The Interior Northwest Landscape Analysis System: A step toward understanding integrated landscape analysis

The Interior Northwest Landscape Analysis System (INLAS) project demonstrated a method for assembling teams of scientists to conduct integrated landscape analyses at the mid- or subbasin scale in the interior Northwestern United States. A state and transition modeling system (STM) with transition probabilities calibrated by using a stand-level silvicultural model to estimate rates of vegetative change was used as a central vegetative “modeling engine.” It connected to a variety of resource-related models including: wildlife habitat quantity, insect activity, grazing by ungulates, timber management, and wood utilization potential. Where appropriate, the study team examined other vegetation modeling approaches including an optimization approach based on heuristic methods and modifications to an existing stand-level projection tool, which was integrated with existing fire and insect behavior models. The STM approach provided a relatively simple interface for most resource models. These were connected to examine the influence of vegetative succession, natural disturbances, and management over a 100–200-year horizon under three management scenarios: (1) background natural disturbance, (2) fire suppression only, and (3) active fuel management. Taken all together, the results suggest to us: (1) maintaining abundant large-tree multistoried structure in cool, moist forest conditions is likely to be difficult, (2) both active fuel treatment and passive management scenarios increased the proportion of large-tree single-story forests in dry forest conditions, and (3) fire suppression only was least effective in producing and maintaining these “legacy” structures in either dry or moist forest conditions.     

绿色生态的水系综合规划——以上海新江湾城为例

上海新江湾城的河湖水系作为绿色水基础设施,是防汛除涝排水安全、雨水资源利用及水资源调度、水环境保护及水生态修复和水景观营造等综合功能的共同载体。水系综合规划和建设充分发挥了河湖水系的安全、资源、环境与生态的综合功能,真正体现出了生态绿色和低碳。新江湾城在除涝排水安全上实现了＂雨水自流排放、除涝以蓄为主＂;在水资源上,利用雨水资源及黄浦江天然潮汐进行引排水调度;再通过雨污分流、初期雨水面污染控制和岸坡生态化及水生态系统构建等措施,保护了河湖水系的水环境,并营造了新江湾城优美的水景观。     

Simulation as a tool in designing forest landscape

Amenity values of forest environment are integrated into the planning of timber production with the help of computer simulation. In this way planners can evaluate the impacts of silvicultural management on the scenic value of a selected view. The assessment of the scenic value of landscape is based on figures drawn by the computer program and on an adjective sum, a numerical estimate of the amenity of the view. In addition to the scenic value, the simulation method gives an estimate of a great number of outputs associated with the simulated treatment regime, such as volume production, the value of harvested timber and the volumes of different assortments. The method can help the management of an individual stand. Because the impact of one stand in the landscape depends also on its surroundings, a method for evaluating several stands at the same time should be developed.     

景观格局优化算法研究

在景观生态格局的优化中,引入改进人工鱼群算法模型,基于遥感和地理信息系统的景观格局动态模型,对景观指数进行更加精确的预测分析。通过试验表明,该算法预测精度显著提高,为景观生态管理和规划提供可靠依据。     

Optimising rural land health: From landscape policy to community land use decision-making

Implementation of sustainable landscape policy directions can be held back by various constraints. These limitations may include: an absence of reliable integrated landscape character predictions, unproductive tensions arising from poorly informed public and institutional debate, low levels of political resolve due to uncertainty, and limitations on program and project design due to either inadequate availability, or ineffective use of ecological and social data. The need for new methodologies to speed the attainment of sustainable land use is pressing when considered in the context of information indicating that the condition of the world's ecosystems remains in decline. This decline is measurable by the changes in ecosystem services. Taking an ecosystem services view offers an opportunity to address some of the limitations noted earlier. The ecosystem services concept links natural resource management more clearly to the broader functionality of natural systems. Ecosystem services like clean water, productive soils and distinct flora and fauna are generated or maintained by healthy functioning ecosystems. Dwelling on these services and the practices that alter them defines the reasons for natural resource management. Modelling these ecosystems and their services is the key way to understanding these relationships. The utilisation of land use modelling methods to inform, and be informed by community and stakeholder landscape preferences, represents a potential step forward in the evolution of approaches to deliver sustainable landscape policy objectives. This paper presents a summary of examples of a multi-criteria land use optimisation technique that has been used to envision land use combinations most likely to achieve sustainable landscapes in Germany. A number of the sustainable landscape principles arising from Victoria's rural land stewardship project, such as use of an ecosystem services framework to better inform long-term land use planning along with calls to better connect community input to landscape function and land use decisions, are also considered.     

