Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Pure Zirconium via Friction Stir Processing

Friction stir processing (FSP), as a new kind of severe plastic deformation technique, can refine and homogenize the microstructure of metallic material. In this study, the effect of FSP on the microstructure and mechanical properties of pure Zr was investigated using electron backscatter diffraction analysis, microhardness and room-temperature tensile testing. The fine-grained (FG) structure with an average grain size of?~?5.3 μm was obtained in the processed zone, where the average microhardness was?~?198 HV, 1.6 times higher than that of base metal. Furthermore, tensile property of FG pure Zr exhibited obvious anisotropy owing to strong texture. Both grain size and texture had a significant effect on strength and ductility of FG pure Zr. High yield strength (248 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength (483 MPa), as well as good uniform elongation (10%) were achieved, which demonstrated that FSP was an effective method to fabricate bulk FG pure Zr with high strength and good ductility.     

Comparison Between Wear Resistance of Functionally Graded And Homogenous Al-SiC Nanocomposite Produced by Friction Stir Processing (FSP)

In the present work, wear resistance of a homogeneous and functionally graded Al/SiC nanocomposite produced by friction stir processing was studied. According to the wear test results, the friction coefficient of the functionally graded nanocomposite was slightly less than that of the homogeneous nanocomposite (i.e., 0.7 compared to 0.8); this may be due to higher surface hardness of the functionally graded composite. In both cases, the weight loss increased with increasing applied loads; however, weight loss for the functionally graded nanocomposite was lesser under each applied load. Regarding surface studies by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Optical Microscope (OM), the functionally graded nanocomposite showed less micro-galling and other surface damages; this can be attributed to its surface hardness and high work of fracture.     

搅拌摩擦加工工具对镍铝青铜合金显微组织和机械性能的影响

目的掌握搅拌摩擦加工镍铝青铜合金的组织演变规律,获得机械性能最好的显微组织。方法基于搅拌摩擦加工热输入理论改善加工工具,采用改善前后的工具制备具有各种微观组织的镍铝青铜合金,并采用显微硬度仪测试合金的显微硬度,通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜观察加工合金的显微组织。结果搅拌摩擦加工的组织主要包括魏氏体α、带状α、溪流状α以及等轴状α组织,各组织形成的最高温度逐渐减小,其中等轴状组织具有最高的显微硬度,其微观组织主要包括大量的等轴状α晶粒、κ相和极少的β′相。结论通过减少工具轴肩直径,增加搅拌针的长度来改善加工工具,可以明显减少搅拌摩擦加工过程中的热输入。较低最高温度下制备的等轴状α组织具有最好的机械性能,其主要的强化机制为细晶强化、第二相强化和加工硬化。     

Microstructure,Mechanical Properties,and Corrosion Behavior of Mg-Al-Ca Alloy Prepared by Friction Stir Processing

Friction stir processing (FSP) was used to modify the microstructure and improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of an Mg-Al-Ca alloy. The results demonstrated that, after FSP, the grain size of the Mg-Al-Ca alloy was decreased from 13.3 to 6.7 μm. Meanwhile, the Al₈Mn₅ phase was broken and dispersed, and its amount was increased. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the Mg-Al-Ca alloy were increased by 17.0% and 10.1%, respectively, due to the combination of fine grain, second phase, and orientation strengthening, while the elongation was slightly decreased. The immersion and electrochemical corrosion rates in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution decreased by 18.4% and 37.5%, respectively, which contributed to grain refinement. However, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of the modified Mg-Al-Ca alloy decreased significantly, which was mainly due to the filiform corrosion induced by the Al₈Mn₅ phase. SCC was mainly controlled by anodic dissolution, while the cathodic hydrogen evolution accelerated the SCC process.     

