合成射流对钝尾缘翼型气动特性的影响

研究吸力面存在合成射流的情况下,钝尾缘翼型TR-4000-2000流场结构的变化及其升阻力系数等气动特性参数的变化趋势。在相同射流入口速度条件下,采用计算流体力学软件Fluent对相同来流速度不同攻角情况下翼型流场进行非定常数值模拟计算,分析射流前后翼型升阻力系数变化及翼型表面压力的波动状况;在此基础上,对不同射流频率和不同射流速度情况下翼型流场进行模拟计算,寻求最佳射流参数。结果表明,由于射流及尾缘涡的相互作用导致翼型的升阻力特性不断变化,钝尾缘翼型吸力面合成射流有明显的增升减阻效果,在15°攻角时尤为明显,升力系数提高约40%,阻力系数减小约25%。在量纲一射流速度和量纲一射流频率均为1时,射流对翼型的增升减阻效果最佳。     

合成射流控制参数对大攻角下翼型气动性能的影响

通过数值模拟的方法,对合成射流控制NACA 0012大攻角下翼型流动分离的参数进行了研究.结果表明:对于射流出口宽度为翼型弦长的0.5％,翼型在18°～24°攻角下的流场,当合成射流作用在翼型头部1％弦长位置,吹气速度比为1,无量纲激励频率在1 附近时,可以达到较好的改善翼型整体气动性能的效果.通过对翼型表面压强系数分...     

Effect of the Gurney flap on a NACA 23012 airfoil

A numerical investigation was performed to determine the effect of the Gurney flap on a NACA 23012 airfoil. A Navier-Stokes code, RAMPANT, was used to calculate the flow field about the airfoil. Fully-turbulent results were obtained using the standardk-ε two-equation turbulence model. The numerical solutions showed that the Gurney flap increased both lift and drag. These results suggested that the Gurney flap served to increase the effective camber of the airfoil. The Gurney flap provided a significant increase in the lift-to-drag ratio relatively at low angle of attack and for high lift coefficient. It turned out that 0.6% chord size of flap was the best. The numerical results exhibited detailed flow structures at the trailing edge and provided a possible explanation for the increased aerodynamic performance.     

风力机叶片翼型的气动特性研究

选取S818叶片翼型进行二维几何模型,采用适合翼型流动的Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,对Base翼型和95%弦长处带Microtab的翼型进行数值模拟分析,得到在不同攻角下的升阻比、表面压力和速度矢量图。从流场计算结果看出95%弦长处带microtab的翼型在0°到12°攻角范围内气动性能有明显提高;带microtab的翼型改变了后驻点位置,使其出现在了microtab末端,增加了气动曲面环量,从而增加了翼型升力。     

叶片表面粗糙条件下钝尾缘翼型优化设计

利用粒子群算法结合XFOIL软件,进行了钝尾缘翼型型线优化设计。平移优化后,在翼型吸力面距前缘0.1c(c为弦长)处添加一高0.015c、宽0.04c的凸台,得到表面粗糙钝尾缘改型,并数值研究其升阻力系数、升阻比、压力系数和流场特性。结果表明：粗糙S812翼型钝尾缘优化后,尾缘厚度为0.039 8c,尾缘厚度在上下翼面的分配比为1∶13.16;升力系数在计算攻角范围内显著增大,升阻比在17.2°攻角之前显著增大,最大升阻比增大明显;钝尾缘处的漩涡对吸力面的气流造成下洗作用。     

襟翼相对长度对翼型流场结构影响

以NACA0018为基准翼型,采用Fluent数值模拟的方法,对比研究了襟翼相对长度和翼缝相对宽度对翼型流场结构及升、阻力特性的影响;文章分别选取了襟翼相对长度分别为0.2、0.3和0.4和翼缝相对为1.0%,分析襟翼相对长度对翼型气动性能的影响。数值结果表明:由于襟翼对翼型周围主涡发展和变化的影响,不仅改善了翼型的失速特性,同时也提高了翼型的气动性能。襟翼翼型的失速攻角在此次研究范围内均大于基准翼型,在攻角小于失速攻角时,襟翼翼型的升力系数均小于基准翼型,阻力系数均高于基准翼型,但升力系数的最大值均高于基准翼型;随着襟翼相对长度增大,翼型临界攻角逐渐减小;在攻角接近翼型失速攻角时,升力系数先增大后减小;襟翼长度相同时,随着翼缝相对宽度的增大,升力系数逐渐减小。     

Application of dual-blade stator to low-speed ratio performance improvement of torque converters

