基于共振隧穿微结构的GaAs基加速度计

介绍了一种基于共振隧穿微结构的GaAs基四梁式加速度计，设计了共振隧穿微结构以及GaAs基加速度计的结构，分析了加速度计的力学特性，讨论了加速度计的加工工艺，并利用该工艺在国内首次制作出加速度计。在分析了串联电阻的影响后，设计了加速度计的输出信号提取电路，并通过实验测试了该加速度计的线性度和灵敏度。结果表明：该加速度计的输出具有较好的线性度，而灵敏度比硅材料的最大压阻灵敏度高一个数量级，适合于高精度测试场合。     

一种大厚度的三轴差分电容式硅微加速度计

介绍了一种新型三轴全差分电容式加速度计的设计和制备。设计的加速度计采用了三个共用同一玻璃衬底的大厚度差分电容式微结构，分别用于检测三个垂直方向的加速度。同时，对所设计的微结构从理论和数值上进行了详细的分析。用有限元分析工具ANSYS对器件进行了模拟，模拟结果显示出器件设计的合理性。最后，给出了制备工艺和测试结果。     

谐振器型声表面波加速度传感器的研究

利用压电石英晶体设计并制作 了一种谐振器型声表面波加速度传感器,产并对其性能进行了测试和分析。     

Fabrication and measurement of high-g MEMS accelerometer

A high-g beam-mass structure accelerometer was designed. In this structure, by means of KOH back etching on the mass, V-groove structure was fabricated on the backside of the mass, so the weight of the mass and also the relative distance between the mass center and the neutral plane were all decreased. With the thin mass structure, we can take advantage of both beam-mass structure and flat film structure ; the fabrication process is also simple. By means of Hopkinson shock test system, we did the accelerometer calibration. According to the test result,the sensitivity of the MEMS accelerometer is 0.71 μV/g, which keeps in accordance with the theoretical calculation. After a 200 000 g shocking test, the micro structure worked as usual, so this design can satisfy the requirements of high shock, seriously vibration test environment.     

新型光纤光栅加速度传感器的设计与实现

利用光纤光栅作为基本传感元件，设计制作了一种基于悬臂梁结构的新型光纤光栅加速度传感器。测量范围＋／-10g，灵敏度10mg，测量频率小于100Hz。与光纤加速度传感器相比，光纤光栅加速度传感器具有更高的稳定性及抗干扰能力。并且由于光纤光栅本身的波分复用的特性，可以很方便地构成加速度传感网络进行测量。     

一种微机械谐振式加速度计的自激驱动控制

为了研制谐振微机械加速度计,文中介绍了静电刚度的谐振式微加速度计的工作原理,并根据闭环控制要求,建立了基于自激原理的系统分析方程,利用平均周期法分析了系统稳定性和振动幅度稳态平衡点。理论分析确定了系统起振条件和相位偏差对闭环振幅和频率的影响。对基于体硅溶片制造和真空封装的谐振微加速度计,自激闭环测试结果表明检测电压1 V时,灵敏度为18 Hz/g;检测电压5 V时,灵敏度为58 Hz/g,10 min内闭环谐振频率最大漂移0.2 Hz,可分辨加速度约3.5 mg.     

基于柔性铰链机构的谐振式微加速度计设计制作

为设计制作高灵敏度、高稳定性的谐振式微加速度计,基于微制作工艺,采用柔性铰链机构和双端固定音叉谐振器设计了微加速度计结构;分别用解析法和有限元方法分析了加速度计的理论灵敏度,同时进行了谐振器结构优化设计;根据检测原理设计制作了测试用电路板,给出了开环谐振频率测试结果以及闭环时加速度测试结果。测试结果表明所设计的谐振式加速度计工作稳定,灵敏度约为55.03Hz/g,分辨力约为182×10-6g。     

Novel Resonant Accelerometer with Micro Leverage Fabricated by MEMS Technology

For the purpose of improving the precision of the inertial guidance system,it is necessary to enhance the accuracy of the accelerometer.Combining the micro-fabrication processes with resonant sensor technology,a high-resolution inertial-grade novel micro resonant accelerometer is studied.Based on the detecting theory of the resonant sensors,the accelerometer is designed,fabricated,and tested.The accelerometer consists of one proofmass,two micro leverages and two double-ended-tuning-fork (DETF) resonators.The sensing principle of this accelerometer is based on that the natural frequency of the DETF resonator shifts with its axial load which is caused by inertial force.The push-pull configuration of the DETF is for temperature compensation.The two-stage micro leverage mechanisms are employed to amplify the force and increase the sensitivity of the accelerometer.The micro leverage and the resonator are modeled for static analysis and nonlinear modal analysis via theory method and finite element method (FEM),respectively.The geometrical parameters of them are optimized.The amplification factor of the leverage is 102,and the sensitivity of the resonator on theory is about 62 Hz/g.The samples of the accelerometer are fabricated with deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) technology which can get a high-aspect ratio structure for contributing a greater sensing-capacitance.The measuring results of the samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that the process is feasible,because of the complete structure,the sound combs and micro leverages,and the acceptable errors.The frequency of the resonator and the sensitivity of the accelerometer are tested via printed circuit board (PCB),respectively.The result of the test shows that the frequency of the push-resonator is about 54 530 Hz and the sensitivity of the accelerometer is about 55 Hz/g.The amplification factor of the leverage is calculated more accurately because the coupling of the two stages leverage is considered during derivation of the analysis formula.In addition,the novel differential structure of the accelerometer can greatly improve the sensitivity of the accelerometers.     

