基于裂纹开裂角度的夹层板层间开裂

以聚氨酯弹性体钢夹层板为研究对象,对黏弹性夹芯夹层结构三点弯曲实验卸载后裂纹会沿层间方向继续扩展这一现象进行研究。开展了不同硬度夹芯的双悬臂梁(Double Cantilever Beam,DCB)实验和单悬臂梁(SLB)实验,测得了临界应变能释放率。在假设裂纹张开角度在开裂过程中不变的前提下,推导了临界应变能释放率的计算公式。并计算了软夹芯试件和硬夹芯试件的临界破坏的裂纹长度。结果表明,虽然存有一定的局限性,但是裂纹张开角度能够描述黏弹性夹层结构的层间裂纹扩展,获得的结果能够描述聚氨酯弹性体钢夹层板的层间延迟破坏的特点。     

齿板-玻璃纤维/聚氨酯泡沫芯夹层梁的低速冲击性能

提出了一种由齿板-玻璃纤维（TP-GF）混合面板和聚氨酯（PU）泡沫芯材组成的新型TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁,结构中金属板通过齿钉压入GF与内部芯材连接,该夹层梁采用真空导入模压工艺制作。通过低速冲击试验,研究了不同冲击能量、纤维厚度和泡沫密度下TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁的冲击响应和损伤模式,并与普通的夹层梁进行了对比分析;通过双悬臂梁试验研究了混合夹层梁的界面性能,计算了夹层梁的应变能释放率。结果表明:在22 J、33 J、44 J能量冲击下,泡沫芯材密度为150 kg/m3的TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁的最大接触力较普通夹层梁分别提高了31.2%、48.6%、33.3%,冲击能量吸收分别增加了17.2%、11.3%、15.5%;随着冲击能量、面板纤维层数及芯材密度的增加,TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁最大接触力增大,密度较低的TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁损伤形式主要为面板的局部弯曲,而芯材密度较高的TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁则以穿透损伤为主;增加泡沫芯材密度和面板纤维厚度能够提高TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁的抗冲击性能,随着芯材密度的增大TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁的应变能释放率峰值越高,界面性能越好。      

Fatigue Performance of Sandwich Beams With Peel Stoppers

Abstract:  This paper concerns a newly developed peel stopper for sandwich structures, which may be embedded as a core insert or an edge stiffener. The major purpose of the peel stopper is to prevent large debonds/delaminations between face sheets and core in sandwich structures in the case of failure. Experimental investigations of conventional sandwich beams and beams furnished with peel stoppers, under static and fatigue loading conditions, and with temperature monitoring, were conducted. The experimental programme included investigation of crack initiation and propagation, as well as of fatigue endurance of conventional and modified sandwich beams. The results showed that although the peel stoppers did not significantly influence the fatigue life of the sandwich beams, they were exceptionally effective in re-routing the crack propagation away from the face–core interface. Moreover, one of the two peel stopper designs presented prevented face–core debonding/delamination and total failure of the sandwich beams.     

Delamination of layered structures on elastic foundation

This study presents an interface fracture mechanics analysis of delamination of a layered beam resting on a Winkler elastic foundation subject to general mechanical loads. A crack tip element on elastic foundation model is established first, through which, two concentrated forces existing at the crack tip are determined in closed-form. Then total energy release rate of the crack can be expressed in term of these two forces. By using available numerical results in the literature, the phase angle of the total energy release rate is also obtained. To verify the validity and accuracy of the solutions, debonding of a bonded overlay from the base structure resting on a Winkler elastic foundation is analyzed using the present solution. Comparisons with the baseline results obtained by finite element analysis suggest that the present analytical solution provides an excellent estimation of the total energy release rate and its phase angle for interface cracks in layered structure on elastic foundation. This study provides an approximated analysis of the debonding of a thin overlay debonding from the concrete pavement, where the effect of the base structure is simplified by a Winkler elastic foundation. This solution can also be used to analyze other similar delamination problems, such as local delamination in laminated composites, and face sheet delimitation in sandwich beams.     

