Comparison of susceptibility to pitting corrosion of AA2024-T4, AA7075-T651 and AA7475-T761 aluminium alloys in neutral chloride solutions using electrochemical noise analysis

The susceptibility to pitting corrosion of AA2024-T4, AA7075-T651 and AA7475-T761 aluminium alloys was investigated in aqueous neutral chloride solution for the purpose of comparison using electrochemical noise measurement. The experimentally measured electrochemical noises were analysed based upon the combined stochastic theory and shot-noise theory using the Weibull distribution function. From the occurrence of two linear regions on one Weibull probability plot, it was suggested that there existed two stochastic processes of uniform corrosion and pitting corrosion; pitting corrosion was distinguished from uniform corrosion in terms of the frequency of events in the stochastic analysis. Accordingly, the present analysis method allowed us to investigate pitting corrosion independently. The susceptibility to pitting corrosion was appropriately evaluated by determining pit embryo formation rate in the stochastic analysis. The susceptibility was decreased in the following order: AA2024-T4 (the naturally aged condition), AA7475-T761 (the overaged condition) and AA7075-T651 (the near-peak-aged condition).     

Al-Cu-Li合金在盐溶液中的腐蚀行为以及腐蚀机理研究进展

Al-Cu-Li合金是航天航空工业中重要的轻质结构材料，已成为国产大飞机结构件的关键材料之一。飞行器在海洋等潮湿环境服役时，易受到具有腐蚀性的卤化物阴离子的侵蚀，尤其是在Cl^-离子侵蚀作用下，Al-Cu-Li合金构件表面易出现点蚀、晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀现象。Al-Cu-Li合金的局部腐蚀主要归因于合金相与合金基体间存在电势差，进而导致在腐蚀介质中形成微型腐蚀原电池。综述了Al-Cu-Li合金在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为以及热处理工艺对合金耐腐蚀性能的影响，重点分析了粗大第二相颗粒和时效析出相对Al-Cu-Li合金腐蚀性能的影响，研究了典型第3代Al-Cu-Li（2A97-T3、2A97-T6、2060-T8和2099-T83）合金以及航空用常规高强铝合金2024-T4在3种不同浓度NaCl溶液中的侵蚀行为以及在质量分数3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学行为。综合分析各试样的微观腐蚀形貌、腐蚀电化学参数以及腐蚀程度，最终得出各试样的耐腐蚀性能由强至弱为：2A97-T3>2A97-T6>2024-T4>2060-T8>2099-T83。最后揭示了Al-Cu-Li合金在腐蚀介质中的腐蚀机理，总结了在海洋环境下铝合金的防腐措施。本文为后续Al-Cu-Li合金防腐性能的发展和飞机耐腐蚀性能的提升提供了参考。     

Hydrogen embrittlement of the 7B05-T5 aluminum alloy for high-speed trains

The effect of hydrogen cathodic charging on the mechanical behavior of the 7B05-T5 aluminum alloy has been studied. The hydrogen susceptibility of the 7B05-T5 aluminum alloy was evaluated by slow strain rate tensile testing. The tensile tests revealed that the ductility of the 7B05-T5 aluminum alloy decreased when charged cathodically for 96 hr with a constant current density of 2 mA/cm ². The charged 7B05-T5 aluminum alloy exhibited pitting corrosion at the surface layers and brittle intergranular fracture at the deeper layers of the alloy. The decrease in the ductility of the aluminum alloy was attributed to hydrogen-reducing atomic binding force.     

Alloying effect of copper concentration on the localized corrosion of aluminum alloy for heat exchanger tube

This study examined the alloying effect of Cu content on the localized corrosion properties of Al alloy in synthetic acid rain containing 200 ppm of Cl- ion. In aluminum alloy tubes, a small amount of Cu is contained as the additive to improve the mechanical strength or as the impurity. The Cu-containing intermetallic compound, Al₂Cu can cause galvanic corrosion because it has more noble potential than Al matrix. Therefore aluminum tube could be penetrated by localized corrosion attack. The results were obtained from electrochemical test, scanning electron microscopy, and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) mapping. Severe localized corrosion was occurred on the Al-0.03 wt% Cu alloy. The negative effect of Cu on the pitting corrosion was attributed to the presence of the Al₂Cu precipitates.     

