Effects of Thermal Exposure on the Tensile and Fatigue Properties of Cast Ti—47Al—2Cr—2Nb--0.15B Alloy

测量了铸造Ti—47Al—2Cr—2Nb-0．15B(原子分数，％)合金的高温疲劳强度以及650℃／100h和800℃／100h热暴露后的拉伸性能和疲劳强度，采用X射线衍射和扫描电镜等方法分析了经热暴露后合金基体组织的变化和表面层的结构．随暴露温度的提高，合金的室温塑性和疲劳强度降低，650℃附近有一转折点，大于650℃时上述性能加速下降；合金高温疲劳性能具有相似的变化规律．显微分析表明，在热暴露或高温疲劳实验时，表面形成的脆性层是导致合金性能降低的直接原因；而随温度的提高，表面层由渗氧层转变为氧化层是导致合金性能随温度变化出现转折的原因．     

Effects of Cr and Fe Addition on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Ti–6Al–4V Prepared by Direct Energy Deposition

The effects of Cr and Fe addition on the mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloys prepared by direct energy deposition were investigated. As the Cr and Fe concentrations were increased from 0 to 2 mass%, the tensile strength increased because of the fine-grained equiaxed prior β phase and martensite. An excellent combination of strength and ductility was obtained in these alloys. When the Cr and Fe concentrations were increased to 4 mass%, extremely fine-grained martensitic structures with poor ductility were obtained. In addition, Fe-added Ti–6Al–4V resulted in a partially melted Ti–6Al–4V powder because of the large difference between the melting temperatures of the Fe eutectic phase (Ti–33Fe) and the Ti–6Al–4V powder, which induced the formation of a thick liquid layer surrounding Ti–6Al–4V. The ductility of Fe-added Ti–6Al–4V was thus poorer than that of Cr-added Ti–6Al–4V.     

Effect of Nb and Mo on the Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Ductility-Dip Cracking of Ni–Cr–Fe Weld Metals

A series of Ni–Cr–Fe welding wires with different Nb and Mo contents were designed to investigate the effect of Nb and Mo on the microstructure, mechanical properties and the ductility-dip cracking susceptibility of the weld metals by optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction as well as the tensile and impact tests. Results showed that large Laves phases formed and distributed along the interdendritic regions with high Nb or Mo addition. The Cr-carbide(M_(23)C_6) was suppressed to precipitate at the grain boundaries with high Nb addition. Tensile testing indicates that the ultimate strength of weld metals increases with Nb or Mo addition. However, the voids formed easily around the large Laves phases in the interdendritic area during tensile testing for the weld metal with high Mo content. It is found that the tensile fractographs of high Mo weld metals show a typical feature of interdendritic fracture. The high Nb or Mo addition, which leads to the formation of large Laves phases, exposes a great weakening effect on the impact toughness of weld metals. In addition, the ductility-dip cracking was not found by OM in the selected cross sections of weld metals with different Nb additions. High Nb addition can eliminate the ductility-dip cracking from the Ni–Cr–Fe weld metals effectively.     

Effects of carbon addition and aging on the shape memory effect of Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni alloys

The effects of carbon content and aging treatment on the microstructures and shape recovery ratio of Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni alloys were studied. It was found that the carbon content possessed significant effects on the shape recovery ratio of Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni alloys. The shape memory effect of alloys containing different carbon amount could be improved through aging.     

Tensile creep of Mo–Si–B alloys

Multiphase Mo–Si–B alloys containing a Mo solid solution matrix and brittle Mo₃Si and Mo₅SiB₂ (T2) intermetallic phases are candidates for ultra-high-temperature applications_. The elevated temperature uniaxial tensile response at a nominal strain rate of 10^?4 s^–1 and the tensile creep response at constant load between 1000 °C and 1300 °C of a (i) single phase solid solution (Mo–3.0Si–1.3B in at.%), (ii) two-phase alloy containing ～35 vol.% T2 phase (Mo–6Si–8B in at.%) and (iii) three-phase alloy with ～50 vol.% T2 + Mo₃Si phases (Mo–8.6Si–8.7B in at.%) were evaluated. The results confirm that Si in solid solution significantly enhances both the yield strength and the creep resistance of these materials. A Larson–Miller plot of the creep data showed improved creep resistance of the two- and three-phase alloys in comparison with Ni-based superalloys. The extent of Si dissolved in the solid solution phase varied in these three alloys and Si appeared to segregate to dislocations and grain boundaries. A stress exponent of ～5 for the solid solution alloy and ～7 at 1200 °C for the two multiphase alloys suggested dislocation climb to be the controlling mechanism. Grain boundary precipitation of the T2 phase during creep deformation was observed and the precipitation kinetics appear to be affected by the test temperature and applied stress.     

