圆凹坑织构对线接触摩擦副摩擦学性能的影响

根据摩擦试验中圆盘试样的旋转方向,用YLP-20型激光加工系统在圆柱销试样回转面不同区域(前端、后端、中间)加工规则分布的表面织构,利用UMT-3摩擦磨损仪进行单向旋转摩擦试验,研究表面织构分布区域对摩擦副摩擦学行为的影响。结果表明:在载荷10N、滑动速度0.003~0.628m/s时,不同分布区域的织构对摩擦副的摩擦学行为影响不同,相比无织构试样,分布于试样回转面中间部分的织构对摩擦副起到了减摩作用。这是由于中间织构通过形成局部流体动压润滑作用提高了摩擦副的承载能力,降低了接触表面的摩擦因数,同时通过储存磨屑,减少了表面磨损。前后端织构产生的流体动压润滑效应很小,磨损严重,导致其摩擦因数高于中间织构和无织构试样的摩擦因数。     

Influence of tool roughness and lubrication on contact conditions in skin-pass rolling

The special contact conditions in skin-pass rolling of steel strip are examined by experimental as well as numerical analysis studying plane strain upsetting of thin sheet with low reduction applying long narrow tools with smooth and roughened surfaces under dry friction and lubricated conditions. The influence of friction on the extent of a central sticking region is determined by an elasto-plastic FEM analysis of the plane strain upsetting. The experimental results obtained by measuring the local surface extension using markers made by Micro Vickers indentation verify the FE analysis and show significant influence of tool roughness and lubrication on the contact conditions for varying pressure. The central sticking region was larger for larger friction or tool roughness. At increasing pressure a sudden change in deformation pattern appeared with drastic elongation and sliding in case of lubrication. This deformation pattern is also affected by the tool roughness.     

高速滚动轴承用TiNi60合金的润滑性能及油气润滑两相流流型的数值计算(英文)

销-盘摩擦磨损实验研究表明:TiNi60合金在PAO油润滑下具有优异的摩擦学性能,稳定阶段的平均摩擦系数由干摩擦的0.6降低到油润滑下的0.1,而且非常稳定。从SEM磨损形貌图可知:油润滑下TiNi60合金的磨损表面光滑,粘着磨损明显减弱。在实际研究中,仿真计算是获得高速滚动轴承在油气润滑下各项工作性能数据的有效方法。采用FLUENT数值计算了油-气两相流在水平管子内的流型分布,得到了最佳油、气的进口速度,为高速滚动轴承用TiNi60合金在油气润滑下的使用提供了理论依据。仿真计算结果表明:当空气速度为10m/s和油速度为0.05m/s时,可以得到最佳的环状流型分布。     

纯钼板材真空环境高温拉深性能研究

在25~870℃温度范围内进行了厚度为2.0 mm纯钼板的单向拉伸试验,建立了高温拉深有限元分析模型。通过数值模拟与试验对比分析,确定了纯钼板高温变形摩擦与温度的关系,研究了成形温度、润滑、压边间隙和模具尺寸对热拉深工艺的影响,并采用优化的工艺参数进行了平底杯形冲头热拉深试验。结果表明,润滑条件对纯钼板热拉深影响最显著,其次是成形温度;在成形温度870℃,拉深速度30 mm/min,有润滑,压边间隙2.5 mm的参数组合下,最大拉深比可达1.94。     

Characterization of friction behaviour of AZ80 and ZE10 magnesium alloys under lubricated contact condition by strip draw and bend test

In this paper, a sheet metal forming simulator (SMFS) is used for evaluation of the frictional behaviour of AZ80 and ZE10 magnesium alloys under lubricated contact conditions. The results showed that the friction coefficient increases by increasing the contact pressure and decreasing the sliding velocity. A friction model is further developed for lubricated contact taking into account the surface roughness characteristics and the viscosity of lubricant. The proposed model showed very good agreement with the results of experiments. Finite element (FE) simulations were also carried out to investigate the effect of key process parameters on the results of SMFS. Based on the results of the FE model, the coefficient of friction increases by increasing the bending angle and pin diameter; however, these increases are not significant.     