深冷处理对7075-T6铝合金高速切削亚表层微细观演变及腐蚀机理的影响研究

目的 探究切削速度对经深冷处理和未经深冷处理的7075-T6铝合金微观组织演变机理和耐腐性的影响。方法 选取经深冷处理(T6-C)和未经深冷处理(T6)的7075-T6铝合金进行切削加工,并在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中进行电化学腐蚀实验。通过透射电镜(TEM)、HRTEM、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电化学分析,对微观组织演变、表面形貌和耐腐蚀性能进行研究。结果 在相同的切削参数下,相较于T6铝合金,T6-C铝合金表现出更小的晶粒尺寸,铝基体中存在更多的析出相——η相MgZn2,且位错密度以及析出相密度更大,无析出晶界带为断续分布。深冷处理和增大切削速度都显著提高了7075-T6铝合金的耐腐蚀性能,且腐蚀形貌存在显著的龟裂现象。通过电化学分析得知,当切削速度为1 500 m/min时,与未深冷处理相比,深冷处理后的7075-T6铝合金的电流密度减小了3.24×10⁻⁶ A/cm²,极化电阻增大了1.68×10⁵ Ω.cm²,在该参数下表现出较好的耐腐蚀性能。与此同时,随着切削速度的增大,容抗弧半径呈增大的变化趋势,且相较于T6铝合金,T6-C铝合金具有更大的容抗弧半径。结论 深冷处理可以有效细化7075-T6铝合金的晶粒结构,进而强化位错密度,从而显著提升该合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

铸造铝合金A356抗应力腐蚀性能研究

研究铸造A356-T6铝合金在3．5％NaCl水溶液中的抗应力腐蚀性能,测定该环境条件下材料的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率及KIscc值,分析了合金的应力腐蚀机理。结果表明,A356-T6铝合金在3．5％NaCl水溶液中应力腐蚀敏感性较高。应力腐蚀开裂是阳极溶解和机械损伤共同作用的结果,其断口为穿晶脆断形貌。     

IncoMAPAl—9052合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀行为

采用双悬臂梁试样,实验研究了IncoMAP Al-9052合金在3.5％NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为。结果表明该种合金的裂纹扩展机制有别于常规的铝合金。其初期阶段的裂纹扩展过程可划分为三个阶段,在每一阶段的裂纹扩展机制可能是不同的,但其裂纹扩展的主要机制为氢脆。     

Preparation and corrosion resistance of short basalt fiber/7075 aluminum composite

Aiming at the problem of poor corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy drill pipe materials in an alkaline environment, an innovative short basalt fiber/aluminum composite is prepared by vacuum hot-press sintering technique. Also, the corrosion behavior of the composites is investigated by hydrogen evolution and electrochemical tests. The results show that the corrosion resistance of 7075 aluminum alloy is significantly improved after adding 1.0 wt% short basalt fiber. According to the results of scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the main component of basalt fiber, SiO₂, reacts with the aluminum matrix to produce a large amount of Al₂O₃. Meanwhile, Si atoms diffuse into the metal melt. This reaction improves the strength and density of the oxide film of the composite material, thereby improving its corrosion resistance.     

Nanostructured surface pre‐treatment based on self‐assembled molecules for corrosion protection of Alclad 7475‐T761 aluminum alloy

Coatings based on self‐assembled molecules (SAMs) for corrosion protection of aircraft aluminum alloys have been studied to evaluate their potentialities as replacements to yellow chromate conversion coatings (CCC), due to the toxicity of these leading to environmental problems. In this work, the influence of alkane diphosphonates self‐assembling molecules on the corrosion resistance of the AA7475‐T761 cladded with AA7072 was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cathodic and anodic polarization curves, in naturally aerated 0.5 mol/L Na₂SO₄ aqueous solution, with pH adjusted to 4. Corrosion accelerated experiments (salt spray tests) were also carried out to examine the resistance of the SAM treated samples against corrosion. The results suggested that the development of boehmite (aluminum oxide) layer with incorporation of SAM was beneficial to the corrosion resistance of the tested aluminum alloy. Samples surface treated with SAM or aluminum oxide/SAM (without and with subsequent polyester layer) showed better corrosion resistance results than samples with CCC, indicating that this last type of coating containing hexavalent chromium could be replaced by the environmentally friendly pre‐treatment corresponding to boehmite growth followed by incorporation of SAM.     

