Influence of Vanadium Content on Hot Deformation Behavior of Low-Carbon Boron Microalloyed Steel

Single-pass compression tests were performed to investigate the hot deformation behavior of low-carbon boron microalloyed steel containing three various vanadium contents at 900-1100℃ and strain rate of 0.01-10 s~(-1) using the MMS-300 thermal mechanical simulator.The flow stress curves of investigated steels were obtained under the different deformation conditions,and the effects of the deformation temperature and strain rate on the flow stress were discussed.The characteristic points of flow stress were obtained from the stress dependence of strain hardening rate;the activation energy of investigated steels was determined by the regression analysis;the flow stress constitutive equations were developed;the effect of vanadium content on the flow stress and dynamic recrystallization(DRX) was investigated.The result showed that the flow stress and activation energy(3-6.5 kJ mol~(-1)) of the steel containing 0.18 wt% V were significantly higher than those of the steels with0.042 wt% and 0.086 wt% V,which was related to the increase in solute drag and precipitation effects for higher vanadium content.DRX analysis showed that the addition of vanadium can delay the initiation and the rate of DRX.     

Effect of Boron Concentration on Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Low-Carbon Steel

The dynamic recrystallization behavior of low-carbon steel containing three different amounts of boron(0.002,0.004,and 0.006 wt%) was systematically investigated under various experimental conditions.Low-carbon steel was exposed to temperatures ranging from 900 to 1100 °C,strain rates from 0.1 to 10 s-1,and inspection of the initial austenite grain size at 1150 °C.The resulting stress–strain curves are observed to possess two classifications of behavior,dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization,while the initial austenite grain size increases directly proportional to boron concentration.Additionally,the characteristic points of the flow curves were analyzed by regression method in which the peak and critical stresses decreased in response to an increase in boron composition,indicating that a softening effect appears with the addition of boron.On the contrary,peak and critical strains increased as boron content increased,indicating that boron has the ability to delay the onset of dynamic recrystallization.Lastly,the kinetics model of dynamic recrystallization for three boron-treated steels was established.     

Effect of Austempering–Partitioning on the Bainitic Transformation and Mechanical Properties of a High-Carbon Steel

The 1.1C–1.5Si–1.1Mn–1.4Cr–0.5Mo–0.6Al–0.6Co(in wt%) steel was treated, respectively, by isothermal austempering process and newly developed austempering–partitioning–tempering process(A–P–T). After austempering at250, 280 and 300 °C for 38, 20 and 10 h, respectively, the sample microstructures were composed of bainitic ferrite plates and film-like retained austenite with thicknesses between 60 and 150 nm. The highest tensile strength of 2003 MPa and hardness value of 53.9 HRC were obtained for the steel after austempering at 250 °C for 38 h, resulting from the combining effect of super-saturated martensite decarburization and stabilization of bainitic formation. After A–P–T treating(heated at 300 °C for 8 h following water cooling, and then heated at 300 °C for 2 h following air cooling),bamboo leaf-like martensite, primary and secondary bainites and retained austenite were observed. The thickness of the secondary bainitic ferrite plates formed during partitioning is much smaller than that of the primary bainite formed during300 °C austempering. Samples subjected to A–P–T treatment showed improvement in ductility compared to that subjected to austempering.     

Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Effective Grain Size for a Ni–Cr–Mo–B High-Strength Steel

The effect of cooling rate on microstructure and effective grain size(EGS) of a Ni-Cr-Mo-B high-strength steel has been studied by dilatometer,field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD).The results show that the microstructure of the Ni-Cr-Mo-B steel is dependent on cooling rate in the following sequence:lath martensite(LM),mixed LM and lath bainite(LB),mixed LB and granular bainite(GB) and GB.The critical...     

碳含量对5Cr-2Mo-V系列钢的连续冷却转变行为的影响

通过测定不同碳含量的钢种在不同冷速下的相变点曲线、金相组织和显微硬度,得到了不同碳含量的钢种的过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线)及其相变点和组织形貌演变;比较分析了不同碳含量下5Cr-2Mo-V系列钢CCT曲线的关系.结果表明:随着碳含量的增加,3种钢Ac1点变化不大,Ac3点略有降低,Ms点降低幅度较大;当冷却...     