Effect of Zr Addition on the High-Temperature Oxidation Behaviour of Mo–Si–B Alloys

Mo–Si–B alloys are promising candidates for structural high-temperature applications due to their excellent high-temperature mechanical properties along with high melting temperatures and oxidation resistance. After an initial period with high weight loss rates as a consequence of the volatilization of Mo-oxide, a protective borosilica (glass) layer develops on the alloy surface and steady-state oxidation is achieved. Aiming at improved mechanical properties of Mo–Si–B alloys which exhibit a continuous Mo solid solution matrix as a consequence of a powder metallurgical production route, small amounts of Zr were added. The presence of oxygen in the alloy leads to the formation of thermodynamically very stable Zr-oxide precipitates in the bulk alloy causing an enhancement of its mechanical properties. It was observed that the addition of Zr (distributed in the alloy matrix) also has significant influence on the oxidation behaviour of Mo–Si–B alloys by reducing the period for the formation of the protective and stable silica scale. Furthermore, the weight loss due to vaporization of Mo-oxides is consequently reduced. Besides this beneficial effect, Zr is harmful for the oxidation resistance at temperatures beyond 1,200 °C. This is mainly due to the increased oxygen transport through defects in the silica scale.     

Effects of Homogenization Treatment on the Microsegregation of a Ni–Co Based Superalloy Produced by Directional Solidification

To reduce microsegregation,a series of homogenization treatments were carried out on a Ni-Co based superalloy prepared through directional solidification(DS).The element segregation characteristics and microstructural evolution were investigated by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and electron probe microanalysis(EPMA).The results show that the elements are non-uniformly distributed in the solidified superalloy,in which W and Ti have the greatest tendency of microsegregation.Furthermore,severe microsegregation leads to complicated precipitations,including η-Ni_3Ti and eutectic(γ+γ').EPMA results show that Al and Mo are uniformly distributed between the eutectic(γ+γ')and γ matrix,whereas Ti is segregated in the eutectic(γ+γ') and η phases.The positive segregation element Ti,which is continuously rejected into the remaining liquid during γ matrix solidification,promotes the formation of eutectic(γ+γ') and the transformation of the η phase.According to the homogenization effect,the optimal single-stage homogenization process of this alloy is 1180 ℃ for 2 h because of the sufficient diffusion segregation of the elements.In the present study,a kinetic diffusion model was built to reflect the degree of element segregation during homogenization,and the diffusion coefficients of W and Ti were estimated.     

σ-Phase Precipitation Mechanism of 15Cr–15Ni Titanium-Modified Austenitic Stainless Steel During Long-Term Thermal Exposure

The σ-Phase precipitation in 20% cold-worked 15Cr–15Ni titanium-modified austenitic stainless steel was studied during long-term aging treatment. During the isothermal aging stage, the amount of σ-Phase was significantly increased at beginning and gradually became constant. The aging time only slightly affected the size and morphology of the σ-Phase. Conversely, during the isochronal aging stage, the amount of σ-Phase grew rapidly with the increase in the aging temperature. The σ-Phase with a large amount of stacking faults was prone to nucleate around the(Ti, Mo)C particles or at the grain boundaries. The(Ti, Mo)C particles can act as effective nucleation sites, where the σ-Phase directly precipitates from the austenitic matrix. From this work, the growth of σ-Phase is found to be influenced by the aging temperature, and a new mechanism of σ-Phase precipitation from austenite has been proposed.     