Fatigue crack growth at the face sheet-core interface in a discontinuous ceramic-tile cored sandwich structure

The fatigue failure mechanism of a sandwich structure with discontinuous ceramic tile core is characterized. The sandwich structure in consideration comprises ceramic core tiles bonded to composite face sheet with a compliant adhesive layer. The discontinuous nature of the core results in a non-uniform stress field under in-plane loading of the sandwich. Static tensile tests performed on sandwich coupons revealed first damage as debonding at the gaps between adjacent tiles in the core. Tension–tension fatigue tests caused debonding at the gaps followed by initiation of cracks in the adhesive layer between the face sheet and core. Experimental data for crack length versus number of cycles is collected at various load levels. Crack growth rates (da/dN) are determined based on the experimental data acquired. The energy release rate available for crack propagation is computed using an analytical model and finite element analysis. Mode separation performed using the Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT) revealed that crack propagation is completely dominated by shear (mode II). Fatigue crack growth behavior for the discontinuous sandwich structure is quantified by correlating the cyclic energy release rate with the rate of crack propagation. The loss of specimen stiffness with crack propagation is quantified using an analytical model.     

Non-Axisymmetric Matrix Cracking and Interface Debonding with Friction in Ceramic Composites

A three-dimensional analytical model based on the principle of minimum potential energy is developed and applied to determine the stress state in a discrete fiber/matrix composite cylinder subjected to axial tensile loading in the fiber direction and containing a non-axisymmetric transverse matrix crack and an interface debond. The friction over the debonded interface is incorporated into the analysis. The strain energy release rates associated with the matrix crack and the interface debonding under the combination of the applied load and the interface frictional force are computed. The strain energy release rate criterion has been employed to evaluate the critical applied loads for the two fracture modes and to assess the competition between propagation of a matrix crack and growth of interface debonding. A parametric study has been carried out. The computed results show that the interface friction plays an important role in the failure of brittle matrix composites.     

Design of sandwich structures for concentrated loading

While sandwich construction offers well-known advantages for high stiffness with light weight, the problem of designing the sandwich structure to withstand localized loading, such as from accidental impact, remains an important problem. This problem is more difficult with lower stiffness cores, such as expanded foam. In the present study, experiments have been carried out on foam core sandwich beams with carbon/epoxy faces, under conditions of concentrated loading. The variables considered were the density of the foam and the relative thickness of the core. The common failure modes of sandwich structures were observed, including core failure in compression and shear, delamination, and fiber failure in the faces. These failure modes were systematically related to the test variables by means of a detailed stress analysis of the specimen, and a consideration of the failure properties of the constituent materials. The loading is characterized by localized high stress and strain concentrations that are not predicted in first-order shear deformation sandwich beam theory. The three-dimensional elasticity solution of Pagano was used to obtain the stress distributions. The strength prediction requires a detailed consideration of the localized nature of the loading, including the effects of strain gradients in the faces. The results show that failure modes and load levels can be predicted for sandwich structures under concentrated loading, but that accurate predictions require a consideration of the details of the concentrated loading. The results have a direct application in predicting the ability of sandwich structures to withstand localized loading such as from accidental impact.     

Interfacial separation of fibres in fibre reinforced composites

An analytical model is proposed to predict the ultimate tensile strength of fibre-reinforced composites when the failure is governed by fibre debonding.

The analytical analysis is based on the principle of the compliance method in fracture mechanics with the presence of an interfacial crack at the fibre/matrix interface. The model is developed on the basis of the assumption that both the matrix and the fibre behave elastically and the matrix strain at a zone far from the matrix-fibre interface is equal to the composite strain. Furthermore, it is assumed that a complete bond exists between the fibre and the matrix and that the crack faces are traction free.

It is shown that the separation strain energy release rate for fibre-reinforced composites can be obtained for cases with and without the existence of an interfacial crack. Numerical examples are presented and compared with results obtained in the literature by finite element analyses and from experimental tests. The comparison demonstrates the accuracy and the convergence of the model.     