自配副铜的离子液体-化学镀银膜复合润滑

目的考察高接触应力下自配副铜在离子液体-银膜(化学镀银膜和电镀银膜)复合润滑下的摩擦学性能,比较化学镀银膜与电镀银膜的差别。方法在T2铜表面分别制备了化学镀银膜和电镀银膜,采用栓盘接触式往复滑动摩擦磨损试验机,在平均赫兹接触应力为0.77 GPa和滑动速率为0.76 mm/s的条件下,评价了两种银膜(盘)与铜(栓)在离子液体LP108润滑下的摩擦学性能。结果在无润滑条件下,自配副铜出现高摩擦系数(2.5)、严重粘着磨损。相同条件下,在含磷氟的LP108润滑下,自配副铜发生中等程度的粘着磨损。银膜和离子液体复合润滑可有效改善自配副铜的摩擦学性能,电镀银膜的稳态摩擦系数为0.5左右,而化学镀银膜抗粘着性能更佳,其摩擦系数为0.3左右。结论离子液体-银膜复合润滑有效降低了自配副铜在高接触应力下的粘着,从而改善了摩擦学性能。在离子液体润滑下,化学镀银膜在摩擦界面形成数十纳米厚的转移膜(栓)和摩擦层(盘),从而有良好的抗粘着性能。     

Friction reduction by texturing of DLC coatings sliding against steel under oil lubrication

It has been demonstrated that tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films provide excellent wear and friction properties in dry sliding. Recently the applications of ta-C coatings in lubricated conditions have become more important. The use of carbon coatings aims at reducing the wear and coefficient of friction under minimum lubrication and without hazardous lubricant additives. For optimum tribological performance, a modification of the ta-C coated surfaces is required. The present paper describes an innovative method of coated surface texturing, by which nanometer and micrometer size pores are processed by various methods. Particle masking was used for processing micrometer size pores and for controlling the coating growth conditions in order to produce nanometer size pores in the ta-C surface. The masking by particles yielded a pore geometry which varied from complex shaped channels to small individual pores. The texturing was performed by distributing metallic powder particles on the surface or by direct chemical deposition of metal particles on the substrate in prior to pulsed vacuum arc deposition. The tribological characterization was carried out by applying reciprocating friction tests with controlled lubricant replenishment, in order to simulate metal forming processes. The friction reducing effect, which was observed in the tribological tests, indicated a microlubrication effect of the textured coating surfaces.     

Effect of EDT surface texturing on tribological behavior of aluminum sheet

Surface texturing, which fabricates micro dimples or micro channels on the surface of parts, is a growing technique for improving tribological characteristics of materials. Currently, electrical discharge texturing (EDT) technique, one surface texturing method suitable for mass production, is being used to texture aluminum sheets for the applications in automotive industry. It has been widely accepted in industry that EDT improves the forming behavior of aluminum sheets due to better friction behavior. However, how the textures on the surface of sheet metal change the friction behavior has not been investigated. In this paper, the influence of EDT on the friction behavior of aluminum automotive sheet at different contact pressures and sliding speeds is investigated based on both experimental studies and numerical simulations. To fully investigate the tribological behaviors, a flat-on-flat friction test device was built and a numerical code based on mixed lubrication theory was developed. It was found that EDT texturing can reduce the friction coefficient of contacting pair at high contact pressure, however, increase friction coefficient at low contact pressure. Numerical simulations confirmed this finding. Furthermore, the model provides valuable information for the prediction of friction behavior of EDT sheets and helps to optimize processing parameters for various forming processes using EDT aluminum sheets.     

The friction modeling of different tribological interfaces in extrusion process

Friction and lubrication are of great importance in many important metal forming processes such as sheet metal forming, forging and extrusion. With the products being more complex, it may utilize different lubrication medium in different tool/workpiece interface in which the metal flow could be controlled more effectively. While there is a substantial body of published research on friction modeling in metal forming processes, there has been relatively little work on forming process in which different tribological interfaces such as lubricant/grease, lubricant/dry and dry/grease are existed. The objective of this research is to investigate the friction distribution in combined forward and backward extrusion process. A realistic model of friction is developed to determine the friction coefficient of lubricated tool/workpiece interface. The friction coefficient of the other interface in which grease or different lubricant may applied is then determined by a coupled FEM and experiment investigation. Both the simulation and experimental data will be presented.     