Influence of Multi-pass Friction Stir Processing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Die Cast Al–7Si–3Cu Aluminum Alloy

The influence of overlap multi-pass friction stir processing on the microstructure and the mechanical properties, in particular, strength, ductility and hardness of die cast Al–7Si–3Cu aluminum alloy was investigated.It was observed that increase in the number of overlap passes friction stir processing resulted in significant refinement and redistribution of aluminum silicon eutectic phase and elimination of casting porosities. The microstructural refinement by the friction stir processing not only increases the ultimate tensile strength from 121 to273 MPa, but also increases the ductility as observed by the increase in fracture strain from 1.8% to 10%. Analysis of the fractured surface reveals that the microstructural refinement obtained by friction stir processing plays a vital role in transforming the fracture mode from completely mixed mode to the ductile mode of the fracture with increasing number of passes. The change in the size, shape, morphology and distribution of eutectic silicon particles and elimination of the porosities are the main reasons for the increases in tensile strength and ductility due to friction stir processing.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of T6-Treated B_4Cp/6061Al Composite

T6-treated 20 wt% B_4 Cp/6061 Al sheets were joined under welding speeds of 400–1200 mm/min by friction stir welding(FSW) with a threaded cermet pin. The macro-defect-free FSW joints could be achieved at high welding speeds up to 1200 mm/min, but larger plunge depth was required at the welding speeds of 800 and 1200 mm/min to eliminate the tunnel defect. In the nugget zone(NZ) of the joints, the B_4 C particles were broken up and uniformly redistributed. The NZ exhibited lower hardness than the base metal(BM), and the hardness value almost did not change with increasing welding speed, attributable to the dissolution of precipitates. Compared with the BM, the joints showed lower tensile strength. As the welding speed increased from 400 to 800 mm/min, the joint efficiencies were nearly the same and up to ～ 73%. When the welding speed increased up to 1200 mm/min, the tensile strength significantly decreased, due to the occurrence of kissing bond defect at the bottom of the NZ. With increasing welding speed, the fracture location of the joints transferred gradually from the heat-affected zone to the NZ due to the kissing bond defects.     

搅拌摩擦加工制备Al6061/SiC复合材料的耐蚀性研究

目的 利用搅拌摩擦加工技术制备纳米SiC铝基复合材料,研究经过纳米粒子的添加和FSP作用后,其耐腐蚀性能的变化及原因.方法 室温条件下,在3.5％NaCl溶液中,通过电化学阻抗谱和动电位极化曲线对试样的耐腐蚀性能进行检测分析.利用电子背散射衍射技术和透射电镜对3种试样的显微组织进行表征,研究耐腐蚀性能的变化机理.结果 ...     

Friction stir processing of Al/SiC composites fabricated by powder metallurgy

Friction stir processing (FSP) was applied to modify the microstructure of sintered Al–SiC composites with particle concentrations ranging from 4 to 16 vol%. Two SiC particle sizes (490N and 800 grades) were examined. Following FSP, the hardness of the 4 and 8 vol% of 490N grade SiC composites increased from 130 HV and 145 HV to 171 HV and 177 HV respectively. The increase was accounted for by the severe deformation occurring during FSP which uniformly distributed the SiC particles. The composites containing 16 vol% SiC could not be fully consolidated using FSP, and contained residual pores and lack of consolidation which originated from the as-received sintered microstructure. The hardness correlated well with the mean inter-particle spacing for the SiC particles in the case of composites containing 4 and 8 vol% SiC.     

Effect of Zener-Hollomon Parameter on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Copper Subjected to Friction Stir Welding

In this work, the influence of the Zener-Hollomon (Z) parameter on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper subjected to friction stir welding (FSW) was investigated. Liquid N₂ cooling was conducted to control the cooling rate after the FSW. The obtained results demonstrate that the Z parameter was dependent on the tool rotation rate during the FSW, i.e., a higher tool rotating rate resulted in a lower Z parameter. The grain size in the stir zone decreased with the increase in the Z parameter. The relationship between the yield strength and the Z parameter is established as σ_0.2 = σ₀ + kZⁿ. This relationship exhibited two different plots under the conditions of air cooling and liquid N₂ cooling. Even at a similar Z parameter, a significant yield strength difference occurred because massive dislocations, which were caused by the prevention of the post-annealing effect, were maintained in the stir zone. This study suggests that the influence of the post-annealing effect should not be neglected when analyzing the relationship between the Z parameter, microstructure, and mechanical properties.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Q235 Steel Welded Using Friction Stir Welding