The corrosion behavior of TiN coated and uncoated incoloy 800 alloy

Incoloy alloy 800 is used in a variety of applications in industry as well as in domestic appliances for sheeting on electric heating elements. The composition of the alloy enables it to resist deterioration in many corrosive environments. However, resistance of the alloy to corrosion in aqueous media needs to be further examined. The present study examines the corrosion properties of Incoloy 800 alloy of both coated and uncoated workpieces obtained in a 0.1N H₂SO₄ + 0.05N NaCl solution. TiN coating is achieved using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique while corrosion tests are carried out using electrochemical polarization methods. Moreover, in order to examine the influence of hydrogen diffusion, reduction of hydrogen at the Incoloy 800 surface is carried out in a solution of 0.1N HNO₃ + 1 g/L thiourea. Tensile tests are conducted on the workpieces to determine the influence of hydrogen embrittlement on the resulting mechanical properties of the substrate. To examine the pit formation and stress induced microcracking, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis is carried out. The results show that the corrosion resistance of the alloy improves after TiN coating. In addition, no specific pattern or differentiation on the pit geometry is observed. The pitting rate and its size reduce considerably for TiN coated workpieces.     

Effect of Hydrogen and Magnetic Field on the Mechanical Behavior of High Strength AISI 4340 Steel

Presence of hydrogen in materials is known to affect their mechanical properties due to hydrogen embrittlement problem. Steels used in various applications are prone to be exposed to aqueous electrochemical environments, which may introduce hydrogen into the alloy. These alloys are also prone to be simultaneously exposed to magnetic field, which may affect the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of these alloys. Therefore, it is important to examine the effect of hydrogen and magnetic field on the mechanical behavior of iron-based alloys. In this work, the effect of hydrogen and magnetic field on the fracture behavior of high strength AISI 4340 steel was examined. Three-point bend test was used to study the fracture behavior. In all the cases, the samples tested with hydrogen charging show a drastic reduction in ductility and fracture stress values. The effect of magnetic field was seen to be negligible. The hydrogen embrittlement was characterized by a change in the fracture surface from a ductile-type fracture to a brittle cleavage-type fracture. Acoustic emission signals collected during the test corresponds to the fracture behavior.     

Zum Spannungsrißkorrosionsverhalten rekristallisierter Bleche der AlLi-Legierung 8090-T81

On the stress corrosion cracking behaviour of recrystallized 8090-T81 Sheets The stress corrosion cracking behaviour of a recrystallized sheet of the Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy 8090-T81 was studied performing accelerated tests under constant deformation, constant load, and slow strain rate conditions. The used electrolytes were an aqueous 3.5% NaCl solution, an aqueous solution of 2% NaCl + 0.5% Na₂CrO₄ at pH = 3, and synthetic seawater according to ASTM D1141. Alternately immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution according to ASTM G44 the investigated alloy was found to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking was not promoted by continuous immersion in aerated 3.5% NaCl solution, 3.5% NaCl solution saturated with carbon dioxide, and in acid chromate inhibited 2% NaCl solution. Using the slow strain rate technique with continuously immersed flat tensile specimens stress corrosion cracking was only observed in synthetic seawater. Under specific environmental conditions hydrogen embrittlement can occur in the investigated material.     