With application of the lock-up clutch in the torque converter (TC), fuel economy is not much determined by its high-speed ratio transmission efficiency. As a benefit, more researches are focused on its low-speed ratio performance so as to improve vehicle gradeability and launching acceleration performance. According to the results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, hydrodynamic loss inside the stator cascade accounts for 42% of the total energy loss at stalling speed ratio. It is found that upstream flow with large impingement angle results in boundary layer separation at the leading edge, which aggregates hydrodynamic loss and decreases circular flow rate dramatically at low-speed ratio. In this paper, a dual-blade stator is proposed to suppress the boundary layer separation, which is parameterized by using the non-uniform rational B spline (NURBS) method. The mean camber line and blade profile curve are expressed by a three control points quadratic open NURBS and a cubic closed one respectively. The key design parameters included the slot width and suction side shape of the primary blade are analyzed. The most effective slot width is found to be between 4% and 8% chord length, and the boundary layer separation can be suppressed completely by decreasing distribution of momentum moment at the primary blade and adding it to the leading edge of the secondary blade. As a result, circular flow rate and impeller torque capacity is increased by 17.9% and 9.6% respectively at stalling speed ratio, meanwhile, low-speed ratio efficiency is also improved. Maximum efficiency at high-speed ratio decreases by 0.5%, which can be ignored as the work of lock-up clutch. This research focuses on using the dual-blade stator to optimize low-speed ratio performance of the TC, which is benefit to vehicle power performance.     

钝尾缘翼型对5MW风力机性能影响的研究

目前国内外对钝尾缘翼型的研究主要集中于翼型的改进方式与二维气动性能的模拟,对钝尾缘翼型应用于风力机时对其性能影响的研究较少,然而钝尾缘翼型应用于风力机时由于旋转效应的存在叶素翼型之间会发生相互影响。为了更好的研究钝尾缘翼型,了解钝尾缘翼型对风力机性能的影响,对NREL 5MW风力机叶片内侧翼型进行对称钝尾缘修型,分析二维翼型气动性能,发现一定范围内,翼型的升力系数、升阻比均随尾缘厚度的增加而增大。对原风力机进翼型替换,模拟并对比两类风力机的性能,研究表明改型后风力机的输出扭矩高于原机,而且随风速增大改型风力机的优势变得越来越突出;然而在相同工况下,改型后风力机的轴向力也大于原机。     

一种星敏感器系统热设计方法及试验验证

目前,国内机构针对星敏感器的温控研究与设计较少,多集中于星图的图像处理和图像算法的优化。着重以星图中目标能量变化、信噪比、质心定位误差等参数为指标,分析温度对该星敏感器的热影响,从而实现高精度星敏感器在空间复杂热环境下的可靠应用。进一步基于星敏感器的结构及热分布,对星敏感器进行热设计及散热路径优化,提出星敏感器热电制冷器（Thermo electric cooler,TEC）的热控措施。以典型在轨高温工况与低温工况为例,利用有限元仿真软件进行该热设计的有效性与合理性仿真分析。在以上的设计与分析基础上,完成一套温度控制系统,通过模拟星敏感器在高温工况下的环境条件,使用热电制冷方式对星敏感器采取制冷措施,使星敏感器探测器温度维持在20℃±3℃,达到温控指标,保证星敏感器能够在恶劣温度环境下持续提供高精度姿态信息。重点阐明热环境因素与成像质量之间的关系,完成温度与星点识别精度的关联性分析,为后续星敏感器热控设计及定姿精度提升提供参考。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION FOR THE EFFECT OF ROTATION ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW FIELD IN FILM-COOLED TURBINE

An experimental investigation of three-dimensional flow field in a film-cooled turbine model is carried out by using particle image velocimeter (PIV) in a low-speed wind tunnel. The effects of different blowing ratios (M=1.5, 2) on the flow field are studied. The experimental results reveal the classical phenomena of the formation of kidney vortex pair and secondary flow in wake region behind the jet hole. And the changes of the kidney vortex pair and the wake at different locations away from the hole on the suction and pressure sides are also studied. Compared with the flow field in stationary cascade, there are centrifugal force and Coriolis force existing in the flow field of rotating turbine, and these forces bring the radial velocity in the jet flow. The effect of rotation on the flow field of the pressure side is more distinct than that on the suction side from the measured flow fields in Y-Z plane and radial velocity contours. The increase of blowing ratio makes the kidney vortex pair and the secondary flow in the wake region stronger and makes the range of the wake region enlarged.     

