Nucleation of cracks from shear-induced cavities in an α/β titanium alloy in fatigue,room-temperature creep and dwell-fatigue

In titanium alloys, dwell periods during room-temperature stress-controlled fatigue tests are responsible for substantial reductions in lifetime compared to pure fatigue loading. The mechanisms of such a creep–fatigue interaction have been investigated for alloy Ti-6242. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations revealed crack initiation by coalescence of shear-induced cavities nucleated at α/β interfaces in large colonies of α laths nearly parallel to the loading axis. The density and average size of cavities were larger in dwell-fatigue and creep than in fatigue. A qualitative micromechanical model of cavity nucleation based on discrete dislocation dynamics was developed. The number of cycles for cavity nucleation was computed as a function of the applied stress range. A finite threshold, dependent on the size of α laths colonies with similar orientation, was found. The simulations predict earlier cavity nucleation in creep or dwell-fatigue than in pure fatigue, which is consistent with the performed experiments.     

高载荷条件下TC17钛合金低周疲劳和保载疲劳损伤行为研究

研究了高应力水平下不同加载波形对TC17钛合金疲劳损伤的影响,结果表明,对于在峰值应力处保载120S的加载波形,TC17钛合金的保载疲劳寿命低于无保载加载波形试验的寿命,在相同的保载疲劳条件下,片层组织的保载疲劳敏感性较等轴组织的疲劳敏感性低。断口分析表明,保载疲劳试样裂纹源出现在样品表面和亚表面处,常规疲劳试样裂纹源出现在试样表面处,保载疲劳断口较常规疲劳断口附近小平面平坦,保载条件并未从根本上改变断裂模式。     

钛合金保载疲劳失效特征及敏感性判定方法

钛合金在航空发动机上使用时存在保载疲劳失效现象。钛合金保载疲劳寿命显著低于普通疲劳寿命且其断裂特征有别于普通疲劳。本文通过系统的实验研究,从疲劳断口、二次裂纹以及应变积累等方面总结了保载疲劳的失效特征。研究对象涵盖了保载敏感性强、弱以及无的钛合金类型。利用上述总结的特征,给出了判定钛合金保载疲劳失效及敏感性强弱的方法,该方法可为保载疲劳实验研究和工程失效分析提供指导。     

GH864合金蠕变/疲劳裂纹扩展速率及a-N曲线分析

研究了GH864合金不同保载时间下650℃蠕变/疲劳裂纹扩展行为,分析了裂纹扩展过程中蠕变和氧化的作用,以及a-N曲线的转折点含义。结果表明:保载5s时GH864合金以穿晶断裂为主,疲劳作用占主导;保载90s时GH864合金以沿晶断裂为主,蠕变作用占主导。利用Saxena模型可较好地表征本实验条件下650℃蠕变/疲劳交互作用的裂纹扩展速率曲线,可估算较高应力强度因子和较低应力强度因子的裂纹扩展速率。另外,用Saxena模型可求出蠕变和疲劳的表达式,对比分析高温蠕变/疲劳交互作用的裂纹扩展过程中蠕变和疲劳的作用及所占的比例。最后针对a-Ni/Nf、da/dN-a曲线及da/dN-N曲线变换中出现的拐点,结合断口形貌分析了转折点对应的含义。高温合金及其它材料的裂纹扩展速率曲线也适用于以上曲线分析方法。     

航空发动机叶片TC4钛合金振动疲劳裂纹扩展研究及剩余寿命预测

目的研究TC4钛合金的振动疲劳特性及寿命预测。方法通过共振疲劳试验,分析裂纹尖端应力强度因子的变化规律,计算不同应力水平下疲劳裂纹扩展的速率,建立剩余寿命预测计算模型。结果裂纹尖端的应力强度因子是表征裂纹扩展速率快慢的有效参数,与裂纹长度及应力场的大小相关。在裂纹扩展初期应力为274 MPa的条件下,裂纹扩展速率的试验值与计算值吻合较好。通过寿命预测模型计算可知,当初始裂纹为0.5 mm,最终裂纹长度达到5 mm时,在应力为274、366、422 MPa的条件下,振动循环周期分别为36 577、19 090、13 865。结论在应力比为?1的振动条件下,裂纹扩展速率随应力水平的增大而加快,同时初始裂纹长度越长,应力相同时,裂纹扩展速率提高。通过寿命预测模型,可计算出结构件的使用寿命。     

