Feasibility study of a hybrid renewable energy system with geothermal and solar heat sources for residential buildings in South Korea

This study investigates the economic feasibility of a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) that uses geothermal and solar heat sources for water heating, space heating, and space cooling in a residential building in Korea. A small-scale HRES consists of a geothermal heat pump for heating and cooling, solar collectors for hot water, a gas-fired backup boiler, and incidental facilities. To determine whether the HRES will produce any economic benefits for homeowners, an economic analysis is conducted to compare the HRES with conventional methods of space heating and cooling in Korea. The payback period of a small-scale HRES is predicted as a maximum of 9 yrs by life cycle costing based on a performance index compared with conventional systems. However, the payback period of large-scale HRES above 400 RT is 6 yrs to 7 yrs.     

基于热泵和太阳能的住宅供暖供冷供生活热水三联供系统研究

基于热泵和太阳能的住宅供暖供冷供生活热水三联供系统是一项符合社会可持续发展的,节能环保的技术措施。该系统以直流变频空气能热泵为核心,结合太阳能、电能及其他能源,向住宅供暖、供冷及提供生活热水,着重解决了直流变频空气能热泵向住宅高效供暖、供冷、供生活热水,和太阳能及其他备用能源的联动,面向住宅供暖冷及生活热水的系统集成关键技术及工艺等问题。     

太阳能单效溴化锂吸收式制冷空调技术研究现状

针对目前太阳能制冷技术中应用最多的太阳能单效溴化锂吸收式制冷空调技术,介绍各种可用于太阳能制冷空调的集热器,列举大量的太阳能单效溴化锂吸收式制冷空调系统的试验研究和模拟分析的案例,最后提出一个新型太阳能无泵溴化锂吸收式制冷空调系统。该系统具有运行安静、体积小、节能、可回收冷却热等优点,是太阳能吸收式制冷系统小型化的一个重要发展方向。     

Utilization of honeycomb structures for a flat-plate solar collector by reduction of natural convection heat loss

A most common and economical way of utilizing solar energy is to use a flatplate collector to capture incoming solar energy by heating either liquids or gases. Therefore, a solar collector should be the most critical part of the performance necessary for the system, since maximum available heat depends solely on the collector. In the present investigation, considering that most heat loss from solar collectors results from the natural convection between an absorber plate and a coverglass,it has been demonstrated that this natural convection can be suppressed and heat performances of a solar collector are enhanced by placing thin and poorly conducting honeycomb material between an absorber plate and a coverglass. By suppressing natural convection within collector spacing it has been shown experimentally that honeycomb structures effectively raise critical Rayleigh number, since they provide more shear surfaces.     

Experimental investigation on ejector cooling system performance at low generator temperatures and a preliminary study on solar energy

In this paper, the performance of an ejector cooling system with constant-area mixing chamber was investigated at low generator temperatures. The cooling system was tested by using hot water as driving fluid and R123 as working fluid. The effects of operating temperatures on the cooling capacity and on the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system were experimentally investigated at an ejector area ratio of 7.17, which is suitable for solar cooling. As a result, COP of 0.42 was obtained at a vapor generator temperature of 74°C, evaporator temperature of 10°C, and at a critical condenser temperature of 29°C. A solar application of the system with single-glazed selective-type collectors in a horizontal position was conducted as a preliminary study. In the solar application, a cooling capacity of 1080 W for a 9.2 m² collection area at an evaporator temperature of 10°C was obtained.     

油品储运伴热软化水太阳能预热系统应用

为解决原油输送过程中易结蜡,不易流动的问题,利用太阳能代替部分传统能源对工业锅炉24h给热,提供伴热软化水,实现了能源消耗的降低和环境保护。提出了油品储运伴热软化水太阳能预热系统,该系统主要应用于场地受限、高热值、高能耗及高污染工业上,具体表现为将太阳能高效集热装置、储热设备与工业锅炉进行结合改造,为锅炉提供预热软水,并且结合相变储热原理以满足出水温度达到工业要求,保证锅炉太阳能集热器完整、连续地运行。在理论研究的基础上,展开了大量的实验,实验结果验证了该系统的可靠性。研究结果表明,预热系统在日问日照充足时,集热效率高,相变蓄热器具有较好地蓄热和放热效果,放热时间能持续5h-7h以上,满足了原油输送过程对热水的需求。     

Effect of working-fluid filling ratio and cooling-water flow rate on the performance of solar collector with closed-loop oscillating heat pipe

This study experimentally investigated the effect of the working-fluid filling ratio (FR) and the cooling-water flow rate (CWFR) on the top heat loss and the performance of a solar collector equipped with a closed-loop oscillating heat pipe (CLOHP). The CLOHP was composed of a heating section, a cooling section, and an adiabatic section; it had a 0.002-m internal diameter and eight turns. The heating section was attached to a copper plate coated with black chrome, which absorbed energy from a solar simulator that had 12 halogen lamps and was controlled by a voltage regulator. The cooling section was inserted into the collector’s cooling box, which was made of a transparent acrylic plate. The FR of the working fluid ranged from 30% to 80% with a 10% interval, and the CWFRs were 0.15 l/min, 0.30 l/min, and 0.45 l/min. The experimental results show that the solar collector equipped with the CLOHP has good performance at working-fluid FRs of 60% and 70% with low flow rates of 0.15 l/min and 0.30 l/min.     

