt samples did not develop much acidity under any of the storage conditions studied. The profile of the instrumental texture curves obtained corresponded to a firm gel, which broke after a plunger penetrated the sample, and the firmness values of the whole yogurt were lower than for the skimmed yogurt under all the storage conditions studied. From a microbiological point of view, the viability of the yogurts was adequate at the different storage times and temperatures studied, although those stored at 10°C for long periods would not comply with some countries’ minimum requirements. Logistic regression of the data from a 50-consumer sensory evaluation showed that the probability of the whole yogurt being accepted after 91 d storage at 10°C was around 40%, whereas for the skimmed yogurt it was only 15%, largely because the skimmed yogurt developed certain negative attributes at an earlier stage of storage than the whole yogurt.     

灵芝酸奶的研制

以灵芝深层发酵滤液和脱脂乳为主要原料,制备灵芝保健酸奶,研究灵芝酸奶的生产工艺和贮藏过程中的风味物质及菌相变化。结果表明,嗜热链球菌(S.t)与保加利亚乳杆菌(L.b)的接种比例为1︰1,接种量为3%,灵芝发酵滤液添加量为20%,同时添加6%的蔗糖,42℃下发酵4 h,得到质量较好的灵芝酸奶。与对照酸奶(未加灵芝发酵液)相比,灵芝酸奶中的乳酸菌含量显著提高,L.b/S.t比值增加;在贮藏过程中,灵芝酸奶的黏度、乙醛和丁二酮的质量浓度都呈现出先升后降的趋势,并且黏度和乙醛质量浓度均高于对照酸奶,多糖质量浓度显著高于对照酸奶,灵芝酸奶有较高的营养保健价值。     

Autochthonous adjunct culture of Limosilactobacillus mucosae CNPC007 improved the techno-functional,physicochemical, and sensory properties of goat milk Greek-style yogurt

We evaluated the performance of Limosilactobacillus mucosae CNPC007 as an autochthonous adjunct culture in the production of goat milk Greek-style yogurt. The techno-functional, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of the control yogurt (containing only starter culture, CY) and the probiotic yogurt (with the probiotic strain added, PY) were assessed during 28 d of refrigerated storage. Furthermore, we determined the survival of the strain throughout the gastrointestinal tract under simulated conditions. The PY yogurt had a lower extent of proteolysis index and a higher depth of proteolysis index. These results indicate that the proteolytic enzymes of L. mucosae may have a possible action in PY. The PY formulation exhibited viscosity almost 1.5 times as high as CY over the refrigeration period, probably due to higher production of exopolysaccharides by the probiotic strain, which directly interferes with the microstructure, texture, and viscosity of the product. The PY formulation received higher scores for color, flavor, and global acceptance at 1 d of storage and higher texture scores at 28 d. The counts of L. mucosae remained high (>7 log cfu/g and >8.5 log cfu/g) throughout mouth-ileum digestion and storage, respectively, in PY. The autochthonous adjunct culture of L. mucosae CNPC007 can be used for production of a novel potentially probiotic goat yogurt without negatively affecting the general characteristics of the product quality, adding value associated with maintaining its functional potential.     

蜂蜜对酸奶生产中乳酸菌生长和产酸能力的影响

在脱脂乳粉制成的全乳固体含量为12%(w/v) 的复原乳中,分别添加5%(w/v)的蔗糖、果糖或蜂蜜,并以不添加甜味剂的复原乳作为对照,经过70℃、15min灭菌,冷却至室温,分别接种唾液链球菌嗜热亚种、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种和嗜酸乳杆菌,接种量5%(v/v),培养温度37℃,分别在培养初始和经过24h培养时取样,测定其乳酸菌活性、pH值和乳酸含量。结果表明,添加量为5%(w/v)的蜂蜜对于3种乳酸菌均没有抑制作用,是酸奶生产的合适甜味剂。     

Physico-chemical,microbiological, and sensory characteristics of yogurt as affected by various ingredients

l-Glutamine, quercetin, slippery elm bark, marshmallow root, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, licorice root, maitake mushrooms, and zinc orotate have been reported to help treat leaky gut. The purpose of this research was to explore the impact of these functional ingredients on the physico-chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of yogurt. The milk from same source was equally divided into 9 pails and the 8 ingredients were randomly assigned to the 8 pails. The control had no ingredient. Milk was fermented to yogurt. The pH, titratable acidity, syneresis, viscosity, color (L*, a*, b*, C*, and h*), Streptococcus thermophilus counts, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus counts of yogurts were determined on d 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42, whereas coliform counts, yeast and mold counts, and rheological characteristics were determined on d 1 and 42. The sensory study was performed on d 3 and particle size of the functional ingredients (powder form) was also determined. When compared with control, the incorporation of slippery elm bark into yogurts led to less syneresis. l-Glutamine increased pH and n′ values (relaxation exponent derived from G′) and lowered titratable acidity values. N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine incorporation resulted in higher n′ and lower titratable acidity values, whereas maitake mushroom led to lower n′ values. Incorporating quercetin increased the growth of L. bulgaricus. Adding maitake mushrooms increased the growth of S. thermophilus but lowered apparent viscosity values, whereas quercetin decreased its S. thermophilus counts. Quercetin decreased L* and a* values but increased b* values, and maitake mushroom increased a* values. Thixotropic behavior increased with the addition of licorice root and quercetin. Adding slippery elm bark, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, licorice root, maitake mushrooms, and zinc orotate into yogurt did not affect the sensory properties, whereas yogurts with quercetin had the lowest sensory scores. Overall, most of these ingredients did not cause major changes to yogurt properties.     