基于Tanaka-Mura位错模型的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测

为了准确预测材料的疲劳寿命,提高结构疲劳寿命预测精度,对ABAQUS有限元数值模拟预测试样疲劳寿命的方法进行了研究. 基于Tanaka-Mura位错理论,利用python语言对ABAQUS进行二次开发,模拟预测了S960QL马氏体钢和Ti₂AlNb钛合金接头各区域疲劳裂纹萌生寿命. 利用泰森多边形法生成了晶体特征单元建立了微观子模型,考虑了体心立方结构相互垂直的两条滑移带作为潜在的裂纹萌生位置,并对具有相同取向的多条平行滑移带都进行了模拟计算. 通过计算得到的裂纹扩展速率变化,给出了裂纹萌生阶段过渡到裂纹扩展阶段的临界点处的裂纹萌生寿命. 模拟结果表明,除焊缝柱状晶组织外裂纹萌生寿命与试验数据吻合良好.     

内含硬α夹杂钛合金轮盘裂纹扩展研究

为研究钛合金轮盘内部硬α夹杂疲劳裂纹扩展特性,对含预置硬α夹杂钛合金轮盘开展低循环疲劳裂纹扩展试验。结果表明:5229次循环后轮盘破裂;疲劳断口宏观、微观特征显示,预置硬α夹杂为本次疲劳破坏的疲劳源;在裂纹扩展前期,轮盘断口裂纹扩展速率较材料试验数据快;在裂纹扩展中期,断口裂纹扩展速率曲线呈对数线性关系;为了解决疲劳裂纹扩展后期疲劳条带不易识别的问题,使用等效裂纹扩展模型拟合断口裂纹扩展速率曲线,从而可以利用疲劳条带宽度来计算总寿命。同时,利用断口数据,提出和总结了预置硬α夹杂钛合金轮盘裂纹扩展特性仿真研究的方法。仿真研究显示:基于Paris公式建立裂纹扩展模型能较好地预测轮盘裂纹扩展特性;轮盘由于疲劳发生最终断裂破坏时,裂纹前沿的应力强度因子远大于断裂韧性,因此,不宜使用应力强度因子直接作为破裂准则。     

Fatigue crack initiation and multiplication of unnotched titanium matrix composites

Fatigue crack initiation and multiplication of the unnotched SCS-6 silicon carbide fiber-reinforced titanium matrix composites with different matrix and interfacial properties have been investigated experimentally and analytically. Ti–15V–3Al, Ti–6Al–4V, and Ti–22Al–23Nb were chosen as matrix materials. The initiation and propagation of each individual matrix crack as a function of fatigue cycles and applied stress levels were carefully monitored. The statistical distribution of crack growth rates in each composite has been constructed and analyzed. The evolution of normalized matrix crack density and stiffness reduction of these composites under fatigue loading also has been characterized. A modified shear-lag model, coupled with the strain-life equation and a fiber bridging model were used to predict the fatigue crack initiation life, matrix crack growth rate, normalized matrix crack density, and residual stiffness of the composites. The predicted fatigue properties correlated well with experimental results.     