New peel stopper concept for sandwich structures

The paper addresses the damage tolerance of sandwich structures, where the prevention and limitation of delamination failure are highly important design issues. Due to the layered composition of sandwich structures, face–core interface delamination is a commonly observed failure mode, often referred to as peeling failure. Peeling between the sandwich face sheets and the core material drastically diminishes the structural integrity of the structure. This paper presents a new peel stopper concept for sandwich structures. Its purpose is to effectively stop the development of debonding/delamination by rerouting the delamination, and to confine it to a predefined zone in the sandwich structure. The suggested design was experimentally tested for different material compositions of sandwich beams subjected to three-point bending loading. For all the tested sandwich configurations the suggested peel stopper was able to stop face–core delamination and to limit the delamination damage to restricted zones.     

Flexural behaviour of structural fibre composite sandwich beams in flatwise and edgewise positions

The flexural behaviour of a new generation composite sandwich beams made up of glass fibre-reinforced polymer skins and modified phenolic core material was investigated. The composite sandwich beams were subjected to 4-point static bending test to determine their strength and failure mechanisms in the flatwise and the edgewise positions. The results of the experimental investigation showed that the composite sandwich beams tested in the edgewise position failed at a higher load with less deflection compared to specimens tested in the flatwise position. Under flexural loading, the composite sandwich beams in the edgewise position failed due to progressive failure of the skin while failure in the flatwise position is in a brittle manner due to either shear failure of the core or compressive failure of the skin followed by debonding between the skin and the core. The results of the analytical predictions and numerical simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Static strength tests of steel plate strengthened concrete beams

The behaviour of damaged concrete beams strengthened by externally bonded steel plates is experimentally investigated. The study includes an investigation of the mode of failure, including flexural failure and the interface separation of the steel plate. Simply supported beams under monotonically increasing loads are considered exclusively. A total of five plain concrete beams externally reinforced with bonded steel plates were tested under static loads to determine their strength and behaviour. The variables tested were the thickness of the external steel plate, length and location of the interfacial crack, and the degree of surface preparation of the steel plate. In all five beams the thickness of adhesive was kept constant. The results indicate that (i) the behaviour of a damaged open sandwich beam is similar to that of a singly reinforced concrete beam when no debonding occurs between the concrete and the adherent steel plate; (ii) when debonding occurs, the failure is sudden and at loads smaller than for a case where failure is either by yielding of steel or crushing of concrete; (iii) the case with an interfacial crack between the steel and the adhesive is more critical than the case when the interfacial crack is between the adhesive and the concrete; and (iv) the failure load and the mode of failure are dependent on the degree of surface preparation of the steel plate. Analytical investigation to predict the interfacial debonding is summarized, and the results suggest that linear elastic fracture mechanics is suited for predicting the failure load for open sandwich beams which fail by interface debonding.     

A Study on Flexural Properties of Sandwich Structures with Fiber/Metal Laminate Face Sheets

In this work, a new family of sandwich structures with fiber metal laminate (FML) faces is investigated. FMLs have benefits over both metal and fiber reinforced composites. To investigate the bending properties of sandwich beams with FML faces and compare with similar sandwich beams with fibrous composite faces, 6 groups of specimen with different layer arrangements were made and tested. Results show that FML faces have good resistance against transverse local loads and minimize stress concentration and local deformations of skin and core under the loading tip. In addition, FML faces have a good integrity even after plateau region of foam cores and prevent from catastrophic failures, which cannot be seen in fibrous composite faces. Also, FML faces are lighter than metal faces and have better connection with foam cores. Sandwich beams with FML faces have a larger elastic region because of simultaneous deformation of top and bottom faces and larger failure strain thanks to good durability of FMLs. A geometrical nonlinear classical theory is used to predict force-deflection behavior. In this model an explicit formula between symmetrical sandwich beams deflections and applied force which can be useful for designers, is derived. Good agreement is obtained between the analytical predictions and experimental results. Also, analytical results are compared with small deformation solution in a parametric study, and the effects of geometric parameters on difference between linear and nonlinear results are discussed.     