Effects of partially replacing skimmed milk powder with dairy ingredients on rheology, sensory profiling, and microstructure of probiotic stirred-type yogurt during cold storage

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of stirred-type skim milk probiotic yogurt fortified by partially replacing skim milk powder (SMP) with whey protein concentrate (WPC) and sodium caseinate (Na-CN) during cold storage for 28 d compared with nonfortified yogurt. The rheological properties (as measured using dynamic oscillation) and sensory profiles of probiotic yogurts were greatly enhanced when SMP (i.e., 45%) was replaced with WPC and Na-CN. Higher values of mechanical parameters related to storage and loss modulus and consistent microstructure were found in the fortified yogurts. The acidification profile was not affected by supplementation of the solids in the milk base, and the viable counts of probiotic microbiota were high and satisfactory. These positive characteristics of probiotic yogurts were maintained until the end of the storage period. The microstructure of the fortified yogurt showed some differences compared with the nonfortified product, which were due to changes in chemical composition of the milk base in addition to the colloidal characteristics of the product.     

发酵温度波动对酸奶感官、质构和风味特性的影响

为研究发酵温度波动对酸奶品质的影响,本实验测定了酸奶凝乳时间、酸度、pH和质构指标,用模糊数学法分析了感官指标,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了酸奶风味成分,探讨了4种温度波动对酸奶发酵特性和品质的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,处理组1(41 ℃-42 ℃-43 ℃)酸奶的凝乳时间、质构和感官指标无显著差异(p>0.05);处理组2(36 ℃-38 ℃-42 ℃)凝乳时间增加(p<0.05),硬度、内聚性及感官无显著差异(p>0.05),胶黏性减小(p<0.05);处理组3(42 ℃-38 ℃-36 ℃)凝乳时间、内聚性无显著差异(p>0.05),硬度和胶黏性降低(p<0.05),感官评分显著增加(p<0.05);处理组4(42 ℃-46 ℃-48 ℃)和处理组5(48 ℃-46 ℃-42 ℃)凝乳时间、内聚性及感官无显著差异(p>0.05),硬度显著增大(p<0.05),胶黏性显著减小(p<0.05)。所有处理间的酸度及pH无显著差异(p>0.05)。不同的温度波动处理组间主要挥发性风味物质种类基本相同,但含量存在差异。在实际生产中,对酸奶发酵温度的控制可以不必非常精确,允许小范围波动。     

Chemical,microbiological and sensory changes of dried Acetes chinensis during accelerated storage

Chemical, microbiological and sensory changes of dried Acetes chinensis during 28 days of accelerated storage at 37 °C were studied. Eighty volatile components including alcohols, aldehydes, acids, ketones, esters, alkanes, nitrogen-containing components, aromatic components and terpenes were identified by headspace sampling and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method during storage. Among these volatile components, the relative content of trimethylamine was the highest during storage, which increased from 11.36 ± 1.02% at day 0 to 14.60 ± 0.58% at day 28. Values of total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine (TMA), thiobarturic acid reactive substances (TBARS), total viable mesophilic count (TVC) and sensory characteristics of colour and odour for dried A. chinensis changed significantly during storage. Volatile components, TVB-N, TMA, pH, TBARS, TVC, colour and odour characteristics at different storage time were statistically interpreted by principle component analysis (PCA) method in order to found the main indices for the freshness of dried A. chinensis. The results suggested that colour, TMA, TVB-N, TBARS, odour, TVC and some volatile components could reflect the quality changes perfectly.     

Seaweeds in yogurt and quark supplementation: influence of five dehydrated edible seaweeds on sensory characteristics

Supplementation of dairy products with seaweeds can contribute to attaining a balanced diet, but they may affect their sensory characteristics. Yogurt and quark were supplemented with dehydrated Himanthalia elongata, Porphyra umbilicalis, Saccharina latissima, Ulva lactuca and Undaria pinnatifida. When odour, flavour and texture were evaluated by panellists, dairy products containing 0.50% U. pinnatifida showed the highest seaweed flavour and the lowest flavour quality, while dairy products containing 0.50% S. latissima showed the lowest seaweed flavour and the highest flavour quality. Seaweed species influenced all yogurt attributes except buttery odour, acid flavour and salty flavour and all quark attributes except yogurt odour, acid flavour and sweet flavour. Logarithmic regressions of seaweed odour and flavour on seaweed concentration (0–1.00%) were the best fit for dairy products containing P. umbilicalis, U. lactuca or U. pinnatifida and linear regressions for those supplemented with H. elongata or S. latissima.     

