海上运输补给物资包装与物流模数研究

目的确定海上运输补给系统包装模数与物流模数。方法针对海上运输补给物资包装与物流模数存在的问题,并考虑物流模数等影响因素,进行海上运输补给物资物流模数分析,在此基础上,根据物资包装模数理论,分析海上运输补给物资的包装尺寸。结果确定了海上运输补给物资包装模数和物流模数。结论将海军军事物流系统的包装模数统一为600 mm×400 mm,并尽快以标准形式颁布;将海军军事物流系统的物流模数限制为1200 mm×1000 mm和1300 mm×900 mm;从长远发展考虑,海军军事物流系统的物流模数应与国家物流系统相一致为1200 mm×1000 mm。     

用于文物包装的无酸瓦楞纸盒性能测试

目的该研究依据国标规定的包装件试验方法及理论,对用于文物包装的无酸瓦楞纸盒进行各项性能测试,并确定最优方案。方法参考运输包装件基本试验标准,通过抗压、堆码、跌落和振动试验,对比分析5组试样的各项性能。结果抗压试验时,5组试样载荷-变形曲线形态基本相似,B楞折叠纸盒的抗压性能优于E楞折叠纸盒,天地盖式折叠纸盒的抗压性能优于摇盖式折叠纸盒,粘贴纸盒的抗压性能优于折叠纸盒;堆码和跌落试验时,确定了堆码高度为500 mm,堆码层数为9层;正弦变频振动试验时,确定了每组试样的共振频率。结论在博物馆存储、运输工作中,建议选用E楞天地盖式折叠纸盒作为古代钱币的最终包装方案。     

机车弹簧全自动在线分检包装机的研制

目的针对机车弹簧组,对其自动化包装机进行研制。方法按照自动化生产工艺流程和产品包装的技术要求,提出机车弹簧"U"型卧式自动包膜机,包括供膜机构、供料机构、上推机构、下托机构、下推机构以及输送机构,能够实现弹簧自动分类、薄膜裹包、套装、装箱等一系列自动化包装过程。结果满足自由高度范围为200~260 mm,直径范围为80~120 mm,弹簧原钢直径范围为?12~?32 mm,内簧与外簧自由高度误差≤2 mm的弹簧组,以机械方式高速高效地全自动包装的要求。结论可降低材料成本,减少人工操作,并达到弹簧防损、防绣包装的效果。     

彩色片的加色法与减色法

加色法光的三原色是红(R)、绿(G)、蓝(B)。这三种色光以不同的比例相加,可以得到各种不同的颜色。红、绿、蓝三个色光的波长分别为单色光,彩色照片所用的色光波长范围为:R,600～700nm;G,500～600nm;B,400～500nm。人们把光的三原色混合称之为加色混合。两种色光等量混合即成为剩余原色的补色。三种色光等量混合则成为白色光。     

信号采集仪运输包装件缓冲性能研究

通过对信号采集仪包装件进行振动试验和跌落试验,研究了纸浆模塑缓冲衬垫的抗振和缓冲能力.研究发现:在定频(频率4.6Hz)振动试验中,激振加速度为7.5m/s2时,产品振动响应的最大加速度为1.32g,包装件并没有发生失效、失灵或商业性破损.在扫频振动试验中,测得其共振频率分别为34.80Hz(包装件平放)和29.16Hz(包装件立放).在跌落实验中,面跌落的最大冲击加速度峰值为67.98g;棱跌落的最大冲击加速度峰值为61.50g;角跌落的最大冲击加速度峰值为24.05g.跌落实验后产品发生了严重破损.即包装件可以通过振动试验,但是在跌落试验中会产生严重损坏,所以此包装为欠包装.     