Slow strain rate testing of high-strength aluminium alloy plate in an aqueous solution of 3% NaCl + 0.3% H2O2

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviour of aluminium alloy plate materials was investigated in the short transverse direction using the slow strain rate (SSR) testing technique. The synthetic environment used was an aqueous solution of 3% NaCl + 0.3% H₂O₂. Reference tests under constant deformation and alternate immersion conditions according to ASTM G44 were performed, too. Both static and dynamic loading tests indicate high SCC susceptibility with the alloys 2024-T351, 2091-T8X51, 7050 T651 and 7475-T651. For the alloy 8090-T8171, a low SCC resistance is found in the alternate immersion tests, whereas a rather moderate sensitivity is observed performing SSR tests. The SSR testing technique fails to indicate the SCC sensitivity of the more resistant alloys 2024-T851 and 7050-T7651. As demonstrated by pre-exposure tests, the reduction of fracture energy observed with the latter alloys as well as with the immune alloys 7050-T7351 and 7475-T7351 is caused by pitting and intergranular corrosion. Using an aqueous solution of 3% NaCl + 0.3% H₂O₂, the SSR testing technique is a useful rapid method to screen wrought aluminium alloys which are quite sensitive to environmentally assisted cracking. Because chloride-peroxide solutions are also conducive to corrosion processes independent of stress, pre exposure tests are required to be incorporated into such sorting tests.     

电压对微弧氧化膜抑制7050铝合金氢脆敏感性的影响

为进一步探究微弧氧化膜和7050铝合金的氢脆敏感性之间的关系,采用了湿空气中的慢应变速率拉伸、拉伸断口形貌分析、微弧氧化试样表面形貌分析及氢含量测试等表征手段,验证了微弧氧化膜抑制7050铝合金在湿空气中发生氢脆的机制。结果表明,不同微弧氧化电压下制备的膜层对7050铝合金具有不同的抑制氢脆效果,抑制机制主要由膜阻氢进入试样和膜致附加压应力两个方面组成。     

Einfluß der Festigkeit unlegierter und niedriglegierter Stähle auf H-induzierte Korrosionserscheinungen bei zügiger plastischer Belastung

Influence of mechanical strength on hydrogen-induced corrosion effects on unalloyed and low-alloysteels subjected to slow strain rate tests Three steels were subjected to various heat treatments or cold working to produce 7 variants of strength. Specimens from these materials were tested in 9 aqueous solutions containing various acidic components by the constant strain rate technique under cathodic polarisation or free corrosion conditions. Hydrogen induced cracks were only observed after passing the maximum load. Hydrogen induced cracking and the decrease in the reduction of area (hydrogen embrittlement) show a good correlation with the mechanical properties of the materials. For less ductile materials the number of cracks decreased with increased embrittlement. The magnitude of hydrogen embrittlement depends on the concentration of undissociated acid in the test solution and is independent of pH value. O₂ can reduce the embrittlement. The effect of test solution composition decreases as the cathodic polarisation potential becomes more negative, because hydrogen will then be generated from H₂O. There is no correlation between the type of corrosion effects and the strength of the material, except in the case of highly sensitive high strength variants with R_m in excess of 1000 N/mm². Quenched and tempered low alloy steels, even at high strength levels, have significantly higher resistance to hydrogen embrittlement than significantly higher resistance to hydrogen embrittlement than unalloyed steels. The same is also ture for workhardened variants. For unalloyed steels, metallurgical cleanness seems to have a favourable influence. No hydrogen induced corrosion effects were observed in specimens tested at 907°C under free corrosion conditions.     

In对Al-Mg-Ga-Sn-(In)铝合金阳极组织及电化学性能的影响

在Al基体中添加Mg、Ga、Sn、In合金元素,通过正交试验设计了9组铝-空气电池阳极材料。采用动电位极化试验、析氢试验和恒电流放电试验对铝合金阳极的电化学性能进行优化,通过扫描电镜和能谱测试仪观察了合金的显微组织及成分。结果表明,没有添加In元素的1号合金(Al-0.5Mg-0.05Sn-0.05Ga)、5号合金(Al-Mg-0.1Sn-0.2Ga)和9号合金(Al-2Mg-0.2Sn-0.1Ga)铝阳极具有较差的放电性能和较高的自腐蚀速率,而添加0.05wt% In元素的7号铝阳极(Al-2Mg-0.05Sn-0.2Ga-0.05In)具有最好的放电电压(平均电位-1.968 V)和抗腐蚀性能 (自腐蚀速率0.193 mL·cm^-2·min^-1)。对比去腐蚀产物后的合金表面形貌,发现5号合金的腐蚀表面布满较深的腐蚀坑,这增加了铝合金的自腐蚀,而7号合金的表面具有较浅的腐蚀坑,这减缓了电解液中离子传递和自腐蚀速率。 因此,7号铝合金适合用作铝-空气电池阳极材料。     