Influence of carrot fibre powder addition on rheological,microstructure and sensory characteristics of stirred-type yogurt

The incorporation of 1% (E1) and 2% (E2) of the carrot fibre powder obtained from carrot discards to yogurts was studied. The effect of the fibre addition on the physicochemical parameters, water-holding capacity (WHC), microbial counts, rheological, microstructure and sensory characteristics of yogurts was studied in comparison with control yogurt without fibre addition (C). Titratable acidity, global composition and microbial counts showed a similar trend among yogurts. Fibre particles seemed to change the organisation of protein aggregates of the gel network. An open structure with bigger aggregates was observed in E1 and E2 yogurts, while the microstructure appeared more homogenous and without granules in C. However, carrot fibre increased the WHC of yogurt. All the yogurt samples exhibited shear-thinning behaviour and no differences were found in the rheological parameters, excepting for E2 that presented a decrease in apparent viscosity at 200 s^-1 compared with C and E1 samples. Trained sensory panel (12 members) indicated an increase in brownish colour, strange flavour, grittiness and aftertaste and a decrease in overall appearance, odour, sweetness and creaminess in yogurts enriched in fibre. In order to mask these negative characteristics, E1 formulation was produced in the same way but strawberry flavour and colour were added. A consumer test (101 volunteers), purchase intention and a Check All That Apply (CATA) questionnaires were carried out. Flavoured and coloured E1 yogurt was pleasant for consumers, since 93% of the consumers selected positive degrees of acceptability and 68% of them manifested that they are willing to consume the product. Therefore, the addition of carrot fibre powder in yogurts could be an alternative to incorporate dietary fibres into dairy foods.     

Soybean hull polysaccharides affect the physicochemical properties and lactic acid bacteria proliferation in plant-based yogurt

As a by-product of soybean processing, soybean hulls contain soybean hull polysaccharides (SHPS). This study aims to develop a plant-based yogurt with SHPS addition and assess the consequences of SHPS on the physicochemical properties and growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in yogurts. The study investigated the water holding capacity (WHC), microstructure, rheological properties, texture, pH, organoleptic attributes, volatile compounds, flavor profile, and LAB population. The findings reveal that the addition of SHPS significantly impacted these properties. SHPS improved the physicochemical properties, increased the level of flavor compounds, and improved the organoleptic properties of yogurt. Yogurt with 0.6% SHPS demonstrated superior WHC, texture, rheological properties, and the highest organoleptic evaluation scores. However, when SHPS additions exceeded 0.6%, WHC, texture, and rheological properties of the yogurts decreased. Furthermore, SHPS-added yogurts contained more LAB compared to yogurt without SHPS. LAB grew better in media with SHPS than in media without glucose. Streptococcus thermophilus grew best among the LAB strains. This study highlights the potential of SHPS in yogurt production and its promising applications in fermented food products.     

基于IKnife-REIMS技术对地理标志保护产品习水麻羊产地溯源的研究

本研究建立了一种采用快速蒸发电离质谱技术(REIMS)连接高分辨质谱快速鉴定习水麻羊的方法.通过对不同产地羊肉样品的实地收集、仪器采集参数优化(电压设定为40V,长度2 cm,切口深度0.5 cm,切割时间2～3 s)和模型建立,得到一个实时溯源习水麻羊的检测方法.用主成分分析、偏最小二乘法判别分析建立模型,选取变量权...     

Impact of the acidification process, hydrocolloids and protein fortifiers on the physical and sensory properties of frozen yogurt

In our study, two acidification procedures, three stabilizers (guar gum, xanthan and carboxymethylcellulose) and two protein-fortifying agents (skim milk powder and whey powder) were evaluated based on their impact on the quality characteristics of frozen yogurts. Indirect acidification (blending of plain acidified milk with ice cream mix) was found to favour texture while direct acidification (fermentation of ice cream mix with starter culture), although it improved viscosity of mixes, did not enhance the sensory acceptance of frozen yogurts. The addition of 0.2% xanthan gum and the partial substitution (at the ratio of 3 : 1) of skim milk powder by whey powder increased overall acceptance and creaminess.     

中式菜肴红烧肉烹饪过程中丙烯酰胺含量变化的动态监测

研究动态监测中式菜肴红烧肉烹饪过程中丙烯酰胺含量的变化情况。样品经水提取、液液萃取脱脂和固相萃取柱净化处理后,采用高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱方法,以内标法定量,在多重反应监测模式测定目标化合物。方法的线性范围为10～1 000 ng/mL,线性相关系数为0.999 9。方法的定性检出限和定量限分别为0.1 μg/kg和1 μg/kg,回收率为91.4%～105.8%,相对标准偏差小于8%。采用该方法测得红烧肉在烹饪过程中丙烯酰胺含量呈倒V形走势,在加入糖、酱油等调味料后丙烯酰胺的平均含量达到顶点值42.4 μg/kg。