海洋大气暴露3年的碳钢与耐候钢表面锈层分析

通过对碳钢与耐候钢在海南，青岛两地挂片4年的大气腐蚀速率测定，对挂片表面锈层结构的观察，以及对锈层的组成和合金元素分布和分析，结果表明，在海洋大气环境下，耐候钢相对于碳钢未表现出明显的抗大气腐蚀性能，耐候钢表面锈层由比较致密的片状内锈层和疏松外锈层组成，内锈层主要是α－FeOOH，外锈层是α－FeOOH,γ-FeOOH,Fe3O4，碳钢表面锈层是由α－FeOOH,γ-FeOOH,Fe3O4组成的疏松单层结构，在青岛挂片表面锈层中发现了Cl元素的均匀分布，在海南挂片锈层中含有S,Cl,Cr等元素的局部富集，分析了S，Cl,Cr三者在锈层中的作用。     

表面涂层改性技术在提高耐候钢抗海洋性大气腐蚀中的应用

表面涂层改性处理的耐候钢挂片在2年的海洋性大气环境下暴晒,其腐蚀率是原耐候钢挂片腐蚀率的1／6。采用偏光、红外吸收、X射线衍射及EPAM对挂片锈层结构和组成进行了分析,发现碳钢、耐候钢表面锈层主要由γ-FeOOH、α-FeOOH及Fe3O4组成。α-FeOOH趋向在钢铁表面分布。改性涂层处理可以加速耐候钢表面生成保护性致密锈层,该锈层中富集有大量Cr,而碳钢挂片、裸露耐候钢挂片、涂层耐候钢挂片表面疏松锈层中没有Cr的富集。     

碳钢在NaHSO3和Na2SO4溶液中加速腐蚀锈层比较

对碳钢在1.0mmol/L NaHSO3和1.0mmol/L Na2SO4溶液中分别进行周期浸润复合加速腐蚀试验,对其锈层进行红外光谱(IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析。各锈层物相组成相似,都含有-γFeOOH、-αFeOOH、Fe3O4和δ-FeOOH或FeSO4.7H2O。NaHSO3溶液中生成的锈层较疏松,颗粒较大,腐蚀速度较快;Na2SO4溶液中生成的锈层致密,腐蚀速度较低。并用Ferrihydrite对形成-γFeOOH和-αFeOOH的促进作用解释了试验结果。     

一种碳钢在模拟潮湿环境中腐蚀机理的探讨

用IR、XRD和SEM分析对碳钢在湿热交替、室温下的干湿交替和吸附膜存在的室温干湿交替环境中的腐蚀实验产生的锈层进行了研究.确定了该锈层分为两层,外层是颗粒较小的γ-FeOOH,内层为Fe3O4及少量的α-FeOOH;提出FeOH+可吸附在Ferrihydrite(Fe5HO8·4H2O)表面促使其溶解并转化为γ-FeOOH和α-FeOOH;并解释了其原因.     

紫外光下锈层光电催化性能对碳钢腐蚀行为的影响

采用电化学阻抗方法,研究了在紫外光辐照下带锈层碳钢的腐蚀电化学行为,探究了紫外光所致的锈层光电催化效应及其对碳钢腐蚀的影响。结果表明,紫外光辐照能引发锈层光电催化反应,促使电极的腐蚀加速;锈层由γ-FeOOH外锈层和Fe2O3与Fe3O4内锈层组成,但它们在光电催化中的作用仍待研究。长期腐蚀过程的电化学阻抗谱图表明,带锈低碳钢电极的腐蚀比裸电极的大,随时间延长锈层逐步增厚引起光电催化效应强度增大,促进基体电极腐蚀程度增加;锈层积累42 d达到一定厚度时,随时间延长锈层促进基体电极腐蚀程度减缓,引起光电催化效应的强度会趋于一个稳定值。     