Thermal behavior of aluminum-coated 22MnB5 in hot stamping under dry and lubricated conditions

The hot stamping of aluminum-coated 22MnB5 has usually been conducted under dry condition, for which the forming load is high since the coefficient of friction is over 0.5. In order to decrease the forming load, the authors previously proposed the use of a lubricant to decrease so that the coefficient of friction from over 0.5 to 0.3. However, it is necessary to understand the heat transfer property in hot stamping under lubricated condition. The purpose of this paper is to examine the heat transfer property of aluminum-coated 22MnB5 in hot stamping under dry and lubricated conditions. In this study, the die and specimen temperatures were measured during compression and compression-sliding tests under dry and lubricated conditions using the hot flat drawing test simulator. In the compression test, the die and specimen temperatures measured under dry and lubricated conditions were the same. On the other hand, in the compression-sliding test up to a sliding distance of 70 mm, the die temperature under lubricated condition was lower than that under dry condition, and it was found that the heat transfer under lubricated condition is superior to that under dry condition. Consequently, there is a difference between the specimen temperatures under dry and lubricated conditions. However, from the results of the tensile test, there is no difference between the tensile strengths under dry and lubricated conditions.     

Analysis of friction between stainless steel sheets and machine hammer peened structured tool surfaces: experimental and numerical investigation of the lubricated interaction gap

Forming of stainless steel with stringent requirements on surface integrity is currently realized using protective foils as a separating agent between tools and workpiece. The protective foils are applied with special machines and need to be removed after the forming process or at the end customer. This approach has pronounced economic and ecological disadvantages. Alternative tribological systems for a foil free forming are insufficiently researched and not yet reliably applicable in a production process. Recent developments in the field of machine hammer peening motivate the investigation of surface modifications for foil free sheet metal forming. The research question of this paper is: under which tribological boundary conditions do structured tool surfaces provide a total separation of tools and workpiece? The performed research work is based on experimental analyses investigating the friction behavior of surface structured tools. Numerical simulations of normal and sliding contact using finite element method enable the investigation of the lubricated interaction gap in order to identify significant tribological process parameters.     

Characterization of a novel aerostatic lubrication system for deep drawing processes

For economic and ecological aspects, use of lubricants containing mineral oil in sheet metal forming is sought to be reduced or avoided. Here, the application of gaseous N₂ or liquid CO₂ as volatile media acting as an aerostatic lubrication system represents a new approach for dry metal forming processes. In this paper, friction mechanisms occurring in this lubrication system and main factors influencing friction conditions had been identified by extended research work. An empirical friction model is presented, allowing the prediction of resulting friction coefficients as a function of the contact normal stresses acting between sheet metal and tool surface.     

TiNi60合金在油润滑下的超滑行为(英文)

研究了4种润滑油(蓖麻油、菜籽油、透平油、石蜡油)对TiNi60合金润滑性能的影响。研究发现,TiNi60合金在可再生蓖麻油润滑下呈现出摩擦因数为0.008的超滑现象。TiNi60合金在干摩擦及4种润滑油下的销-盘摩擦磨损实验研究表明:TiNi60合金在油润滑下具有优异的摩擦学性能,蓖麻油的润滑性能最优,摩擦因数最小,长时间摩擦后摩擦副表面无可测磨损。超滑机理归纳为极性高、碳链长的蓖麻油在TiNi60合金表面形成了边界润滑膜以及摩擦诱发的解离—OH基团形成屏蔽表面有关。     

Friction behavior of aluminum-coated 22MnB5 in hot stamping under dry and lubricated conditions

The coefficient of friction of aluminum-coated 22MnB5 in hot stamping under dry condition is measured for various surface roughnesses of the die using a flat drawing test machine developed by the authors. The surfaces of the die after drawing are photographed and then analyzed using EDX in the SEM. On the basis of the experimental results, the friction behavior under dry condition is discussed. Moreover, the coefficient of friction of aluminum-coated 22MnB5 in hot stamping under lubricated condition is measured for various surface roughnesses of the dies and the effect of the lubrication on the coefficient of friction is discussed.     

类金刚石膜对CoCrMo合金摩擦性能的影响

目的研究类金刚石膜(DLC)在不同工况条件下的摩擦性能。方法使用磁控溅射技术,在CoCrMo合金表面沉积掺杂Cr元素的DLC薄膜。通过X射线衍射能谱和拉曼光谱对DLC膜表面的化学成分进行分析,采用扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)观察DLC膜的表面形貌,借助摩擦试验仪测试DLC膜在不同工况条件下的摩擦性能。结果薄膜表面呈现颗粒状结构,且薄膜表面粗糙度在10 nm左右,物相分析表明,DLC薄膜为非晶化结构。在牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和NaCl溶液润滑条件下,DLC/CoCrMo摩擦副的平均摩擦系数(COF)分别趋于0.08,磨损区域存在少量的刮痕;而在干摩擦条件下,摩擦系数曲线表现出由高到低的变化趋势,平均摩擦系数约为0.21,同时在销磨损表面能观察到石墨化转移层。当接触压力为1 MPa时,平均摩擦系数约为0.10;接触压力增加至8 MPa时,平均摩擦系数约为0.08。结论润滑条件下,DLC膜表面悬键被钝化,减小其与配副表面之间的相互作用力,因此摩擦系数较低;干摩擦条件下,石墨化转移层充当固体润滑层,最终导致摩擦系数呈现下降趋势。DLC薄膜对摩擦配副具有明显的减摩效果。     