Nb对热轧低碳贝氏体钢组织与性能的影响

为开发600 MPa级热轧贝氏体钢,设计了两种钢种成分,以C-Si-Mn系贝氏体钢为基础,添加一定合金元素Nb,经冶炼、轧制后进行了组织观察、析出沉淀分析以及性能测试试验,研究Nb元素在热轧贝氏体钢中的作用。结果表明,添加0.025wt%的Nb,能细化贝氏体板条,贝氏体板条短小,有利于提高钢的强度与韧性。弥散的含Nb碳氮化物颗粒析出,起到析出强化作用,提高钢的强度。Nb可明显改善低碳高强贝氏体钢的综合性能。     

Simulation of the controlled rolling and accelerated cooling of a bainitic steel using torsion testing

Controlled rolling, followed by accelerated cooling, was simulated by means of torsion tests. High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) low-carbon (0.08%) bainitic steel containing B, recently developed by the industry as a bainitic steel grade of the API X80 class, was examined. The influence of cooling rate and finish-cooling temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. The final microstructure was predominantly bainitic. For a finish-cooling temperature of 400°C the microstructure consists of fine laths of bainitic ferrite with interlath MA constituent, and increase in the cooling rate leads to a continuous increase of the tensile and yield strengths of 158 and 183 MPa, respectively. The analysis of the results enabled the establishment of quantitative relationships between the accelerated cooling variables and the mechanical properties of steel.     

Influence of cooling rate and boron content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-rolled high strength interstitial-free steels

A pilot hot strip rolling and cooling test that simulates an actual hot strip rolling and continuous cooling process was performed. We then examined the effect of cooling rates ranging from 0.1 °Cs^?1 to 100 °Cs^?1 on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength interstitial-free (IF) steels containing 0.003 wt% of boron, 0.0005 wt% of boron and no boron. The mechanical properties and microstructures of the boron-added high strength IF steels were analyzed using uni-axial tensile test and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) following the pilot hot strip rolling and cooling test. Results show that the microstructure of high strength IF steel with no boron is influenced significantly by cooling rates. There is a critical cooling rate for building up polygonal ferrite (PF) grains. PF grains do not occur when high strength IF steels with a boron content of 0.0005 wt% and 0.003 wt% undergo a cooling rate of 5.0 °Cs^?1, however widmanst?tten ferrite (WF), granular ferrite (GF) and quasi-polygonal ferrite (QF) grains are present. Under the same hot rolling and slow cooling conditions, high strength IF steel with no boron has recrystallized PF grains. On the contrary, high strength IF steel with boron cooled at above 3 °Cs^?1 doesn??t have GF or QF grains, and subsequently generates the unrecrystallized ferritic grains and WF grains, which increase the yield and tensile strengths. It is deduced that we need to control both the cooling rate and coiling temperature when boron-added high strength IF steel sheet is manufactured in an actual hot strip rolling mill.     

Evolution of Microstructures of a Low Carbon Bainitic Steel Held at High Service Temperature

Low carbon bainitic steel derives the high strength mainly from high density of dislocations rather than carbon and alloy element content, so it tends to evolve into equilibrium microstructure with low density of dislocations under thermal disturbance. In the present investigation, granular bainite and lath-like bainitic ferrite were produced respectively in Mo-free low-carbon steels by changing cooling rate. It has been found that granular bainite possesses a lower strength at room temperature than bainitic ferrite, but it exhibits a slower decrease of strength with temperature increasing. Dislocation density in both granular bainite and bainitic ferrite decreases via recovery and recrystallization at high temperature.However, when reheating of bainite is carried out at temperature below 600 °C, a long time will be needed for incubation of recrystallization, during which the hardness of bainite maintains stable. The property makes bainite, especially granular bainite, become a potential microstructure for matrix of high strength fire-resistant steel.     

