喷距对低温超音速火焰喷涂钛涂层显微结构与性能的影响

目的分析喷距对钛涂层显微结构和性能的影响。方法采用低温超音速火焰喷涂工艺,在不同的喷距下制备钛涂层,分析钛涂层的显微组织、相结构及显微硬度,探讨涂层受喷距影响的机制。结果低温超音速火焰喷涂钛涂层的表面粗糙度较高,涂层的孔隙率随喷距的增加呈先减小、后增大的趋势,当喷距为150 mm时,涂层的孔隙率最小。钛涂层没有发生明显的氧化,粒子主要以固态形式沉积。结论当喷距为150 mm时,粒子在焰流中加热较为充分,同时具有较高的飞行速度,粒子的扁平化程度高,因此涂层具有较高的致密度。     

7A09超高强度铝合金超音速火焰喷涂WC涂层

以7A09超高强铝合金为基体,采用超音速火焰喷涂技术(HVAF)将WC粉末喷涂在基材表面,对不同喷距制备的涂层的结合强度,物相组成,微观形貌进行研究。结果表明,不同喷涂制备的涂层结合强度均较好,物相组成差异不明显,喷距在180 mm时孔隙率较低,显微硬度较高。     

HVOF喷涂工艺参数对WC-10%Co4%Cr涂层孔隙率的影响

本文在常规WC-10%Co4%Cr（质量分数）粉末喷涂工艺基础上,通过改变煤油流量、氧气流量、喷涂距离三个主要工艺参数,采用JP5000超音速火焰喷涂系统进行了一组三因素三水平的正交实验。对涂层孔隙率进行正交分析,确定了喷涂距离是影响涂层孔隙的主要因素。结果表明,在常用的喷涂距离300～360 mm中,300 mm喷涂距离的涂层孔隙率可达到1%以下。在喷涂距离300 mm、煤油流量26 L/h、氧气流量945 L/min的最优参数下,涂层孔隙率为0.76%。结合金相厚度以及显微维氏硬度分析机理,得出喷涂距离300 mm的粒子具有更高的动能,以及更明显的粒子筛选效应,使得缺陷粒子不易沉积在基体表面,获得的涂层具有更低的孔隙率,涂层的硬度均匀性更好。在相同的喷涂距离下,通过提高煤油和氧气流量可以获得较高粒子动能和筛选效应。     

基于响应曲面的Ar气氛超音速等离子喷涂钛涂层

采用超音速等离子喷涂可低成本、高效率制备钛涂层。采用响应曲面法（RSM）中的Box-Behnken（BBD）设计分析了Ar流量、功率、喷涂距离3个因素与超音速等离子射流中钛粒子飞行速度和温度的交互性,利用SEM和显微硬度计研究了钛涂层的微观结构和显微硬度。结果表明：建立的线性模型可靠,喷涂距离对粒子飞行速度和温度影响最大,且随喷涂距离增加粒子飞行速度减小温度增加,而Ar流量和功率对粒子飞行速度和温度的影响与喷涂距离相反。超音速等离子喷涂制备出的钛涂层硬度较低,且呈多孔结构,随粒子飞行速度增加孔隙率降低。     

结晶器表面超音速火焰喷涂WC-12Co涂层的组织性能分析

在结晶器铜板表面超音速火焰喷涂WC-12Co涂层,通过SEM、EDS和XRD分析了涂层的表面形貌、成分变化及涂层与基体的结合性能,采用正交试验设计分析4种喷涂工艺参数对涂层孔隙率、显微硬度和结合强度的影响.结果表明,在氧气流量为850 L/min、煤油流量为6.0 g/h、喷涂距离为400 mm、涂层厚度为0.4 mm条件下,涂层的孔隙率较低,显微硬度较高,且结合强度较大,综合性能达到最优.     