Analysis of debonding fracture in a sandwich plate with hexagonal core

In lightweight applications (as, e.g., aerospace structures) sandwich constructions are very useful and common due to their superior specific bending stiffness and bending strength. In many cases the sandwich consists of an upper and lower laminate facesheet and an intermediate hexagonal cellular aluminum core. Along their interfaces the facesheets and the core are glued together. In order to ensure structural integrity, the facesheet/core bonding is of particular interest. Finite element method has been used to study the cause and the effects of debonding phenomena in between the facesheet and the core of a sandwich plate under in-plane loading. A “unit cell” approach has been followed throughout the study. It has been observed that under an applied in-plane loading, there is a significant stress concentration at the junction of three cell walls and facesheet which easily leads to the generation of cracks and their growth. In order to judge about the tendency of crack initiation and growth, hypothetical interface cracks have been considered and analyzed by fracture mechanics technique. In doing so for various crack length, the energy release rate has been calculated and assessed by means of Irwin’s crack closure integral for a number of different situations. It has been observed that there is a significant amount of energy release rate even in the case of a very small or virtually no crack. This phenomenon indicates that the glue used to attach the facesheet and the cell must withstand a non-zero energy release rate even in the intact situation without any debonding.     

单向纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料单轴拉伸行为

采用细观力学方法对单向纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料的单轴拉伸应力-应变行为进行了研究。采用Budiansky-Hutchinson-Evans（BHE）剪滞模型分析了复合材料出现损伤时的细观应力场,结合临界基体应变能准则、应变能释放率准则以及Curtin统计模型三种单一失效模型分别描述陶瓷基复合材料基体开裂、界面脱粘以及纤维失效三种损伤机制,确定了基体裂纹间隔、界面脱粘长度和纤维失效体积分数。将剪滞模型与3种单一失效模型相结合,对各个损伤阶段的应力-应变曲线进行模拟,建立了准确的复合材料强韧性预测模型,并讨论了界面参数和纤维韦布尔模量对复合材料损伤以及应力-应变曲线的影响。与室温下陶瓷基复合材料单轴拉伸试验数据进行了对比,各个损伤阶段的应力-应变、失效强度及应变与试验数据吻合较好。     

GFRP复合材料-轻木夹芯梁弯曲疲劳性能试验

为研究真空导入成型的玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料-Balsa轻木（GFRP-Balsa）夹芯梁弯曲疲劳性能,进行了普通无格构、单格构增强、双格构增强三种类型共42根试件在不同荷载等级下的四点弯曲疲劳试验,得到夹芯梁的弯曲疲劳破坏模式、疲劳寿命和损伤演化规律,分析了三种类型夹芯梁在弯曲疲劳载荷下不同的损伤机制。研究结果发现,无格构夹芯梁的失效模式统一为芯材剪切和面板脱粘,格构增强夹芯梁的失效模式随格构设置及载荷等级变化,主要有上面板屈曲或压坏、下面板拉断等;采用指数经验模型拟合夹芯梁的疲劳荷载-寿命（S-N）曲线,得到三种类型夹芯梁的寿命预测公式;夹芯梁的位移演化历经"位移瞬降-平稳演化-损伤萌生至破坏"三个阶段,相对于无格构试件,格构增强试件在疲劳失效前有较明显预兆。     

Structurally graded core junctions in sandwich elements

The paper addresses the problem of sandwich beams/panels with junctions between different core materials. The physics of the impairing local effects induced by a mismatch of the elastic material properties at core junctions is discussed, and the results of an experimental investigation concerning the failure behaviour of sandwich beams with conventional butt and ‘structurally graded’ core junctions subjected to quasi-static as well as fatigue loading conditions in a three-point bending scheme are discussed. The novel concept of structurally graded core junctions presents different geometrical shapes of the core interfaces (e.g. bias junctions) as well as core junctions with locally reinforced faces. The novel design of core junctions is shown to provide larger quasi-static failure loads, and more beneficial crack initiation and propagation patterns in sandwich beams. Furthermore, it is shown that structurally graded core junctions perform much better than conventional butt junctions under fatigue conditions. Thus, the fatigue life of the sandwich beams with structurally graded core junctions was up to 38% higher than the fatigue life of the sandwich beams with the conventional junction design.     