英国国家公园与法国区域公园的保护与管理

乡村文化景观保护区是人类与自然在长期合作下共同创造出来的具有突出美学、生态和文化价值的乡村地区.英国国家公园将公园内的乡村景观视为国家利益,投入必要的管理资金和管理资源,采取自然保护、适宜的农场管理方式、严格的建设控制等举措,通过强制或经济补偿的方法保护乡村的文化景观.法国区域公园则指出了一条通过社会经济发展促进景观保护的道路.     

某大型写字楼工程节材理念的应用与经济分析

结合北京某大型写字楼节材应用典型实例,从技术先行、材料计划和采购、现场使用和管理等环节阐述了工程施工中节材总体原则及节材措施.详细介绍了废旧钢筋利用、基础底板工字形马凳、以禾代木等具体处理措施,并进行详尽的经济分析.充分体现了通过精细化管理最大限度降低消耗、节约成本、实现高效管理、开发内部潜能、寻求新的利润增长点的理念,切合国家节能减排政策.     

‘Eco-civic’ optimisation: A nested framework for planning and managing landscapes

An important institution for regional resource governance is civic engagement in local affairs, including resource use issues. Local civic engagement has traditionally been structured around local government and, more recently, to catchment-based decision-making bodies. If citizens are to participate in regional resource management in ways that are meaningful to them, it is important that both the landscape units being discussed and the jurisdictional boundaries are meaningful. We have been examining how boundaries for resource management regions might be identified. Three considerations are believed to be important if regional resource management is to be meaningful to the citizens involved. Firstly, that the regional boundaries maximise the areal proportion of the region that residents consider to be part of their ‘community’, which should lead to greater commitment to civic engagement in resource management. Secondly, that the character of the landscape units within the region possess a high degree of homogeneity, reflecting greater coincidence of interest among the inhabitants of the region. The third consideration is a hierarchical multi-scaling capacity to deal with externalities of resource use. The approach was tested through identification of a series of nested ‘eco-civic’ resource management regions for north-eastern New South Wales in Australia. The results delineate resource governance regions that nest at local to regional scales for integrated natural resource management. Such ‘eco-civic’ regions demonstrate a better spatial representation of social and ecological characteristics than existing regional frameworks.     

基于“海绵城市”理念的下沉式绿地优化设计

我国许多城市洪涝灾害频发与水资源短缺的矛盾不断加深,融合"海绵城市"与国内外最新的雨洪管理理念建设下沉式绿地,实现防治内涝、水资源利用、景观美化的多重效益。基于北京《雨水控制与利用工程设计规范》,通过水量平衡法计算下沉式绿地的设计参数。在壤质砂土地区,绿地下沉率为50%,年径流总量控制率85%的条件下,绿地率为20%、30%、40%时,合理的下沉式绿地设计深度分别为200、120、75mm。最后介绍了下沉式绿地的竖向设计、景观美化、植物淹水时间的优化设计方法。     

高速公路沿线自然景观评价方法的构建

景观评价是高速公路规划、建设和管理的基础,是公路环境保护设计和沿线自然景观保护利用的直接依据.结合国内外研究进展,提出了景观生态、视觉质量、资源价值3大评价因子及相应的评价指标,并采用专家打分、矩阵计算等方式确定权重,构建了较为系统的高速公路沿线自然景观分析评价方法.     

Integrated landscape management and the complicating issue of temporality

Abstract

Landscape has become widely accepted as a concept for embracing the natural sphere as well as human society. There are, however, challenges in implementing the somewhat overarching rhetoric. This article takes a conceptual and deconstructive approach and elucidates complications in integrated landscape management, with a certain focus on landscape and time. Cases from some European areas, where integrative planning instruments are applied, serve as examples. The drawing of borders and the categorisation of areas are central aspects in understanding what constitutes integration, implying that negotiations and the weighing of different values are vital elements in integrated landscape management. Landscape management is inevitably an activity in the present, which is why landscape management needs to be based on good knowledge about the present conditions. In order to retain landscape qualities it is necessary to continuously reveal contemporary processes and reconsider and elaborate on functions and contexts that connect humans and their physical environment.     

Toward zoöpolis? Innovation and contradiction in a conservation community

The new community of Harmony, Florida stands out in the sustainable community landscape for its commitment to promoting the human–animal bond. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this paper tracks Harmony's development from concept to community, and explores residents' perceptions and experiences of Harmony. Despite contradictions between philosophy and everyday practice, Harmony offers insights into the design of more sustainable communities built around ideals of human–animal coexistence – or “zoöpolis”.     