Design and Analysis of MEMS Comb Drive Capacitive Accelerometer for SHM and Seismic Applications

This work presents the design of a MEMS accelerometer that is specifically intended for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) applications where sensing low frequency low amplitude accelerations with high resolution is essential. The surface micromachined comb drive capacitance accelerometer structure has been considered in this design. The simulation experiments conducted on these devices using IntelliSuite MEMS design tool show that it has excellent displacement sensitivity of 21.39 μm/g, a capacitive sensitivity of 1.22 pF/g and voltage sensitivity of 1783 mV/g/V when it is designed to measure 0–0.1 g. Further, it is seen that it has a very low noise floor of 1.32 μg/√Hz and therefore high resolution. Since the accelerations can be as low as 0.04 g in SHM applications, excellent resolution is the primary goal in this design. Further, one more sensor specifically meant for strong motion seismic application has also been reported. This device has a bandwidth of 0–250 Hz and a noise floor of 5.612 μg/√Hz in addition to a sensor level voltage sensitivity of 97.9 mV/g/V. Finally, the comparison of these results with other similar devices reported in the past clearly illustrates the comparable performance of the present devices. Further, these devices, unlike the commercial low frequency accelerometers and other similar devices reported in the past can be fabricated by surface micromachining and CMOS compatible processes.     

压阻式微加速度计动态特性与阻尼的关系研究

采用微机械加工工艺制作的压阻式微加速度计在测试过程中经常出现动态特性欠佳甚至于结构损坏的现象，在压阻式微加速度计中，合理设计阻尼参数有助于改善传感器的动态特性。将压阻式微加速度计简化为二阶模型，定性分析了系统动态特性与阻尼之间的关系，研究了压阻式微加速度计结构中阻尼的设计和控制方法，仿真、比较了带不同阻尼参数传感器系统的动态特性，并通过实验验证了仿真分析的正确性。     

高量程压阻加速度传感器横向响应的测试及分析

文中提出了一种高量程压阻加速度传感器的灵敏度和横向灵敏度参数在动态冲击环境下的简易测试方法.采用金属杆自由落体的比较法,即将待测试的加速度传感器和已标定过的加速度传感器以背靠背的形式固定在金属杆的尾端,金属杆从一定高度自由落下与放置在地面上的金属砧发生相互碰撞,利用双通道放大器和计算机数据采集系统同时记录两路信号.实验中分别对6 000 g和60 000 g的压阻加速度传感器进行了研究,该方法具有较好的重复性和可靠性,并分析了测试偏差来源对横向响应的影响.     

全数字挠性加速度计加矩设计与读出精度分析

针对石英挠性加速度计全数字闭环系统设计问题,开展了对加速度计力矩器的结构和工作原理以及与加速度数据输出的关系的分析,对加速度计力矩器的驱动和加速度计的读出精度等方面进行了研究,提出了一种数字脉宽调制(PWM)电路对力矩器进行的驱动方法,该方法不仅实现PWN对加速度计力矩器的驱动,并且该PWM数字电路的占空比参数直接作为加速度数字信号输出。利用PWM数字脉冲对加速度计力矩器进行驱动实现加速度计全数字闭环读出,对加速度计全数字读出系统进行了仿真和实验测试。研究结果表明,在一定范围内,通过调整力矩器外接电阻、PWM频率和逻辑位数,全数字挠性加速度计闭环读出电路可以测得标准偏差为1.5×10-5g,精度为10-4g的加速度值,该方法精简了电路,减少了模拟驱动电路引起的干扰。     

Accelerometer errors in the measurement of dynamic signals

The paper presents the way of determining the time dependent characteristics of maximum error generated by an accelerometer in case it measures dynamically changing signals of vibrations. For that purpose, a domain has been specified, which may contain the class of signals maximizing the error criterion assumed. Indispensable constraints have been imposed on signals, which result from the dynamic properties of the accelerometer examined. These constraints concern amplitude and rate of change. Constraint values have been determined using a mathematical model of an accelerometer obtained from concurrent measurements of its amplitude and phase characteristics. The error has been calculated in relation to a standard, having the form of an ideal low-pass filter. The characteristics of the error as a function of measurement time have been provided. The numerical solutions presented in the article refer to a popular accelerometer of the PCB type, and error in the form of integral square-error.     