Analysis of the sandwich DCB specimen for debond characterization

Analysis of the compliance and energy release rate of the sandwich double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen is presented. It is assumed that there is a starter crack at the upper face/core interface and that the crack remains at or near this interface during crack propagation. Beam, elastic foundation, and finite element analyses are presented and compared to experimentally measured compliance data, and compliance calibrated energy release rate over a range of crack lengths for foam cored sandwich DCB specimens. It is found that the beam analysis provides a conservative estimate on the compliance and energy release rate. The elastic foundation model is in agreement with finite element analysis and experimental compliance data. Recommendations for specimen design and an expression for an upper limiting crack length are provided.     

Modelling of mixed mode debonding in externally FRP reinforced beams

In this paper a refined model able to analyze edge debonding problems in beams strengthened with externally bonded composite laminated plates, is presented. The structural system is viewed as composed by three physical different components: the base beam (made of steel or concrete), the adhesive layer and the bonded plate. Each component may be comprised by one or several mathematical layers which adopts the first-order shear deformation laminate theory. Bonding and continuity conditions between different layers are simulated by using the interface modelling technique. Strong and collapsed interface models are introduced in order to capture stress singularities and to reduce the complexity of the analysis, respectively. Governing equations for displacement fields complemented with boundary and continuity conditions, are obtained by a variational approach. According to a fracture mechanics approach, the analysis is carried out by evaluating the total and individual mode components of energy release rate (ERR).Applications for typical strengthened systems, carried out by numerical integration procedures, are proposed in which the energy release rates are evaluated by means of interface displacement jumps, leading to a very efficient numerical procedure. The approximations introduced in the model with respect to the adopted number of mathematical layers are analyzed and comparisons with existent models are given. For the simpler two-layer model of the structure, comparisons are given with the closed-form solutions obtained in [Greco F, Nevone Blasi P, Lonetti P. An analytical investigation of debonding problems in beams strengthened using composite plates. Eng Fract Mech 2006, in press]. The convergence to the results from continuum analysis is investigated when a refined assembly of layers is adopted, by means of comparisons with predictions from very careful FE solutions. Finally, the effect of different debonding modes on the overall behaviour of the structural system is analyzed. These results show the capability and the accuracy of the proposed approach to predict debonding failure behaviour in both steel and concrete strengthened beams. As a matter of fact, the proposed approach involves reduced computational cost with respect to FE solutions based on 2D continuum elements and the use of a multi-layer structural model leads to avoid some complexities related to the classical elasticity theory for bimaterial interface cracks.     

含泡沫铝芯的复合板弯曲疲劳行为的研究

应用表面位移原位分析技术对由泡沫金属铝芯和金属面板组成的三层复合板在循环弯曲载荷条件下的损伤行为进行了观察和研究。循环弯曲载荷条件下复合板失效的基本方式是表面凹陷（Indentation，ID）和泡沫铝内芯切断（Coreshear，CS）。凹陷型失效是与加载压头接触的复合板表面局部压缩密切相关，该处沿垂直方向的压缩应变最大。内芯切断型失效是泡沫铝内芯中切应变最大的区域发生的剪切破坏。在疲劳应力比R=0时，复合板凹陷型失效的疲劳极限高于内芯切断型失效的疲劳极限。     

芳纶纤维增韧碳纤维泡沫金属夹芯梁压缩性能及界面性能

为研究芳纶短纤维对复合材料夹芯材料/结构的界面及性能的影响,对具有芳纶短纤维增韧界面的碳纤维-泡沫铝夹芯梁进行了试验和细观增韧机制研究.在夹芯梁制备过程中,在碳纤维-泡沫铝界面加入低密度芳纶短纤维薄膜,通过短纤维的桥联作用,提高夹芯梁的界面黏接性能.研究了芳纶纤维增韧对夹芯梁面内压缩性能和破坏模态的影响,采用非对称双悬臂梁(ADCB)试验测量了不同增韧参数条件下,碳纤维表板与泡沫铝芯体之间的临界能量释放率.试验结果显示:在相同增韧参数条件下,Kevlar纤维增韧夹芯梁的面内压缩性能和界面临界能量释放率均较好,而混杂长度Kevlar纤维的界面增韧效果最优.通过对试件断面的SEM观测,分析了芳纶纤维增韧的细观增韧机制.