超音速火焰喷涂铁基非晶涂层的微观组织及性能

为增强海洋工程装备中关键部件的耐磨与抗腐蚀性能,采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术在不锈钢基体表面喷涂Fe基非晶涂层。利用SEM、XRD和DSC等,对该涂层的微观组织、相结构及性能进行了分析。研究了喷涂中煤油流量、氧气流量、喷距对非晶涂层微观组织和性能的影响。结果表明,超音速火焰喷涂制备的铁基非晶涂层组织结构均匀致密,呈完全非晶态结构。喷涂工艺参数对涂层的显微硬度具有重要影响,在优化工艺参数下获得的显微硬度为912.1 HV0.3。不锈钢喷涂非晶涂层后耐磨性提高。     

氧气-空气混合助燃超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层性能研究

采用液体燃料氧气-空气混合助燃超音速火焰喷涂(HVO/AF)工艺在45钢表面制备WC-Co涂层,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)表征了涂层的微观结构及相组成,并对涂层的孔隙率、显微硬度和结合强度进行了分析.研究结果表明,采用液体燃料氧气-空气混合助燃超音速火焰喷涂制备的涂层均具有较好的性能,超音速火焰喷涂氧气与空气混合比例对涂层的性能影响较大,采用HVO/AF喷涂技术能有效地抑制WC的氧化和分解,降低了涂层的孔隙率,提高了WC-Co涂层的硬度和结合强度等性能.涂层质量要好于传统的氧气助燃超音速火焰喷涂.     

超音速火焰喷涂WC/Co涂层的组织性能研究

分析比较了等离子喷涂、超音速火焰喷涂的WC／Co涂层的形貌、显微组织、孔隙率、硬度、结合强度及其耐磨性。结果表明：超音速火焰喷涂涂层具有与粉末相近的相结构，与等离子喷涂相比涂层具有高的致密度、硬度和良好的耐磨性，涂层与基体结合情况也得到很大的改善。     

超音速火焰喷涂参数对WC-Co涂层性能的影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术在钢基体表面制备WC-Co涂层,利用X射线、万能拉伸试验机、显微硬度计、金相显微镜等仪器分析涂层的组织结构与性能,并采用正交试验法研究了主要热喷涂参数对涂层表面性能的影响.结果表明:涂层孔隙率小于1%,界面结合良好、无剥落;喷涂距离是影响涂层结合强度、硬度的主要因素,当喷涂距离为210 mm时,结合强度可达到71.6 MPa,显微硬度可达到HV1 777;WC的分解受到温度和喷涂距离的共同作用,分解率可达到50%以上.     

钛铝极性对超音速电弧喷涂层组织与性能影响

利用SAS -Ⅱ型超音速电弧喷涂设备和工业级钛、铝金属丝材 ,以LY12铝合金为基体 ,用显微硬度计对在不同丝材极性条件下所得涂层的显微硬度进行了测试 ,并用X -射线衍射技术、扫描电子显微镜和X射线能谱仪等对涂层的组织结构进行了分析和观察。结果表明在其它工艺参数相同的条件下 ,改变钛铝金属丝材与喷涂电源的连接方法对涂层的显微硬度及组织结构有很大的影响。当钛丝与电源负极相接时 ,由于在喷涂过程中钛更易于形成氮化物 ,涂层中的TiN Al较高 ,涂层孔隙率较低、和部分钛铝金属间化合物转化成氮化物 ,因此 ,所得涂层的硬度比其它连接方法所得涂层的硬度高约 10 6HV0 .2 。     

工艺参数对高速电弧喷涂Al/1Cr13复合涂层组织结构的影响

用高速电弧喷涂制备Al/1Cr13复合涂层,采用3因素3水平正交试验法系统研究了电弧电流、电弧电压和喷涂距离对复合涂层的组织结构、孔隙率和氧含量的影响规律。采用扫描电镜对复合涂层的显微组织和孔隙率进行表征,采用氧氮含量分析仪测得涂层的氧含量。结果表明,在第9组喷涂参数即电弧电流为240A,电压为32V,喷涂距离为150mm的条件下制备的高速电弧喷涂Al/1Cr13复合涂层组织较致密,Al和1Cr13涂层的孔隙率最低分别为1.6%和2.2%。Al涂层氧含量显著低于1Cr13涂层,最低约为2%。     

Nanocomposite Lanthanum Zirconate Thermal Barrier Coating Deposited by Suspension Plasma Spray Process

This work seeks to develop an innovative nanocomposite thermal barrier coating (TBC) exhibiting low thermal conductivity and high durability compared with that of current TBCs. To achieve this objective, nanosized lanthanum zirconate particles were selected for the topcoat of the TBC system, and a new process—suspension plasma spray—was employed to produce desirable microstructural features: the nanocomposite lanthanum zirconate TBC contains ultrafine splats and high volume porosity, for lower thermal conductivity, and better durability. The parameters of plasma spray experiment included two main variables: (i) spray distance varying from 40 to 80 mm and (ii) the concentration of suspension 20, 25, and 30 wt.%, respectively. The microstructure of obtained coatings was characterized with scanning electron microscope and x-ray diffraction. The porosity of coatings is in the range of 6-10%, and the single phase in the as-sprayed coatings was pyrochlore lanthanum zirconate.     