模拟流动海水腐蚀环境下含Cr钢与C钢的锈层研究

采用人工海水对含有相同基本成分的C钢和添加了0.95％Cr元素的Cr钢进行120h的流动冲刷腐蚀试验.利用SEM和XRD等方法研究了Cr元素对普碳钢锈层的形貌、物相构成及相对含量的影响.结果表明,经冲刷腐蚀以后,含Cr钢的腐蚀质量损失小于C钢的.对两种钢的锈层分析表明,两种实验钢的锈层均出现分层现象,普碳钢外锈层疏松多孔,而含Cr钢的外锈层呈块状,致密性明显优于碳钢,内锈层亦是如此.两种钢的外锈层均由Fe3O4、α-FeOOH和γ-FeOOH等物相构成;C钢的内锈层由Fe3O4构成,Cr元素在含Cr钢锈层中的富集没有改变外锈层的物相类型,但内锈层则由Fe3O4转变为β-FeOOH.     

Q235碳钢在SO2气体中的初期腐蚀行为

通过SO2气体加速腐蚀实验,利用环境扫描电镜(XL30-FEG-ESEM)、能谱分析(EDAX)和Fourier红外光谱(FTIR)等分析技术,研究了碳钢Q235在湿热SO2气氛中的腐蚀行为和锈巢形成机制.结果表明:Q235在不同浓度SO2中腐蚀速率的变化趋势是不同的.浓度较高时,腐蚀速率随腐蚀时间延长而降低;浓度较低时,腐蚀速率随腐蚀时间延长缓慢增加.提高SO2浓度对锈层中含硫化合物的形成影响不大,但对锈层中氧化物或氢氧化物形成起到促进作用.实验条件下的腐蚀产物均含有FeSO4.7H2O,Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O,γ-FeOOH和无定形的δ-FeOOH,当SO2体积分数大于0.5%时,产物中还出现α-FeOOH.在0.05%SO2气氛中,Q235表面形成锈巢,锈巢内、外的各种元素含量差异很大.     

不同NaCl浓度对耐候钢腐蚀产物的影响

对Q450耐候钢在不同浓度NaCl溶液中模拟海洋大气环境进行了周期浸润试验.采用光学显微镜、扫描哇镜和X射线衍射仪对钢的腐蚀形貌、锈层截面和腐蚀产物进行了观察和分析.结果表明:随着NaCl浓度的提高,锈层变得疏松多孔;不同浓度NaCl溶液中主要腐蚀产物相同,均为γ-FeOOH及少量Fe3O4.     

碳钢在海水淡化一级反渗透产水中的腐蚀行为

对碳钢在海水淡化一级反渗透产水中生成的锈层进行SEM、IR和XRD分析,并结合电化学测量,研究其腐蚀行为。结果表明,碳钢在一级反渗透产水中腐蚀过程受氧扩散控制,腐蚀产物包括γ-FeOOH、Fe₃O₄以及少量的α-FeOOH。锈层具有双层结构,外锈层很薄,主要成分为γ-FeOOH;内层占整个锈层比重很大,主要成分为Fe₃O₄。一级反渗透产水的弱酸性促使腐蚀产物γ-FeOOH迅速转化为Fe₃O₄,致使Fe₃O₄在金属表面大量堆积。由于Fe₃O₄层的导电性及不连续性,锈层不能阻碍阴极过程的进行,导致碳钢的腐蚀速度一直维持在高位。     

耐候锈层的耐腐蚀机理研究

通过模拟工业大气环境的周期浸润实验室加速试验,研究耐候钢和碳钢的锈层腐蚀初期生长规律以及耐候钢锈层的耐腐蚀机理;对试验钢样进行了腐蚀失重分析,通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射等手段对锈层形貌和结构进行分析.结果发现,腐蚀初期耐候钢的锈层组织成分主要以α-FeOOH为主;碳钢的锈层组织成分主要以Fe2O3为主.α-FeOOH晶体枝晶尺寸纤细,锈层致密具有保护性;Fe2O3枝晶粗大,锈层疏松和多孔不具有保护性.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.