2024-T4铝合金FSW接头疲劳裂纹扩展行为及寿命预测

基于ABAQUS与FRANC 3D联合仿真的方法,对2024-T4铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头预制裂纹于不同部位的紧凑拉伸试样进行裂纹扩展分析以及寿命预测,并深入分析不同部位裂纹扩展行为存在差异性的原因.结果表明,随着裂纹长度的不断延长,裂纹尖端应力强度因子随之增大,且裂纹向前扩展路径基本沿直线扩展,ABAQUS与FRANC 3D联合仿真方法分析不同部位的裂纹尖端应力强度因子和裂纹扩展路径的理论计算和试验结果基本吻合,验证了分区域进行联合仿真的模型精度满足要求.不同部位裂纹扩展试样寿命预测结果与试验结果的相对误差均在5%左右,对焊接接头分区域联合仿真进行寿命预测是准确可行的.裂纹位于不同部位的扩展试样断口处的疲劳辉纹间距不同导致预制裂纹于3个部位的疲劳寿命由低到高为：热影响区、垂直于焊缝方向、焊核区.     

TC17钛合金电子束焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展规律及疲劳剩余寿命

首先通过试验取得母材及焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,然后结合TC17钛合金电子束焊接接头CTOD试验结果及裂纹容限计算值,以估算其疲劳剩余寿命.结果表明:在低应力水平或低△K下,TC17电子束焊缝的da/dN数据与母材的基本相当;然而随着应力水平的增加,焊缝的da/dN值越来越大.在初始裂纹尺寸相同的情况下,TC17合金电子束焊缝与母材疲劳裂纹扩展寿命曲线存在交叉点.当应力幅大于交叉点应力幅时,TC17母材疲劳裂纹扩展到临界裂纹尺寸的剩余寿命要高于相应焊缝的剩余寿命;当应力幅小于交叉点应力幅时,TC17母材扩展到临界裂纹尺寸的剩余寿命要低于相应焊缝的剩余寿命.     

Effect of dwell condition on fatigue behavior of a high-Nb TiAl alloy at 750 °C

The strain-controlled low cycle fatigue (LCF) and creep-fatigue interaction (CFI) tests of a newly developed Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.2W-0.2B-0.02Y (at.%) alloy were carried out at 750 °C in air. The hysteresis loop, cyclic stress response and life modeling as well as failure mechanism of the alloy were investigated in detail. It was revealed that the tensile and compressive mean stresses would generate when the dwell condition was introduced at minimum and maximum strain, respectively. In addition, the dwell condition, especially for the compressive dwell condition, would significantly decrease the fatigue life. The typical continuum damage accumulation(CDA) and modified CDA life models proposed in the present study were employed to predict both LCF and CFI life of the alloy, which showed that the modified CDA life model had a higher accuracy than the typical CDA life one. Moreover, only single crack initiation source was observed at 92% (i.e. 11/12) of LCF fracture while multiple crack initiation sources at 84% (i.e. 31/37) of CFI fracture. Apparently different from LCF specimen showing more transgranular appearance, CFI specimen shows more intergranular appearance.     

TC4钛合金的多轴高周疲劳损伤及强度退化研究

不同工况下TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)钛合金疲劳累积损伤及强度退化存在较大差别。为了充分表征载荷参数的影响,基于Chaboche损伤模型以及改进的多轴疲劳损伤准则,提出新的强度退化模型,开展了TC4钛合金的多轴高周疲劳(HCF)寿命预测和强度退化评估。首先,开展TC4合金在一系列加载路径下的多轴比例和非比例疲劳试验。将Chaboche非线性损伤准则和临界平面法与提出的损伤控制参数相结合,描述了TC4合金的非线性疲劳损伤计算和寿命预测。其次,进一步建立了基于累积损伤的非线性强度退化模型,并证明了该模型在不同载荷工况下均可以获得更高的精度。实验结果表明,由于考虑载荷参数的影响,提出的TC4钛合金疲劳寿命与强度退化预测结果精度远高于其他的预测模型。     

A NEW FATIGUE-CREEP LIFE PREDICTION METHODOLOGY

在“等效裂纹”概念及裂纹扩展理论基础上,从微裂纹扩展导致材料破坏的角度出发, 得到了一种新的疲劳蠕变寿命预测模型.该模型在处理微裂纹扩展时考虑了时间无关疲劳以及时间相关静蠕变、循环蠕变的影响.时间无关疲劳裂纹扩展采用Tomkins模型,时间相关蠕变裂纹扩展采用C*控制参量. 用该寿命预测模型对1.25Cr0.5Mo钢540 ℃应力 控制下疲劳蠕变寿命进行了预测, 预测结果与实验结果符合较好.     