Effect of Spray Distance on Microstructure and Tribological Performance of Suspension Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxyapatite–Titania Composite Coatings

Hydroxyapatite (HA)–titania (TiO₂) composite coatings prepared on Ti6Al4V alloy surface can combine the excellent mechanical property of the alloy substrate and the good biocompatibility of the coating material. In this paper, HA–TiO₂ composite coatings were deposited on Ti6Al4V substrates using suspension plasma spray (SPS). X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier infrared absorption spectrometry and friction tests were used to analyze the microstructure and tribological properties of the obtained coatings. The results showed that the spray distance had an important influence on coating microstructure and tribological performance. The amount of decomposition phases decreased as the spray distance increased. The increase in spray distance from 80 to 110 mm improved the crystalline HA content and decreased the wear performance of the SPS coatings. In addition, the spray distance had a big effect on the coating morphology due to different substrate temperature resulting from different spray distance. Furthermore, a significant presence of OH^? and CO₃ ^2? was observed, which was favorable for the biomedical applications.     

Influence of Powder Morphology and Microstructure on the Cold Spray and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Coatings

The powder microstructure and morphology has significant influence on the cold sprayability of Ti6Al4V coatings. Here, we compare the cold sprayability and properties of coatings obtained from Ti6Al4V powders of spherical morphology (SM) manufactured using plasma gas atomization and irregular morphology (IM) manufactured using the Armstrong process. Coatings deposited using IM powders had negligible porosity and better properties compared to coatings deposited using SM powders due to higher particle impact velocities, porous surface morphology and more deformable microstructure. To evaluate the cohesive strength, multi-scale indentation was performed and hardness loss parameter was calculated. Coatings deposited using SM powders exhibited poor cohesive strength compared to coatings deposited using IM powders. Images of the residual indents showed de-bonding and sliding of adjacent splats in the coatings deposited using SM powders irrespective of the load. Coatings deposited using IM powders showed no evidence of de-bonding at low loads. At high loads, splat de-bonding was observed resulting in hardness loss despite negligible porosity. Thus, while the powders from Armstrong process lead to a significant improvement in sprayability and coating properties, further optimization of powder and cold spray process will be required as well as consideration of post-annealing treatments to obtain acceptable cohesive strength.     

Comparison of In-Flight Particle Properties, Splat Formation, and Coating Microstructure for Regular and Nano-YSZ Powders

The relationship between atmospheric pressure plasma spray parameters and in-flight particle characteristics was determined. The morphologies of individual splats and the coating microstructure were studied for different stand-off distances and arc currents. Coating cross-sectional analysis showed that the total porosity of the coating increased with decreasing arc current, and increasing stand-off distance. Two different materials were used: the regular (r-YSZ) feed stock and the nano size (n-YSZ) agglomerated powder. The results illustrate that the r-YSZ coating has higher total porosity at higher arc currents than n-YSZ coating. The splat flattening degree and circularity was examined at different substrate temperatures for both powders. The results indicate that the flattening degree increased at high temperatures for the two materials, but the values for n-YSZ were higher than those for the r-YSZ. This study showed the operating regimes in which the use of n-YSZ yields improved coating properties.     

A Comparative Study on Ni-Based Coatings Prepared by HVAF,HVOF, and APS Methods for Corrosion Protection Applications

Selection of the thermal spray process is the most important step toward a proper coating solution for a given application as important coating characteristics such as adhesion and microstructure are highly dependent on it. In the present work, a process-microstructure-properties-performance correlation study was performed in order to figure out the main characteristics and corrosion performance of the coatings produced by different thermal spray techniques such as high-velocity air fuel (HVAF), high-velocity oxy fuel (HVOF), and atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). Previously optimized HVOF and APS process parameters were used to deposit Ni, NiCr, and NiAl coatings and compare with HVAF-sprayed coatings with randomly selected process parameters. As the HVAF process presented the best coating characteristics and corrosion behavior, few process parameters such as feed rate and standoff distance (SoD) were investigated to systematically optimize the HVAF coatings in terms of low porosity and high corrosion resistance. The Ni and NiAl coatings with lower porosity and better corrosion behavior were obtained at an average SoD of 300 mm and feed rate of 150 g/min. The NiCr coating sprayed at a SoD of 250 mm and feed rate of 75 g/min showed the highest corrosion resistance among all investigated samples.     