Numerical simulation and analysis on the deep drawing of LPG bottles

Deep drawing is one of the most used sheet metal forming processes in the production of automotive components, LPG bottles and household goods, among others. The formability of a blank depends on the process parameters such as blank holder force, lubrication, punch and die radii, die-punch clearance, in addition to material properties and thickness of the sheet metal. This paper presents a numerical study made on the deep drawing of LPG bottles. In particular, the application of both variable blank holder forces and contact friction conditions at specific location during deep drawing are considered. The numerical simulations were carried out with DD3IMP FE code. A variable blank holder force strategy was applied and the numerical results were compared with results from other blank holder force schemes. It is evident that the proposed variable blank holder force scheme reduces the blank thinning when compared to other schemes; the friction coefficient also has a significant influence on the stress–strain distribution.     

几何特征及工况条件对表面织构摩擦特性影响研究

表面织构技术是一种加工方便且不破坏材料本质的表面改性方法,在材料表面加工出具有一定形状和规则的微观结构以改善材料的表面摩擦性能。但不同工况条件下影响摩擦性能的可变因素太多,以至于无法得到各设计参数的最优通用方案。从提出附加流体动压效应到表面织构形貌、尺寸、深度、面积占有率、坑底形状、取向和分布形式等方面,回顾了国内外表面织构减摩作用的研究发展历程。概述了凹陷织构中连续织构和离散织构的表面形貌对材料表面摩擦特性的影响,并在离散织构中重点分析了三角形、矩形、菱形、六边形、椭圆形、圆柱形、球形、水滴形、圆环形、雪花形和葫芦形等织构形貌对材料表面摩擦特性的影响;论述了各几何参数中织构直径和面积占有率对摩擦因数的影响比织构深度大;阐述了不同分布形式的表面织构对摩擦特性的影响;在干摩擦、边界润滑、流体润滑和混合润滑等4种状态下,总结了不同工况条件下表面织构的减摩机理,并对表面织构存在的问题提出建议,以期为表面织构的研究者提供参考。     

The strain path and forming limit analysis of the lubricated sheet metal forming process

Few previous attempts have been made to analyze numerically the strain path and the forming limit in complex lubricated sheet metal forming. Since usual approaches of solving the lubrication model are limited to axisymmetric and plane strain cases only, this paper developed a unified procedure for combining the finite element code of sheet metal forming, the current lubrication/friction model and forming limit theory, to predict the strain path and fracture strains for either a steady or an unsteady three-dimensional process including both axisymmetric and plane strain cases. The availability of the method must be proved by a published problem, and an axisymmetric stretch forming process was therefore adopted as a benchmark. Numerical results showed that the present analysis provides good agreement with the experimental data of the strain path and the fracture strain for various tribological parameters such as lubricant viscosity and composite roughness of tooling and workpiece, and the advantage of the developed model is that it can be applied to solve the complicated 3D geometric problems.     

油润滑下不同槽宽网状织构表面润滑特性研究

为了提高油膜承载力、改善润滑效果、优化织构化表面的摩擦学性能，研究不同黏度润滑油下网状织构的润滑性能。设计4种不同凹槽宽度的网状织构，通过测量接触角、油膜承载力以及摩擦因数，得到不同转速、不同黏度润滑油下4种网状织构的油膜承载力以及摩擦因数的变化规律。实验结果表明：在4种织构中，凹槽宽度为0.4 mm的网状织构润滑性能最好，在设定的实验条件下，最大油膜承载力为0.52 N,最小摩擦因数为0.019。此外，接触角测量实验表明凹槽宽度为0.4 mm的网状织构表面疏水性能更好，有比较好的成膜能力，使得织构表面动压承载力有比较大提升，摩擦因数也更小。比较不同黏度润滑油和不同转速下网状织构润滑性能，黏度越大的润滑油，油膜承载力越大，润滑效果更佳。同时，油膜承载力随着转速的增大而增大，在润滑油黏度较高时这种影响更为显著。