Life prediction of titanium MMCs under low-cycle fatigue

Low-cycle fatigue failure in titanium metal matrix composites is caused by two separate damage mechanisms: fatigue crack growth in the Ti matrix and fiber breakage. Here, a coupled numerical model for predicting both crack growth and fiber breakage is developed and applied to predict low-cycle fatigue lives in a SiC-fiber reinforced Ti matrix composite. A three-dimensional finite element model containing a matrix crack, nucleated on the first loading cycle in the reaction layer around a fiber, that is bridged by SiC fibers is used to calculate both the matrix crack tip stress intensity factor and the local fiber stress concentrations due to the matrix crack, as a function of the crack size. The crack tip stress intensity factor is used in a Paris-law model for the growth rate of the matrix crack. The local stress distributions in the fibers are used as the effective “applied” load within a three-dimensional Greens Function method that simulates the fiber damage process at any fixed fatigue crack size. Fiber failure preferentially occurs within the matrix crack region, where the fiber stresses are comparatively high, and composite failure occurs when the damage in this region is sufficient to drive fiber failure throughout the remainder of the composite in a crack-like fracture mode. A fatigue life threshold is predicted at about 80% of the quasistatic tensile strength, where the fiber bundle can survive even with a matrix crack extending throughout the entire cross-section. Predictions for the low-cycle fatigue of Ti-matrix (IMI834) reinforced with SCS-6 SiC fibers compare well with available experimental data at high stresses using pristine fiber strengths and no adjustable parameters. Using literature values for the fatigued fiber strength beyond 10⁴ cycles and no adjustable parameters, the experimental data are also well matched at lower stresses. The model demonstrates that fatigue life can be dependent on actual composite size and can be very sensitive to initial fiber damage.     

Biaxial Fatigue Life Predicted by Crack Growth Analysis in Various Material Microstructures Modeled by Voronoi-Polygons

Fatigue life is affected by the crack growth behavior that depends on the material microstructure as well as the stress biaxiality. By considering such effects on crack growth, a numerical procedure for predicting failure life in biaxial fatigue of materials with different microstructures was proposed in this study. Such a procedure will be helpful in the material design for higher performance of fatigue resistance in a material. The microstructure of a material was first modeled using Voronoi-polygons, and the crack initiation was analyzed as the result of slip-band formation in individual grains in the modeled microstructure. In the analysis, stress states in individual grains were randomized so that the average stress state should be equivalent to the bulk stress state. An algorithm for the crack growth analysis was established as a competition between the crack-coalescence growth and the propagation as a single crack. The failure life was statistically predicted based on the crack growth behavior simulated for 40 distinct microstructural configurations, which were generated by randomizing shapes of Voronoi-polygons for the same material. By applying the proposed procedure, simulations were conducted for experimental conditions of fatigue tests, which had been conducted under axial, torsional, and combined loading modes using circumferentially notched specimens of pure copper, medium carbon steel, and (α + β) and β titanium alloys. In this case, 40 different failure-lives were obtained for each combination of material and loading mode. It was revealed that the failure lives observed in experiments were almost covered by the life-ranges between the minimum and the maximum lives given in simulation. Statistical characteristics in simulated life-distributions were investigated using Weibull distribution function and its related statistical parameters.     