太阳能燃气热泵供暖系统及余热回收分析

对太阳能燃气热泵供暖系统及余热回收性能进行了研究。建立了系统的仿真模型,对套缸冷却系统和排烟余热回收器进行了模拟计算。分析了套缸冷却水流量的变化规律、确定了排烟余热回收比(排烟余热中回收的热量占排烟余热总热量的比例)、热回收循环水流经套缸冷却器及排烟余热回收器后的温升情况,最后以沈阳地区某建筑为例,对系统余热回收的经济性进行了分析。结果表明:发动机转速每增加100r/min,所需的套缸冷却水流量增0.285~1.21g/s;排烟余热回收比为0.7时,系统可以获得最大的能源利用率(是指有效利用部分与总能源量的比值);热回收循环水流经套缸冷却器后温度上升2~5℃,在最佳的余热回收比下,热回收循环水流经排烟余热回收器后温度可提高2℃左右;运行时间超过2年时,余热回收型太阳能燃气热泵比非余热回收型太阳能燃气热泵更加经济。     

圆柱形相变储热器热损失的试验研究

相变储热有着密度高、体积小、质量轻,蓄放热过程中温度波动小等优点,在太阳能热利用、工业余热回收、采暖及空调等领域有着较为广泛的应用。本文利用相变储热试验平台模拟储热器的工作原理,对储热器不工作状态下内部和外部温度进行监测,发现相变储热器在非稳态散热时具有比较明显的凝固放热现象,而且通过顶面的热损失严重;对储热器热损失进行了分类,对储热器热损失系数这一关键数据进行探讨;最后,在试验和理论分析基础上提出增大上部保温层厚度、加强进出口部位的保温、减小管径和增加阀门可减小储热器通过顶面的热损失。     

蓄能和热水器复合空调器冬季运行试验研究

为解决冬季热泵供热能力不足和热泵除霜时室内吹冷风、舒适性下降等问题，作者提出了一种全年蓄能和热水器复合空调器装置。复合空调器夏季可实现蓄冷、放冷制冷和提供生活热水等功能，冬季可实现制热-蓄热功能，提高热泵制热能力，同时蓄热。蓄热可实现制热-除霜功能，在除霜的同时保持一定的制热量，从而提高室内的舒适性，并对由标准空调器改造样机冬季运行进行了试验研究，成功地实现了制热-蓄热、制热-除霜和提供生活热水等功能。     

机舱内旅客座椅的动态热特性实验研究

现代民用飞机座舱内设置有众多的设施包括座椅、内壁、生活设施等都具有明显的蓄放热特征。而在热载荷动态计算过程中,舱内设施蓄、放热性能对空调系统加热、制冷负荷有显著影响。在这些舱内设施中,座椅所具有的热容最大,并且其结构和边界条件及其复杂,座椅蓄放热特性对座舱动态热载荷仿真计算结果的准确性有很大影响。如果采用纯理论的方法,无法判断座椅动态建模中相关边界条件和系数的确定是否准确。因此本文将通过座椅动态热特性实验研究,对座椅的动态蓄放热特征数学模型进行验证。     

基于太阳能辐射技术的热能转换空调制冷技术研究

给出了以太阳能辐射技术为基础的热能转换空调制冷技术的技术方法,即将太阳能转变成热能,使用热能进行制冷。以太阳能辐射技术的热能转换为基础,研制了新型的太阳能吸收式空调系统,并且通过实验研究,验证了该系统的集热、蓄热特性以及制冷机组的运行热性。实验表明,该空调系统可连续8 h稳定地工作,最大制冷量可达到47 kW,平均值也可达到4 kW,该空调系统性能参数COP,平均可达到03。因此,基于太阳能辐射技术的热能转换空调制冷技术为太阳能规模化、低成本应用提供了行之有效的新方法。     

一种家用太阳能气泡泵吸收式空调的系统设计与技术经济性分析

为了有效解决传统家用空调的高耗电和噪声问题,开发了一种新型的家用太阳能气泡泵吸收式空调装置。该装置采用太阳能驱动溴化锂吸收式制冷机组,并以气泡泵代替传统的机械泵。在空调制冷量为16.5kW和制热量为18.0kW的设计要求下,通过理论计算选择内径为0.05m和沉浸高度为0.5m的气泡泵、集热面积为20m2太阳能集热器以及容积为1m3的蓄热水槽。最后,将该装置与普通家用空调进行技术经济比较,得出太阳能气泡泵吸收式空调有很大的优越性。     