一种谐振式加速度传感器及其设计

为解决当前模拟输出式加速度传感器测试精度相对较低的问题,利用谐振式传感器重复性好、分辨率高、稳定性优良的特点,设计了一种谐振式加速度传感器。通过理论计算,得出了线加速度与敏感元件谐振频率之间的关系,并通过有限元软件对其进行了仿真计算。计算结果显示,传感器在空载状况下谐振频率的理论计算结果与有限元分析结果分别为722.2Hz与720.87Hz。在1g加速度下两种计算方法得到的谐振频率计算结果分别为727.3Hz与726.28Hz,两种情况的相对误差仅为0.18%与0.14%。对加工完毕的加速度传感器进行了测试,测试结果表明：在谐振状态下,传感器的敏感元件的谐振频率大约为718.2Hz,与理论计算及仿真结果基本接近,证明了设计的正确性。     

簧片式硅弹性膜应力分布的计算和加速度传感器的优化设计

为了提高我们已研制成功的新型簧片式硅加速度传感器的性能,用有限元法计算了不同形状和尺寸的质量块在４０ｇ值加速度作用下产生的应力分布,使我们优选了最佳的质量块设计方案,显著地提高了灵敏度,取得了与理论计算符合得很好的实验结果。     

力反馈式微机械加速度计刚度的自适应调整

为了提高模拟力平衡式电容微机械加速度计的鲁棒性和分辨率,对系统的非线性进行了研究。通过分析系统的数学模型,认为力发生器的非线性会引入一个可变负刚度。在传统方案中,为保证加速度计满量程时总刚度大于0,预载电压要小于失稳预载的0.707,这就造成在加速度输入较小时其总刚度较大,从而影响其阈值以及小输入时的分辨率。为弥补传统方案中力矩器非线性对系统分辨力的影响,本文应用自适应理论,提出一种基于总刚度不变的变预载自适应调整方法来提高闭环系统的鲁棒性和分辨率。设计了一种基于DSP的数字式微机械加速度计并进行了试验。试验结果表明,采用自适应调整方案后,加速度计在0g附近的分辨率由43.2μg提高到11.3μg,1g附近的分辨率由36.4μg提高到12.1μg,这些数据验证了自适应调整方案对系统性能的改进。     

基于三轴加速度计的多维力传感器静态自校正

提出了一种多维力传感器的静态自校正方法.将三轴加速度计静态应用,可以测得其敏感轴与重力加速度的相对夹角.将多维力传感器中集成三轴加速度计,在校正过程中,旋转施加着标准砝码的多维力传感器,测量力传感器的输出,同时通过三轴加速度计测量力传感器的旋转角度姿态,计算得到砝码重力施加在传感器E的力向量,最终自动地得到多维力传感器的校止矩阵.实验结果表明,该方法显著地提高了校正效率,但与通常的标定台校正方法相比,较正精度略低.     

基于柔性盘技术的光纤加速度计研究

研究了一种利用惯性力测量加速度的全光纤加速度计,并分析推导出加速度变化对柔性盘应变的响应公式。在较宽的工作频谱范围(0～5kHz)内,实验结果与理论推导结果具有较好的一致性。这种光纤加速度计具有灵敏度高,质量轻的优点,采用相位跟踪零差检测技术可以实现加速度信号的高精度检测。     

力平衡式真空微电子加速度传感器的机电耦合特性

力平衡式真空微电子加速度传感器的惯性敏感元件不仅受弹性力的作用,同时还受静电力的作用,其总刚度为机械刚度和由静电力引入的电学刚度之和。本文利用平行板电容器模型计算发射电极间的静电力,并引入一个修正系数描述发射锥尖阵列的影响,对传感器性能进行了理论分析。分析表明,提高偏置电压可以改善传感器的线性度和灵敏度,通过调节偏置电压来调整系统的刚度和阻尼比可使其具有更好的动态特性。由于静电吸合效应的影响,质量块的位移必须小于偏置电极间初始间距的1/3,系统才能稳定。为了获得较好的动态特性,需要确定一个由偏置电压决定的优化工作点。实验结果表明,当设置发射电压和反馈偏置电压分别为1.953 V和5.478 V时,该真空加速度传感器的灵敏度达到557 mV/g,非线性度为0.95%,传感器系统具有良好的性能。     

A composite laminated box-section beam design for obtaining optimal elastodynamic responses of a flexible robot manipulator

A design methodology is presented for synthesizing a high-performance articulating robot manipulator fabricated with optimally tailored composite laminates. By optimally specifying the geometric configurations, the types of fiber, matrix, stacking sequence, fiber volume fraction, fiber layups, etc., the synthesized composite material may possess such superior characteristics as high damping, high stiffness, high strength and low mass. In accordance with the design requirements, e.g. minimum deflection during articulating motion or fast settling time after the power has been stopped, the design objectives and constraint conditions were specified. As an illustrative example, a two-link robot manipulator fabricated with the aforementioned composite laminates is employed for demonstrating the proposed design methodology.