一种可折叠环保型包装箱的结构设计与分析

目的为了降低物流成本,解决快递包装箱日益增长的需求量与社会资源浪费和物流成本增加的矛盾。方法采用国际标准化模数尺寸作为基础,使用模数分割法进行箱体尺寸设计,并通过统计电商物流包装箱尺寸分布情况初步确定设计尺寸。基于模块化设计和绿色设计,采用可降解材料聚丙烯设计一种可折叠环保型包装箱方案,不仅可以方便折叠与回收,同时通过模块化设置改变箱体尺寸,以满足不同规格商品的包装需求。采用第四强度理论和有限元分析的方法,进行力学分析验证其可靠性。结果箱体在长度方向可实现模块化长度调整,当箱体尺寸为260 mm×180 mm,高度为180 mm,壁厚为5 mm,圆角半径为5 mm时综合性能最优,货物在静止堆码和运输加减速的工况下,箱体最大应力均小于聚丙烯的压缩屈服强度,尺寸设计可靠。结论可折叠环保型快递包装箱具有较好的收纳性、可回收性、环保性、防潮性和灵活性,同时具有良好的力学性能,保证了使用的可靠性,有效地解决了快递包装箱不能循环利用、商品过度包装、安全性能及抗压性能较差等问题。     

一种10~5～10~(-7) Pa现场真空计校准装置的设计

针对现场真空校准需求,设计出校准范围为10~5～10~(-7) Pa的现场真空计校准装置。装置集成了比较和标准流导两种校准方法,采用模块化设计减小了装置的体积和重量;通过触摸屏或计算机实现自动化数据采集及操作控制,装置能够自动出具并上传校准证书;校准室通过特殊工艺处理及双极串联抽气机组抽气,设计的极限真空度为10~(-8 )Pa量级;采用流导法和定容法设计出10~(-2)～10~(-10) Pa·m~3/s的复合型标准气体流量计,解决了宽量程标准流量的提供问题。本现场真空校准装置设计的校准范围为10~5～10~(-7) Pa,外形尺寸不超过500 mm×500 mm×600 mm,主体重量小于50 kg,具有校准范围宽、便携、自动化程度高等优点。     

路面NiTi合金相变材料固溶处理及调温效果

NiTi合金相变材料试样经不同温度(400、500、600、700及800℃)保温不同时间(15、30、45及60min)后进行淬火处理,利用差示扫描量热仪测试其性能,研究不同固溶处理工艺对NiTi合金相变焓值、相变温度等性能的影响。将该NiTi合金相变材料作为功能组分,制备NiTi合金相变材料改性的沥青混合料,通过调温试验对比不同NiTi合金掺量的沥青混合料的调温效果。结果表明:固溶处理温度为400及500℃时NiTi合金的相变温度区间宽于600、700及800℃时的相变温度区间;该相变材料的马氏体转变与逆转变的焓值主要受处理温度影响,保温时间对焓值影响不大、对相变温度区间的影响规律相似;随着NiTi合金相变材料掺量的增加,调温效果越显著。     

全自动彩珠筒外装潢纸裹包机的设计

在分析彩珠筒传统手工工艺的基础上,设计了一种全自动彩珠筒外装潢纸裹包机。所设计的裹包机由真空吸盘输纸装置、启动送卸料装置、涂胶装置、压紧装置和裹包装置组成,采用PLC控制技术,机电气相结合,实现了输纸、涂胶、送料、包装及卸料工艺的自动化,可适用于多种规格彩珠筒外装潢纸的自动化包装,可完成待裹包彩珠筒长600~1 200 mm,外径1~30 mm;包装彩纸宽40~130 mm,长620~1 220 mm;20~30个/min彩珠筒外装潢纸的裹包任务。所设计的裹包机不仅提高了生产效率,降低了劳动强度,而且改善了包装质量,减少了安全隐患,为已装填火药的彩珠筒外装潢纸裹包生产的自动化提供了有效途径。     

温度与荷载对砂岩动态力学性能及裂纹的影响

为研究在不同温度与荷载下砂岩的动态力学性能,运用了SHPB实验仪器及配套高温环境箱分别在25(常温)、100、200、300、400、500、600、700℃下对砂岩进行3种不同荷载(0.3、0.5、0.7 MPa)动态压缩实验,并结合SEM设备对高温应力作用下砂岩内部裂纹进行分析。结果表明:当冲击荷载增大时,砂岩所能承受的动态压缩强度显著提高;当所处温度一定时,其破裂情况也随荷载的增大而加剧;当冲击气压一定时,随着温度升高,砂岩的峰值应力表现出平缓、上升、下降的变化趋势,最终在700℃时达到最小值。在应力与常温作用下,试件会先以应力作用影响为主,出现单条裂纹,当温度升高至300℃以上,单条裂纹会有所延伸并形成多条裂纹,出现二次开裂。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from