Evolution of γ' Particles in Ni-Based Superalloy Weld Joint and Its Effect on Impact Toughness During Long-Term Thermal Exposure

Effects of long-term thermal exposure on γ' particles evolution and impact toughness in the weld joint of Nimonic 263(N263)superalloy were deeply studied at 750℃.Results showed that the precipitates in the weld metal were mainly composed of fine γ' particles,bulky MC carbides,and small M_(23)C_6 carbides.With the thermal exposure time increasing from o to 3000 h,γ' particles in the weld metal grew up from 19.7 nm to 90.1 nm at an extremely slow rate.After being exposed for 1000 h,γ' particles coarsened and some of them transformed into acicular η phase.At the same time,MC carbides decomposed to form η phase and γ' particles.This dynamic transition ensured the slight reduction in impact toughness of the weld metal after the thermal exposure,which indicated the stable serving performance of N263 weld joint.     

Effects of Long-Term Aging on the Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ni-Based Single Crystal Superalloy

利用微观分析方法研究了第二代镍基单晶合金 DD6 标准热处理和980 ℃/1050 ℃/1200 ℃/长期时效对γ/γ′形态演化和拉伸性能的影响。结果显示：镍基单晶合金DD6在较高温度时效处理后会发生形态不稳定,1050 ℃/时效800 h后γ′强化相逐渐连接成筏;1200 oC时效100 h后,γ/γ′微结构的立方度明显下降并逐渐向球形边界转化,并伴有少量细小基体相嵌入强化组织。在γ/γ′界面附近分布着大量位错线,位错运动随着时效处理时间和温度的增长而加强。1050 ℃/时效1000 h后在固溶元素富集区析出块状沉淀相,其脆性特征在低温拉伸时会塞积位错运动形成应力集中。760 ℃高温下的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率随着时效时间增长而减小,断面收缩率有所波动     

Mg-Al-Zn-Si耐热镁合金Mg2Si相形貌及其对力学性能的影响

采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、性能测试等分析测试手段,研究了Mg-Al-Zn-Si耐热镁合金中Mg2Si相的形貌及其对力学性能的影响.结果表明,当合金中添加少量的Si元素后,Mg2Si相以汉字状形貌存在;当Si含量增多时,开始出现多边形形貌的Mg2Si,且其含量随着Si含量的增多而增多,同时汉字状Mg2Si减少.多边形Mg2Si不利于合金的力学性能,其体积分数越高,合金的力学性能下降幅度越大.合金中Al含量越高,越容易抑制汉字状Mg2Si的生长,并促进多边形Mg2Si的生成.Mg2Si相由汉字状转化为多边形的临界区域,Al和Si元素的含量呈现一定的线性关系.     

Ca对Mg-4Al-1RE合金的组织和力学性能的影响

通过配置6种成分的合金进行的试验发现，铸态AE41合金的显微组织具有典型的树枝晶特征，由α-Mg基体和针状的Al110RE3相组成。AE41合金中加入少量的Ca后，合金的组织得到了细化，同时有新的热稳定相Al2Ca形成。Al2Ca有两种形貌：一种是骨骼状，主要沿晶界分布；另一种呈颗粒状，主要存在于晶粒内部。加入Ca后合金的室温和高温屈服强度以及高温瞬时抗拉强度得到改善，但是同时也降低了合金的塑性。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Spray-Formed Superalloy

The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a spray-formed superalloy were studied in this paper. Based on a better understanding of the microstructural evolution of the spray-formed superalloy during solution treatment, an optimum solution treatment process was obtained, namely, at 1,140 °C for 6 h, and air cooling(AC). The effects of the ageing treatments on the mechanical properties of the post-solution-treated spray-formed superalloy were evaluated using ageing harden curves and tensile testing. The results indicated that the maximum hardness value was achieved at 850 °C for 8 h, AC. Due to co-precipitation of primary and secondary c0 precipitates during the heat treatment,the spray-formed superalloy obtained an excellent combination of yield strength(YS = 1,110 MPa), ultimate tensile strength(UTS = 1,503 MPa), ductility(elongation, EL = 21%) and excellent stress rupture properties at 650 °C(UTS = 1,209 MPa, EL = 15.8%). The heat treatment also improved the rupture life at 650 °C/950 MPa and 750 °C/539 MPa up to 140 h without rupturing. The tensile-fractured surfaces exhibit ductile transgranular failure feature. The optimum heat treatment process was determined to be 1,140 °C/6 h+850 °C/8 h+AC.     