喷嘴宽度对偏转板射流阀射流效率影响的仿真分析

利用Pro/E和Fluent软件对不同λ₁(喷嘴宽度D₁与导流窗口最小宽度H₁的比值)的偏转板射流阀进行几何建模与流场仿真,得到不同λ₁ 下偏转板射流阀内部射流速度、压力云图和射流流场的速度、压力分布特征;通过分析仿真数据得到λ₁对供油流量Q_S、射流流量Q_J、射流流量效率η_J的影响规律。研究发现,喷嘴喷射出的部分油液由于受到V形导流斜面的作用沿着V形导流斜面反向运动,从而使喷向接收口的有效射流流量减小,同时在偏转板入口两侧出现漩涡和能量损失;随着λ₁增大,供油流量Q_S近似线性增大,而射流流量Q_J先增大后又减小;当λ₁=1时射流流量Q_J取得最大值12.5 kg/s,对应的射流流量效率η_J最大为77.6%。研究结果为偏转板射流伺服阀的效率提高及结构优化设计提供理论依据与参考。     

Separation control mechanism of airfoil using synthetic jet

Numerical simulation of separation control using a synthetic jet was performed on NACA23012 airfoil. The computed results showed that stall characteristics and control surface performance could be improved substantially by resizing the separation vortices. It was observed that actual flow control mechanism was fundamentally different depending on the range of synthetic jet frequency. For low frequency range, small vortices due to synthetic jet penetrated to the large leading edge separation vortex flow, and as a result, the size of the leading edge separation vortex remarkably decreased. For high frequency range, however, the small vortex did not grow enough to penetrate into the large separation vortex, but the synthetic jet changed airfoil circulation directly. The synthetic jet conditions for effective lift increase are as follows: the non-dimensional frequency of the synthetic jet is 1; the location of the synthetic jet slot is the same as the separation point; and the jet velocity is large enough to perturb the separated flow. By exploiting these conditions, it was observed that the combination of the synthetic jet with a simple high lift device could be as good as a conventional fowler flap system.     

Aerodynamic performance improvement by divergent trailing edge modification to a supercritical airfoil

A computational study has been performed to determine the effects of divergent trailing edge (DTE) modification to a supercritical airfoil in transonic flow field. For this, the computational result with the original DLBA 186 supercritical airfoil was compared to that of the modified DLBA 283. A Navier-Stokes code, Fluent 5. 1, was used with Spalart-Allmaras’s one-equation turbulence model. Results in this study showed that the reduction in drag due to the DTE modification is associated with weakened shock and delayed shock appearance. The decrease in drag due to the DTE modification is greater than the increase in base drag. The effect of the recirculating flow region on lift increase was also observed. An airfoil with DTE modification achieved the same lift coefficient at a lower angle of attack while giving a lower drag coefficient. Thus, the lift-to-drag ratio increases in transonic flow conditions compared to the original airfoil. The lift coefficient increases considerably whereas the lift slope increases just a little due to DTE modification.     

Few exact solution of the stokes’ problem with slip at the wall in case of suction/blowing

We provide an analytic solution for the problem of the unsteady, incompressible viscous fluid flow in the case of variable suction/blowing by applying similarity transform; the ‘slip’ condition at the boundary is considered. Several special cases with their solutions are given and are discussed graphically. It is observed that with an increase in suction the velocity increases and hence the boundary layer thickness decreases and with increase in blowing the velocity decreases and boundary layer thickness increases. It is also found that with an increase in slip parameter the velocity decreases.     

高压涡轮动叶吸力面气膜冷却特性研究

为了研究某航空发动机高压涡轮动叶吸力面的气膜冷却特性,通过数值模拟的方法,采用SST κ-ω湍流模型,分析了高压涡轮动叶在静止和旋转条件下,吸力面气膜冷却效率的影响规律.结果表明:在静止条件下,相同主流湍流度时吹风比对吸力面气膜冷却效率影响显著,冷却效率随着吹风比的增大而减小;在小吹风比下,气膜冷却效率随着主流湍流度的...     

涡轮叶片尾缘半劈缝冷却结构压力系数的实验研究

对九种不同几何结构的尾缘半劈缝结构的压力系数进行了实验研究,在不同吹风比和雷诺数下测得了缝中心和肋中心后沿流向压力系数的分布,分析了各种因素对压力系数的影响。结果表明肋中心后和缝中心后的压力系数没有多大的差别。半劈缝的几何结构对压力系数有很大的影响,当缝宽一肋宽比增大（在0．67到1．5的范围内）时,压力系数随之增大;当缝高一唇厚比增大（在0．53到2的范围内）时,压力系数变化不是很大,但主流和二次流的参混距离减小。在几何结构一定的情况下,压力系数随雷诺数（5,000到15,000）的增大有小幅度增大,在X／H小于某一值时。压力系数随着吹风比（0．5到2．0）的增加是增大的,但在X／H大于这一值时压力系数随着吹风比（0．5到2．0）的增加却是减小的,但是变化幅度并不是很大。     