淬火条件对砂铸A356合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

在相同固溶和时效条件下，选择3种不同温度的水对砂铸A356合金进行了淬火处理，并对这3种不同淬火态下的合金进行了拉伸及疲劳裂纹扩展性能研究。结果表明，随淬火介质温度的降低，淬火冷却速率提高，合金的强度增加，塑性下降；当应力比R较低时，淬火条件对合金门槛区的裂纹扩展有明显影响，降低淬火介质温度可以提高合金的疲劳裂纹扩展阻力。此外，不同淬火态合金的疲劳扩展均明显地表现出与应力比R的相关性，这种相关性可以用裂纹闭合来说明。     

Study on Fatigue Properties of Turbine Disk Groove Modeling Specimens of GH4720 Alloy

基于航空发动机涡轮盘榫槽结构特点及其工作状态,采用榫槽模拟件对GH4720合金的疲劳失效机理和裂纹扩展寿命进行了实验研究和理论分析。研究结果表明:GH4720合金榫槽模拟件的疲劳失效表现为3个阶段:(i)模拟涡轮盘榫槽处由于较高的应力集中而产生滑移,进而萌生裂纹;(ii)随着应力集中和循环载荷的持续,相邻晶粒间位错开动、发生滑移,裂纹在晶粒间传递;(iii)随着应力强度因子范围增大,剪应力和主应力交互作用、滑移系开动及位错在不同滑移系间的运动,裂纹快速扩展。在实验基础上建立了GH4720合金的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命模型,基于有限元分析的榫槽处的应力和裂纹扩展寿命模型得到的裂纹扩展寿命与实验结果相符,表明该裂纹扩展寿命模型可用于工程中预测涡轮盘的剩余寿命。     

基于动态贝叶斯网络的海底管道点蚀疲劳损伤失效模型研究

目的研究海底管道在点腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳双重影响下的整个破坏过程,基于动态贝叶斯网络构建系统失效模型,对海底管道系统不同疲劳寿命下的失效概率进行预测。方法将点蚀疲劳损伤过程分为腐蚀点成核、腐蚀坑增长、短裂纹扩展和长裂纹扩展四个阶段,采用蒙特卡洛模拟方法对腐蚀点形成到短裂纹发生前的管道破坏过程进行分析,结合疲劳裂纹扩展的动态贝叶斯网络结构图,在充分考虑相关影响因素不确定性的基础上,为海底点蚀管道系统提出一种创新性的概率分析方法,对点蚀管道疲劳寿命的失效概率进行科学预测。结果结合实例分析,通过蒙特卡洛模拟方法,求解得出腐蚀坑增长转变为短裂纹扩展状态的临界裂纹尺寸为0.8mm。采用动态贝叶斯网络分析方法,对未经受维修保养的点蚀管道进行疲劳寿命预测,当管道运行到第35年时将会面临失效风险。结论所构建的模型可以对海底点蚀管道腐蚀疲劳寿命失效概率进行合理预测,通过观测相关影响参数的变化,及时更新预测结果,有助于为海底管道系统制定有效的维修策略。     

Effect of Stress Ratio on the Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of the Nickel-based GH4169 Alloy

The fatigue crack growth behavior of the newly developed GH4169 nickel-based alloy at a maximum stress of700 MPa and different stress ratios was investigated in the present work employing the specimens with a single micronotch at a frequency of 129 Hz at room temperature. The results demonstrate a typical three-stage process of fatigue crack propagation processing from the microstructurally small crack(MSC) stage to the physically small crack(PSC) stage, and finally to the long crack stage. The crack growth rate in the MSC stage is relatively high, while the crack growth rate in the PSC stage is relatively low. A linear function of crack-tip reversible plastic zone size was proposed to predict the crack growth rate, indicating an adequate prediction solution.     

Fatigue properties of TiAl alloys

The fatigue properties of TiAl alloys, namely fatigue life, cyclic stress–strain behaviour and fatigue crack growth resistance are reviewed in the present paper. The influence of different parameters (microstructure, defects, temperature and environment) on these properties is examined. Finally, some considerations on the fatigue reliability of TiAl components are proposed.