太阳能空调用多级水箱蓄热系统特性研究

介绍一种用于太阳能空调系统的多级水箱蓄热系统,在对其进行了理论分析的基础上,借助搭建的多级水箱蓄热试验装置,对不同级数系统的性能进行了试验研究。结果表明:随着多级水箱蓄热系统级数的增多,第一级蓄热水箱完成蓄热耗时变短,蓄热量品位逐步提高;在蓄热过程中系统级数越多,理想供热进口水温工作时间越长,但放热过程中情况与之相反。据此提出了系统的优化改进方案,优化改进后的系统对理想供热进口水温工作时间的延长效果明显。     

复合中空热管传热性能研究

为了解决工业中的大量低品质烟气余热的回收利用和烟气酸露点腐蚀导致设备容易失效的工程问题,提出了一种复合中空热管传热元件,介绍了其结构及工作原理;对其内部传热机理进行了分析,并对其启动特性、等温性能和传热性能进行了试验研究。研究结果表明:复合中空热管在外管壁温度30℃时,加热时间2 min之内就能正常快速启动工作;在自然空气对流冷却条件下,具有较好的等温特性;复合中空热管的传热系数随着冷却水雷诺数的增加而增加;在加热蒸汽温度低于125℃的低温蒸汽加热条件下,当冷却水的雷诺数为6650时,复合中空热管的传热系数为1350W/(m2.℃)。试验研究结果为复合中空热管换热器的工程应用提供了基础。     

Dynamic behavior modeling of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell power generation system

This paper presents models for simulating the operation of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system and the results of the dynamic simulations. The entire system included a PEMFC stack and balance-of-plant components such as an air supply blower, a membrane humidifier, a fuel supply unit, and a heat management unit. Mathematical modeling for the computation of power generation and heat transfer of the PEMFC stack, the heat and mass transfer of the humidifier, and the energy transfer of the cooling system was set up. Theoretical and experiential data such as the voltage-current density relationship of the cell stack and the performance maps of blowers and pumps, together with semi-theoretical heat and mass transfer equations, were used to represent the characteristics of all the components. The effect of the thermal inertia of solid parts was considered in the fuel cell stack, the membrane humidifier, and the radiator. System dynamic behaviors under various operating conditions due to changes in stack current and ambient temperature were predicted. The sudden abnormal operations of the cooling water circulation pump and the radiator fan were also simulated as an example of component malfunctions.     

一种完全基于风能的供暖系统研究

提出一种完全基于风能的供暖系统,综合利用风能和太阳能,并通过压缩空气储能系统改善风能的间歇性和不稳定性,实现系统持续供暖的功能.介绍了新型供暖系统的工作原理及构成,并以青岛沿海地区为例,设计了风力机、储气罐、热泵等设备的参数,探讨了系统的设计方法.     

基于太阳能空调系统的分区水箱运行特性研究

针对一种用于太阳能空调系统的分区蓄热水箱,对其运行情况进行了分析,结果表明,采用分区蓄热水箱来匹配太阳能空调能显著提高系统的性能.在夏季,分区水箱使得运行热水长时间内维持在较高温度,系统制冷COP也得以长时间维持在较高范围,虽然,在夜间无日照的情况下,系统的日工作时间减小了,但系统整体性能得以提高,尤其经过优化后,系统性能提升显著;同时,夏季的水箱结构较好地适用于冬季,在达到供暖要求的情况下,使得冬季系统的散热量降低,系统更为节能.总体而言,分区水箱应用于太阳能空调系统可以减小辅助能源的消耗,提高太阳能利用率.     

直接甲醇燃料电池测试用温度控制系统

为了精确控制燃料电池阳极燃料的温度,搭建了直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)测试用温度控制系统。针对温度控制对象为定速流动的特点,设计了用于加热流动液体的特殊结构,即将不锈钢软管以双层跑道的布局紧密贴合于三层黄铜板之间,以延长液体在加热块中的流动时间,保证出口流动液体温度的精确控制。计算了不同内径的不锈钢软管最小管长和控制系统的最小加热功率。采用半导体制冷片为流体加热/制冷元件,设计制作了其功率驱动和换向电路。采用基于PID闭环控制的VC++程序设计方法实现了温度自动控制。实验结果表明:温度控制系统的平均升/降温速度为14℃/min,稳态温度控制示值误差±2℃,能够满足DMFC恒定温度条件下实时测试的要求。     

The thermal behaviour of thin cylindrical shells—I. Heat transfer and harmonic analysis

The combined heat transfer and thermal stress analysis of thin cylindrical shells is considered in this and a subsequent paper. This paper presents two typical heat transfer models and the harmonic analysis which is used to represent the temperature distributions as double Fourier coefficients. These models are (i) a circular hot spot caused by a postulated loss of part of the internal refractory lining in a high temperature cylindrical reactor vessel and (ii) a heated “band” caused by solar heating on a horizontal storage vessel. In the case of the hot spot the inside and outside surface temperature distributions vary independently in the axial and circumferential directions, with linear transition through the thickness. In the simpler case of solar heating, the through-thickness temperature gradient is negligible and the temperature only varies around the circumference. The use of the double Fourier coeficients to obtain the displacements and stresses is described in Part II