新型镍钴基高温合金拉伸性能和变形机制研究

采用SEM、EBSD和TEM研究了室温（25℃）和中温（650、700和750℃）下新型镍钴基高温合金力学性能及其变形机制。结果表明：室温下,合金的屈服强度和延伸率分别是1176 MPa和22.5%,主要的变形机制为大量位错发生滑移,不全位错切割γ′相形成孤立层错。当温度达到650℃时,观察到微孪晶切割二次γ′相和γ基体,以连续层错切割二次γ′相和γ基体变形为主。在700～750℃时,以连续层错和微孪晶同时切割二次γ′相和γ基体为主,并且层错的长度和微孪晶的厚度随温度的升高而增加。650～750℃范围内,切割一次γ′相的机制从APB转变到孤立层错。讨论了中温条件下变形机制随温度的变化以及微孪晶、层错等的形成机制。其中给出了a/6<112>不全位错剪切γ′相形成超点阵外禀层错（SESF）的一种原子互换扩散模型,解释微孪晶的形成过程,为进一步研制高性能水平的新型镍钴基高温合金提供参考。     

Cr对含FeT业纯铜组织和力学性能的影响

研究了Cr的不同加入量（ωcr=0％、0．3％、0．75％和1．2％）对含Fe工业纯铜组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,Cr与Cu不能形成化合物,可有限固溶于纯铜中,超过部分形成过剩的第二相。固溶时效热处理可析出细小弥散的第二相质点。随Cr含量增大,铸态合金材料的强度、硬度增加。热处理可使铸态力学性能得到进一步提高。少量的Fe对合金的力学性能是有益的。     

Effect of Long-Term Thermal Exposures on Tensile Behaviors of K416B Nickel-Based Superalloy

The effect of long-term thermal exposure on the tensile behavior of a high W content nickel-based superalloy K416B was investigated. The microstructure and the deformation characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and the phase transformation of the alloy during long-term thermal exposure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction patterns and differential thermal analysis. Results showed that after thermal exposure at 1000 °C, the MC carbides in the K416B alloy decomposed into M₆C. During tensile deformation, dislocations slipping in γ matrix crossed over the M₆C by Orowan bowing mechanism. With the increase of thermal exposure time, the secondary M₆C reduced greatly the yield strength of the alloy at room temperature. Meanwhile, the continuous distribution of the secondary M₆C with great brittleness in the grain boundary could become the main source of crack, which might change the fracture characteristic of the alloy from trans-granular to intergranular.     

一种镍基第三代单晶高温合金的横向拉伸性能

在760℃到1100℃条件下,研究了一种镍基第三代单晶高温合金的横向拉伸性能。采用光学显微镜(OM)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)与扫描透射电子显微镜(STEM)观察了合金的显微组织与断口形貌。结果表明：随着温度的升高,合金的拉伸强度降低,而拉伸延伸率增加。在760℃与850℃条件下的拉伸断裂均为类解理断裂。在980℃,1070℃和1100℃条件下,试样断口出现了反映凝固方向的枝晶形貌特征,且随着温度的升高枝晶形貌在断口上的面积增加。在980℃条件下,拉伸断裂为类解理断裂与韧窝断裂的混合断裂。在1070℃与1100℃条件下,拉伸断裂均为韧窝断裂。随着温度的升高,塑性变形过程中开动了更多滑移系,导致形成了不同的位错形貌。760℃拉伸,合金中出现了高密度大致平行分布的a/2<110>位错;980℃拉伸,合金中出现了位错缠结;1100℃拉伸,合金中形成了位错网络。     

TLP连接对一种镍基单晶高温合金拉伸性能的影响

采用Ni-Cr-B非晶中间层瞬间液相连接（Transient liquid phase bonding） 一种镍基单晶高温合金DD98，TLP连接在1230℃，8h真空条件下进行。利用扫描电镜进行微观组织观察和成分分析。在不同温度对接头与母材进行了拉伸实验。实验结果表明：接头的微观组织和化学成分与母材趋于一致；接头强度达到母材的标准，其它性能指标与母材相当，二者的应力一应变关系相同。