CFD investigation on the flatback airfoil effect of 10 MW wind turbine blade

The flatback airfoil effect on the inboard region of a large wind turbine blade was investigated by numerical analysis. Complicated flow phenomena in wind turbine blade with flatback and non-flatback airfoil were captured by Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes flow simulation with shear stress transport turbulence model. Although both airfoil blades were designed using blade element momentum theory to produce identical shaft power, results of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flow analysis indicated that at a specific location of the root area, the flatback airfoil improved the inboard force by approximately 6 % compared with the non-flatback airfoil. We were also able to confirm that by using the flatback airfoil, the overall shaft power throughout the blade increased by 1 %, thereby restraining the bending moment exerted by the thrust force on the hub by 0.5 %. Moreover, numerical analysis results indicated that the flatback airfoil blade reduced the size of the secondary vortex around the blade root area and its progress in the secondary direction in comparison with the non-flatback airfoil blade. The shape of the flatback airfoil on the trailing edge weakened the adverse pressure gradient migrating from the lower to the upper surface. Regardless of the flatback airfoils, the tip vortex core of the outboard region formed on the suction surface leading edge and strongly rolled up by the pressure surface boundary layers due to the large pressure difference between the suction and pressure surfaces in the blade tip region. This remarkable strong tip vortex developed downstream and raked up the boundary layer of the blade trailing edge with low energy.     

A cavitating device for mini quantitative liquid addition

To improve accuracy and stability of mini quantitative liquid adding, a new cavitating venturi device is proposed and investigated experimentally. Cavity cloud initiates at the throat exit where the velocity gradient is the highest and the local pressure is the lowest. Since the suction inlet is set at the throat exit, it is easily covered by the cavity cloud in which the pressure remains at saturation vapor pressure. Once cavity cloud dominates the suction inlet, both working and suction flow rate remains constant and independent of downstream pressure. Therefore, the proposed device can be used as an adding device and a flow meter simultaneously when it is under cavitation condition. The critical pressure ratio exceeds 0.6 when flow ratio is below 2%, which is over 50% higher than present jet pumps. The critical pressure ratio rises with the decreasing of adding ratio, which makes the proposed adding device especially applicable for mini quantitative adding. Moreover, the working range of the proposed device is hardly changed when sucked water is replaced by high-viscosity foaming agent.     

基于自适应代理模型的翼型气动隐身多目标优化*

针对翼型气动隐身多目标优化设计存在的计算量大与权重难以选取的问题,提出基于自适应径向基函数代理模型与物理规划的高效多目标优化策略(Multi-objective optimization strategy using adaptive radial basis function and physical programming, ARBF-PP)。利用物理规划法通过非线性加权的方式将多目标优化问题转化为直接反映设计偏好的单目标优化问题,然后分别对综合偏好函数和约束条件构造径向基函数代理模型,采用增广Lagrange乘子法处理约束,并用遗传算法(Genetic algorithm, GA)进行求解。优化迭代过程中,在当前可能最优解附近增加样本点,更新代理模型,提高代理模型在最优解附近的近似精度,引导搜索过程快速收敛。使用数值多目标优化算例与翼型气动隐身多目标优化实例验证了本文所提出优化策略的有效性。翼型气动隐身多目标优化结果表明：相比于初始翼型,优化翼型的升阻比提高了34.28%,重点方位角的雷达散射截面(Radar cross section, RCS)均值减小了24.19%。此外,在相同样本规模的情况下,本文方法所得最优翼型的气动隐身性能比静态径向基函数代理模型方法的优化结果分别提高了11%与25.6%;与遗传算法相比,本文方法所需的分析模型调用次数(Number of evaluation function, Nfe)降低了93.5%。     

A detailed experimental airfoil performance investigation using an equipped wind tunnel

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the impact of different parameters on the performance of CFJ0025-065-196 airfoil. For this purpose, an equipped wind tunnel with the motor capacity of 7 kW as well as high-tech measuring instruments are employed, and the impact of attack angle on the average velocity profiles for different jet flow velocities, in addition to the self-similar velocity profiles for different attack angles, and the wake effect are found and discussed comprehensively. The experiments are done for five different values of the attack angle, which are 0, 5, 12, 20, and 25° as well three magnitude for the jet flow velocity, including 0, 19.7, and 32.2 m s⁻¹. According to the results, the attack angle in which the performance of the airfoil decreases has an upward trend when the jet flow velocity increases, and it reaches from 20 to 25° when jet flow velocity changes from 0 to 19.7 m s⁻¹. Moreover, increasing the attack angle from 0 to 12° makes the jet frountier wider whereas a downward trend happens by chaning the attack angle from 12 to 25°. Additionally, the higher the jet velocity is, the weaker wake stream has.