布景·在场·共享：滨水工业遗产作为 城市景观的演进

从景观体验的角度,探讨滨水工业遗产体验方式的演变,及其对景观设计手法的影响。基于历史研究、类型学和案例比较的方法,提出滨水工业遗产作为城市景观的演进有3个阶段:布景-在场-共享。布景式的如画"景观"与在场式的体验"观景",是滨水工业遗产景观体验中相互交织的2条重要线索。进入信息时代,虚实交互的"共享"成为滨水工业遗产新的体验方式,改变了空间认知、组织和形式的塑造。通过对景观体验演化的技术驱动、价值转换和空间特征进行剖析,为设计师在处理滨水工业遗产景观体验方式和景观设计方法提供新的思路。     

法国市镇空间规划的景观生态营建经验及对中国的启示——以莱斯帕尔镇为例

法国空间规划极其重视景观生态环境营建,通过长期系统地开展国土空间的规划与治理,塑造了可持续的生态环境与良好的多样景观,积累了丰富的经验.以莱斯帕尔镇《地方城市规划》为例,概要介绍了法国市镇空间规划的成果构成,全面总结了该市镇规划从基础研究到规划成果再到成果修正中,包含的景观格局构建、景观更新、生境营建、自然资源利用、空...     

Analyses of urban landscape dynamics using multi-temporal satellite images: A comparison of two petroleum-oriented cities

Rapid urbanization, as a result of population growth and migration from rural to urban, has been recognized as a critical process in urban areas. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal landscape dynamics using multi-temporal satellite images in two petroleum-based cities: Houston, Texas in the United States and Daqing, Heilongjiang province in China. Both cities expanded rapidly on the basis of the petroleum industries during the last 50 years; however, under different socio-political contexts. Comparing the landscape pattern and dynamics in these two cities, we can identify how the urbanization in these two petroleum-based cities affects the landscape pattern, especially in the natural landscapes. A set of landscape indices with supplementary ecological meanings was chosen to facilitate our analyses of spatial dynamics over a span of 20 years. On the basis of the derived indices, a general trend of landscape change was revealed in these two cities: natural landscapes such as grassland and wetland were degraded or fragmented into a more heterogeneous pattern, while the human landscapes such as residential area expanded greatly by replacing other natural classes.     

The trouble with representation: landscape and environmental justice

In landscape studies, at the turn of the twenty-first century, the concept of representation has been high on the agenda. Representation has often been understood as the expression of particular cultural politics of landscape, accentuating the socially biased and incomplete nature of textual and visual mediations of the world. In more recent work, it is possible to discern a shift from this emphasis on cultural representation to a fuller engagement with political representation. The concern here, crucially, is to understand representation as a core concept of justice, entwined with the social and material struggle over the right to landscape. In effect, to understand how landscapes materialise struggles over justice, an engagement with political representation is indispensable. As this paper elucidates, one potential consequence of the rediscovery of the political logic of representation is a rapprochement of landscape studies with environmental justice.     

英国乡村区域可持续发展的景观方法与工具

景观概念为解读乡村景观、思考其多功能与可持续的未来提供了综合整体的、可操作的框架、方法与工具。景观视角下的乡村区域,具有多元价值,涉及多个尺度、多元利益主体,其变化的管理是错综复杂的。聚焦英国乡村政策的景观转向以及创新的景观方法与工具,尤其是景观特征评估(LCA)的发展与应用。对英国乡村规划管理相关政策的需求与趋势,面临的问题与挑战,以及对新方法的探索历程进行系统的梳理与分析。多功能主义、景观概念的重构,以及景观特征评估的发展为乡村区域变化的规划管理提供了新的思想与方法,使我们得以迈向一个广泛、综合的乡村景观规划体系。     

矿渣资源化利用概念及环境经济学意义

文章以矿渣资源化利用为例,提出了工业"三废"综合利用新概念的界定,将工业"三废"综合利用分为"资源化利用"与"粗放利用"两个部分进行资源(环境)管理,为加强资源核算和国民经济核算提供了环境经济学的理论依据和方法。     

Industrially Harvested Peatlands and After-use Potential: Understanding Local Stakeholder Narratives and Landscape Preferences

Recent years have witnessed much debate on the turn towards community within landscape management and planning. This is particularly evident in the European Landscape Convention which asserts the legitimacy of local preferences and citizen involvement in policy processes. This paper explores a bottom-up perspective on people–place relationships in a changing landscape, through assessing the after-use potential of industrially mined peatlands in Ireland and the rehabilitation of degraded landscapes. The mining of the peatland resource has a longstanding tradition in Ireland, however, significant attention has now focused on exploring market and non-market uses of remains after harvesting has finished resulting in a cutaway landscape. We argue that local people's everyday experiences of the landscape is a legitimate form of knowledge and should provide a key input into deliberative planning and management processes. Drawing largely on an interpretive research approach, we assess key local narratives in relation to harvested peatland landscapes and explore local people's after-use preferences. There appears to be strong support among the local community for amenity/biodiversity after-uses, which are currently not reflected in public policy debates. We review people–place relationships and discuss the role of ethnographic research in a peatland context as well as defining the relevant stakeholders. Finally, conclusions are developed to identify wider lessons for people/place relationships within the context of landscape management and planning.