钒及热处理工艺对贝氏体钢中奥氏体碳富集的影响

研究了V以及BAT工艺、BQ&P工艺、DBAT工艺对中高碳(~0.6wt% C)纳米贝氏体钢等温转变过程中奥氏体碳富集的影响。为了分析不同热处理工艺时的组织转变,采用DIL805L型膨胀仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)测量并计算残留奥氏体含量及其中碳含量,利用扫描电镜(SEM)分析了等温转变过程中试验钢显微组织形貌,并统计M/A岛含量及尺寸。结果表明:V对贝氏体转变有抑制作用,使残留奥氏体中碳富集速率变慢;3种热处理工艺下碳富集速率不同,BQ&P工艺和DBAT工艺的碳富集速率均大于BAT工艺,可利用BQ&P、DBAT工艺弥补合金元素V推迟相变的影响。     

硅和少量钼对Mn-B系贝氏体钢转变动力学的影响

研究了不同硅含量和少量钼对中碳Ｍｎ－Ｂ贝氏体钢连续转变动力学（ＣＣＴ曲线）的影响，发现随钢中硅含量的增加，Ｃ曲线的高温转变部分向左移动，并使转变温度升高，而中温贝氏体转变曲线向右下方移动，推迟了贝氏体转变，少量钼能有效地推迟珠光体转变，使获得贝氏体组织的冷速范围增大     

硼对低碳钢动态CCT曲线和微观组织的影响

在Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机上,对含硼与不含硼低碳钢进行模拟轧制热压缩试验,测定并绘制出连续冷却转变曲线(动态CCT曲线),分析了硼对试验钢动态CCT曲线及其微观组织的影响。结果表明,当在低碳钢中加入0.001%的硼时,其相变过程比无硼低碳钢稳定,并且由于硼元素的作用,铁素体、珠光体得到了有效地抑制,从而使动态CCT曲线右移。加入硼可使贝氏体在较低的冷却速度(0.2℃/s)下形成,因此在同等冷却速度条件下,可以获得更细小的板条状贝氏体组织,同时,获得马氏体的临界冷却速度降低,从而提高了该低碳钢的淬透性。     

含硼微合金钢的连续冷却相变行为

利用热模拟实验研究了一种含硼微合金钢未变形和900℃变形40%的奥氏体CCT曲线,利用光学显微镜和电镜研究冷却速度、变形对实验钢显微组织的影响。结果表明:微量硼提高实验钢过冷奥氏体的稳定性;未变形及变形试样分别在冷速2℃/s和5℃/s以上为贝氏体组织,变形提高贝氏体开始转变温度,但冷速在20℃/s以上时变形与未变形Bs温度相差较小;并且随冷速增加,显微硬度显著增加。     

硅对中碳低温贝氏体钢组织与性能的影响

对Si含量分别为0.3%和1.5%(质量分数)的中碳试验钢进行低温贝氏体热处理,研究了Si对贝氏体钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明:不同Si含量的试验钢的微观组织有较大的差别,其中0.3%Si试样的显微组织主要为贝氏体铁素体束,M/A岛以及大量的渗碳体析出,1.5%Si试样的显微组织主要为贝氏体铁素体束和M/A岛。1.5%Si试样的硬度和冲击性能较0.3%Si试样高,高的硬度主要是固溶强化和细晶强化的作用;高的冲击韧性主要是添加的适量Si可以抑制渗碳体的析出,从而提高残留奥氏体的体积分数及其碳含量,进而产生较为明显的TRIP效应。     

Effect of Ni and Mn on the Mechanical Properties of 22Cr Microduplex Stainless Steel

The tensile properties of 22Cr–2Ni–4Mn–0.2N micro-duplex stainless steels with different Ni and Mn contents were investigated. Duplex stainless steels were vacuum induction melted and hot rolled, then annealed at 1,000–1,100 °C, at which temperature both the austenite and ferrite phases were stable. The volume fraction of the ferrite phase was markedly affected by the alloying elements of Mn and Ni; 1 wt% of Mn was equivalent to 0.4 wt% of Ni. All of the steels tested at room temperature showed the common strain-hardening behavior, while the steels tested at lower temperatures(-30 or-50 °C)showed a distinct inflection point in their stress–strain curves, which resulted from the transformation of the austenite to straininduced martensite. The onset strain(e0) of the inflection point in the stress–strain curve depended on the Md30 value of the steel. Testing at lower temperatures resulted in smaller e0 and consequently higher strengths and fracture strains(ef). The tensile behavior was examined from the perspective of austenite stability of the micro-duplex stainless steels with the different Ni and Mn contents.     