Influence of Parameter Variations on WC-Co Splat Formation in an HVOF Process Using a New Beam-Shutter Device

The formation of single splats is the foundation for any thermal spray coating. Therefore, this study focuses on the investigation of single splat morphologies to determine the influence of spray parameters on the morphological distribution of particles inside the flame. A new method to create a footprint of a spray jet with an extremely short exposure time was used. The resulting field of splats enabled the assignment of each splat to its radial position in the spray jet. The footprints were analyzed and the quantities and morphologies of the splats were correlated to particle in-flight measurements and coating properties. A strong correlation between the particle velocity, the percentage of the so-called pancake-like splats, and the porosity of the coating could be revealed. The influence of the particle temperature was found to be of minor importance to the splat form and the porosity of the coatings. Still, the particle temperature had a good correlation with the coating hardness and the dissolving of the WC. Measurements of the splat size in different areas of the footprints revealed that the percentage of splats larger than 40 μm in diameter was generally higher in the center of the footprint than in the outer regions.     

Effect of Spray Parameters on the Corrosion Behavior of HVOF Sprayed WC-Co-Cr Coatings

WC-10Co-4Cr cermet coatings were deposited on the substrate of AISI 1045 steel by using high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying process. The Taguchi method including the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to optimize the porosity and, in turn, the corrosion resistance of the coatings. The spray parameters evaluated in this study were spray distance, oxygen flow, and kerosene flow. The results indicated that the important sequence of spray parameters on the porosity of the coatings was spray distance > oxygen flow > kerosene flow, and the spray distance was the only significant factor. The optimum spraying condition was 300 mm for the spray distance, 1900 scfh for the oxygen flow, and 6.0 gph for the kerosene flow. The results showed the significant influence of the microstructure on the corrosion resistance of the coatings. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impendence spectroscopy (EIS) results showed that the WC-10Co-4Cr cermet coating obtained by the optimum spraying condition with the lowest porosity exhibits the best corrosion resistance and seems to be an alternative to hard chromium coating.     

Mechanical Property Mapping of Cold Sprayed Ti Splats and Coatings

Profile nanoindentation and nanoindentation mapping were used to investigate the mechanical properties of commercially pure cold spray Ti splats and coatings deposited at increasing deposition velocities. Three regions in the cold spray Ti splats have been indentified: the impact region, the jetting region, and the upper splat region. The mechanical properties measured in these regions were tied to the cold spray deposition process with help of optical and scanning electron microscopes. The jetting region was observed to contribute to a metallurgical bonding of cold spray splats to cold spray splats and was measured to have low hardness in comparison to the splat impact site and similar to the hardness in the upper splat region. No increase in the profile coatings hardness with increase in the particle in-flight velocity and coating thickness was found. A correlation between the mechanical properties and the presently known deposition temperature, stress and dislocation density models was made.     

Effect of HVOF Processing Parameters on the Properties of NiCoCrAlY Coatings by Design of Experiments

The effect of three principal, independent, high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF)-processing parameters on the properties of NiCoCrAlY coatings deposited using commercial powders is reported here. The design of experiments (DoE) technique at a two-level factorial and a central composite rotatable design was used to analyze and optimize the HVOF spraying process. The deposition parameters investigated were (1) fuel flow, (2) oxygen flow, and (3) stand-off distance. The effect of these processing variables was evaluated using selected responses, including porosity and oxide content, residual stresses, and deposition efficiency. Coatings with low porosity as well as with low residual stress were obtained using high fuel-rich conditions at a stand-off distance between 250 and 300 mm. At shorter and longer stand-off distances, respectively, either excessive flattening of splats or un-molten condition occurred, resulting in high levels of porosity and residual stress. The response surface, the empirical relationships among the variables, and the response parameters allowed the selection of optimum deposition parameters and the improvement of coating properties.