This study focuses on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints of Q235 mild steel, which was formed by the friction stir welding (FSW). The results indicated that, after the FSW, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the retreating side (HAZ_RS) and the HAZ of the advancing side (HAZ_AS) recovered under the influence of the heating cycle. The transformation of the phases in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the retreating side (TMAZ_RS), the stir zone (SZ) and the TMAZ of the advancing side (TMAZ_AS) generated the pearlite and acicular ferrite. The continuous dynamic recrystallization occurred in all the three zones, whereas the grains were refined. The SZ mainly consisted of D₁, D₂ and F shear textures, while the TMAZ_AS was made up of only the F shear texture. The fine-grained structure, pearlite and the acicular ferrite improved the hardness and tensile strength of the joint. Its ultimate tensile strength was 479 MPa, which was 1.3% higher than that of the base metal. However, the uniform elongation was 16%, which showed a decrease of 33%. The fracture was a ductile fracture with the appearance of dimples. Besides, the joints of the FSW showed an excellent bending performance.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 1.5 GPa Martensitic High-Strength Steel Plates

In this study, 2.4 mm thick high-strength martensitic steel plates with a tensile strength of 1500 MPa were friction stir welded at various welding speeds of 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 mm/min and a constant rotation speed of 300 rpm. Sound joints could be obtained when the welding speed was 40, 60 and 80 mm/min, while a kissing bond was found in the joint welded at 100 and 120 mm/min. It was revealed that the peak temperature exceeded A_C3 (the end temperature at which all ferrite transformed to austenite when the steel was heated) for all the welding conditions and martensitic structures were finally formed in the stir zone of the joints. A significant decrease in hardness was located in the heat-affected zone, which had a transitional microstructure from tempered martensite near base metal to a mixed structure containing hard martensite, soft ferrite and bainite near stir zone. For the sound joints, the specimen was fractured in the heat-affected zone during tensile tests and the highest tensile strength could reach about 1058 MPa.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Welded Thick Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy Plate

In this work, 20-mm-thick aluminum-alloy plates were joined via friction stir welding. The temperature gradient was reduced by reducing the surface welding heat input to achieve uniformity of the mechanical properties across the thick plate joints. The welding temperature was measured using thermocouples. The microstructures were observed via electron backscatter diff raction and transmission electron microscopy. The tensile properties of the samples sliced along the thickness direction of the j...     

Influence of Pin Offset on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Mg/Ti Dissimilar Alloys

The influences of pin offset on the formation, microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joint of Ti6 Al4 V and AZ31 B Mg dissimilar alloys were investigated. The results show that sound joints are obtained at different offsets. With the offset decreasing from 2.5 to 2.1 mm, the number of Ti alloy fragments is increased, and the stir zone(SZ) is enlarged and the grains in SZ become coarser. A hook-like structure is formed at the Mg/Ti interface and its length is increased with the decrease in pin offset. The Al element has an enrichment trend at the Ti alloy side near the Mg/Ti interface when the offset is decreased, which is beneficial to the bonding of the interface. An Al-rich layer with a thickness of 3–5μm forms at the offset of 2.1 mm. All the joints fracture at the interface and present a mixed ductile-and-brittle fracture mode. The joint tensile strength is increased with the offset decreasing from 2.5 to 2.1 mm, and the maximum tensile strength of 175 MPa is acquired at the offset of 2.1 mm.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X80 Pipeline Steel Joints by Friction Stir Welding Under Various Cooling Conditions

X80 pipeline steel plates were friction stir welded(FSW) under air, water, liquid CO_2 + water, and liquid CO_2 cooling conditions, producing defect-free welds. The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of these FSW joints were studied. Coarse granular bainite was observed in the nugget zone(NZ) under air cooling, and lath bainite and lath martensite increased signifi cantly as the cooling medium temperature reduced. In particular, under the liquid CO_2 cooling condition, a dual phase structure of lath martensite and fi ne ferrite appeared in the NZ. Compared to the case under air cooling, a strong shear texture was identifi ed in the NZs under other rapid cooling conditions, because the partial deformation at elevated temperature was retained through higher cooling rates. Under liquid CO_2 cooling, the highest transverse tensile strength and elongation of the joint reached 92% and 82% of those of the basal metal(BM), respectively, due to the weak tempering softening. A maximum impact energy of up to 93% of that of the BM was obtained in the NZ under liquid CO_2 cooling, which was attributed to the operation of the dual phase of lath martensite and fi ne ferrite.     