B1800HS热成形钢组织转变的JMatPro计算和试验研究

以B1800HS系试制热成形钢为例,探究了JMatPro软件计算热力学数据的可靠性。在计算所得的热成形钢TTT曲线上读取其奥氏体化温度、最小临界冷却速度以及相变温度范围,与采用热膨胀仪测试所得钢的CCT曲线结果进行了对比分析,研究了添加Mo、V合金元素对钢组织和性能的影响。结果显示,JMatPro软件计算的奥氏体化温度和临界冷却速度与试验结果吻合度较好,预测的组织转变温度范围有微小偏差,表明JMatPro软件对B1800HS热成形钢的热处理方案制订有较高的提供指导。此外通过性能测试,确定多元钼钒微合金化可使试验钢拥有更加优异的综合服役性能。     

贝氏体钢的显微组织和耐磨性

设计了一类新型系列贝氏体钢，研究了其组织和耐磨性，试验表明，在低碳范围几乎可得到全部贝氏体组织，随含碳量增加，贝氏体量减少，形态也发生变化，同时马氏体量增多。“Ｃ”曲线测定结果表明，所设计的钢具有高的贝氏体淬透性，可在较大截面上获得均匀的组织和性能。耐磨性试验结果表明，在合适的成分和空冷时可得到近半贝氏体和半马氏体的组织，比目前使用的几种典型耐磨材料具有更高的耐磨性。     

不同碳含量贝氏体合金钢等温淬火后的组织与性能

研究了3种碳含量(0.22C、0.34C、0.45C)的贝氏体钢在960℃奥氏体化+Ms点以上10～50℃等温淬火工艺下碳含量对贝氏体组织转变和力学性能的影响。结果表明,3种试验钢经过等温淬火处理后均获得由贝氏体铁素体和残留奥氏体相间分布组成的无碳化物贝氏体组织;随着碳含量的降低,贝氏体相变时间显著缩短,贝氏体铁素体板条变厚,硬度和抗拉强度呈下降趋势,但冲击性能显著提高,这主要是与低碳钢贝氏体转变温度更高,贝氏体铁素体板条粗大但高碳含量的大块状残留奥氏体减少有关。     

2.25Cr-1Mo与2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢冷却转变对比分析

采用相变仪、光学显微镜及扫描电镜研究了2.25Cr-1Mo和2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢冷却转变过程,并分析了钒对其冷却转变的影响。结果表明,与2.25Cr-1Mo钢的CCT曲线相比,2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢铁素体转变区及贝氏体转变区均向右移,并且在现有试验条件下已无法观察到珠光体转变区;钒添加到2.25Cr-1Mo钢中,能够提高钢的淬透性,2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢在48 000 ℃/h冷速下能生成部分马氏体;钒能够细化钢板显微组织,与2.25Cr-1Mo钢相比,2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢在800 ℃/h冷速下组织更为细小。     

Effect of boron concentration on the corrosion resistance of cast B‐bearing steel in molten zinc

The microstructures, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in molten zinc of five kinds of cast B‐bearing steels containing X wt% B ‐ 0.8 wt% Si ‐ 1.0 wt% Mn ‐ (1.0～2.0) wt% Cr ‐ (0.3～0.5) wt% C (X = 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50) were studied. The effects of boron concentration on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast B‐bearing steels have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness and impact tester. The evaluation of corrosion resistance in molten zinc of cast B‐bearing steel is calculated from the slopes of mass loss versus dipping time and surface area of sample at 480 °C. The results showed that boride volume fraction and hardness increased and the impact toughness of cast B‐bearing steel decreased with the increase in boron concentration. The corrosion rate of cast B‐bearing steels decreased and corrosion resistance in molten zinc increased with the increase in boron concentration. Moreover, the corrosion rate of cast B‐bearing steels decreased with the increase in temperature of molten zinc.