Recent Advances on the Corrosion Resistance of Low-Density Steel: A Review

This paper reviews the previous literature on the alloy composition design of low-density steel (LDS), focusing on the effect of Al, Mn, Ni, and other alloy elements on the formation of the steel matrix and second phase, and provides classification. The microstructure of LDS after processing includes the matrix structure, к-carbide, and B2 (FeAl, NiAl, or MnAl) phase of ferritic LDS, austenitic LDS, and dual-phase LDS. The influence of alloy elements on the corrosion resistance of LDS is derived from the addition of Al and Mn for metallurgy. Additionally, the influence of Cr and Mo addition on the corrosion resistance improvement was studied. The electrochemical properties of the corrosion process in LDS are discussed. Further, the microstructure of LDS affects the corrosion resistance properties including pitting corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, and SCC (stress corrosion cracking). Finally, future research directions are proposed.     

时效工艺对2519A铝合金力学性能及抗应力腐蚀开裂性能的影响

通过常温拉伸实验、慢应变拉伸应力腐蚀实验、极化曲线测试及透射电镜等研究了不同时效工艺对2519A合金的力学性能和抗应力腐蚀开裂性能的影响.结果表明:与传统的2519A-T87合金相比,再时效时间为19 h的2519A-T9I7合金同时具有优异的力学性能和良好的抗应力腐蚀开裂性能.这是由于2519A-T9I7合金在T9I...     

7475高强铝合金在海洋和乡村大气环境中的腐蚀行为研究

目的研究海洋和乡村大气环境对7475高强铝合金腐蚀行为的影响,为7475高强铝合金环境适应性设计提供支撑。方法在万宁和北京大气环境试验站开展了7475高强铝合金为期36个月的户外暴露试验,通过腐蚀失重分析方法研究了7475高强铝合金在我国2种典型大气环境中的腐蚀动力学规律;借助环境扫描电镜(ESEM)、金相显微镜和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征技术研究了7475高强铝合金的微观腐蚀形貌和锈层成分。结果2种大气环境中,铝合金腐蚀都呈现出初始阶段腐蚀迅速发展,之后腐蚀速率减慢,最后进入腐蚀扩展相对平稳时期的变化规律。在海洋大气环境中户外暴露36个月后,7475高强铝合金呈现明显的点腐蚀特征,腐蚀产物组成为Al(OH)_3、Al_2O_3和Al_2Cl_3。7475高强铝合金在乡村大气环境中表面腐蚀非常轻微,个别表面出现非常小且浅的腐蚀点。结论在乡村大气环境和海洋大气环境中,7475高强铝合金腐蚀动力学遵循幂函数规律。相比较乡村大气环境,7475高强铝合金在海洋大气环境中表现出非常强的腐蚀敏感性。     

钛合金及其油井管耐蚀性能研究进展

综述了油井管现状、钛合金组织与力学性能,重点探讨了钛合金作为油井管的耐蚀性能、影响因素与耐蚀机理,并对第一性原理计算在钛合金管材成分设计与界面腐蚀特征中的应用进行了概述。研究发现,钛合金管材具有较强的抗硫化物应力开裂(SSC)性能,在高温高压(HTHP)油气田的工况条件下具有极低的腐蚀速率,对孔蚀、缝隙腐蚀、接触腐蚀以及氢脆等也具有高的抵抗力; Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)合金表面的钝化膜在含H_2S腐蚀环境中更易遭到破坏,其稳定性会因温度变化与其他元素介入而发生变化,抗腐蚀性能也会随之发生改变。