碳纳米管表面强化高强铝合金磨损性能研究

用搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)技术将多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)添加在LC9铝合金板表面,并在其表层形成碳纳米管铝基复合材料,表面强化高强铝合金材料.结果表明,MWCNTs的加入,可使铝基复合材料的耐磨性明显提高.随着MWCNTs含量的增加,复合材料的磨损量呈降低趋势,耐磨性能提高.在复合材料表面主要发生了磨粒磨损现象.     

搅拌摩擦加工碳纳米管增强7075铝基复合材料的疲劳性能

采用搅拌摩擦加工方法制备了碳纳米管增强7075铝基复合材料,研究了复合材料显微组织和疲劳性能。结果表明:复合材料晶粒细小,增强相碳纳米管在基体中分散均匀。随碳纳米管体积分数的增加,碳纳米管在基体中的分散程度降低。复合材料的疲劳性能高于基材,且随着碳纳米管含量的增加,复合材料的疲劳性能逐渐提高,但发现其抗拉强度呈现逐渐减小的趋势。复合材料中存在少量的大尺寸金属间化合物、非金属夹杂、片状氧化物等缺陷对复合材料的疲劳性能造成不利影响。     

Ultrafine-Grained Microstructure and Improved Mechanical Behaviors of Friction Stir Welded Cu and Cu–30Zn Joints

Ultra-strong joints of pure Cu and Cu–30Zn alloy were obtained by friction stir welding under flowing water. The effects of heat inputting condition and material characteristics on the morphologies, microstructures and mechanical properties of welding joints were studied. Defect-free stirring zones of pure Cu and Cu–30Zn were characterized by onion-ringed structure and plastic flowing bands, respectively. Both low stacking fault energy and fast cooling condition contributed to the formation of small recrystallized grains less than 1 μm in stirring zones. The welding joints in both materials exhibited enhanced mechanical performances due to ultrafine-grained microstructure in stirring zones and disappearance of soft heataffected-zone. The technique of digital image correlation was used to study the tensile deformation behaviors of welding joints and verify the improved tensile properties.     

Effect of Rotation Rate on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Processed Ni-Fe-Based Superalloy

In this work,friction stir processing (FSP) was applied to the high-strength and high-melting-point Ni-Fe-based superal-loy (HT700) for the first time with negligible wear of the stir tool.Different rotation rates were chosen to investigate the effect of heat input on microstructure and tensile properties at different temperatures of friction stir processed Ni-Fe-based superalloy.The results showed that with increasing rotation rate,the percentage of high-angle grain boundaries and twin boundaries gradually decreased whereas the grain size initially increased and then remained almost constant;the difference in tensile properties of FSP samples with rotation rates of 500-700 rpm was small attributing to their similar grain size,but the maximum strength was achieved in the FSP sample with a rotation rate of 400 rpm and traverse speed of 50 mm/min due to its finest grain size.More importantly,we found that the yield strength of all FSP samples tensioned at 700 ℃ was enhanced clearly resulting from the reprecipitation of γ'phase.In addition,the grain refinement mechanism of HT700 alloy during FSP was proved to be continuous dynamic recrystallization and the specific refinement process was given.     

搅拌摩擦加工SiC复合层对镁合金摩擦磨损性能的影响

研究了搅拌摩擦加工（FSP）AZ91D镁合金SiC复合层的微观组织和磨损性能。结果表明,复合层SiC粒子分布均匀,晶粒细小,成分均一,抗摩擦磨损性能较基体有大幅度提高。     

Effect of Friction Stir Processing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

对铸态AZ31镁合金进行单道次和双道次搅拌摩擦加工,对其微观组织和力学性能进行研究.结果表明:铸态AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦加工后,共晶网状β-Mg17Al12相破碎并发生固溶,微观组织显著细化和均匀化.AZ31镁合金母材和单道次搅拌摩擦加工后的试样没有择优取向,而双道次搅拌摩擦加工后的试样存在择优取向,其(0002)基平面与试样表面平行.单道次和双道次搅拌摩擦加工后试样的抗拉强度分别提高了43和82MPa,延伸率提高了4.3％和11.9％.搅拌摩擦加工后试样的拉伸断口表现为韧性断裂特征.