刚性区域特征点的3维人脸识别

目的 针对3维人脸识别中存在表情变化的问题,提出了一种基于刚性区域特征点的3维人脸识别方法。方法 该方法首先在人脸纹理图像上提取人脸图像的特征点,并删除非刚性区域内的特征点,然后根据采样点的序号,在人脸空间几何信息上得到人脸图像特征点的3维几何信息,并建立以特征点为中心的刚性区域内的子区域,最后以子区域为局部特征进行人脸识别测试,得到不同子区域对人脸识别的贡献,并以此作为依据对人脸识别的结果进行加权统计。结果 在FRGC v2.0的3维人脸数据库上进行实验测试,该方法的识别准确率为98.5%,当错误接受率（FAR）为0.001时的验证率为99.2%,结果表明,该方法对非中性表情下的3维人脸识别具有很好的准确性。结论 该方法可以有效克服表情变化对3维人脸识别的影响,同时对3维数据中存在的空洞和尖锐噪声等因素具有较好的鲁棒性,对提高3维人脸识别性能具有重要意义。     

融合LBP和BP神经网络的人脸表情识别

提出了一种融合局部二值模式(Local Binary Pattern,LBP)和BP神经网络的人脸表情识别方法。通过把人脸表情图像划分成若干区域,分别提取人脸子区域的LBP特征,然后把各个区域的LBP特征串联成一个完整的特征向量,该特征向量就可以表征该表情图像。构造BP神经网络人脸表情识别模型,通过在Cohn-Kanade人脸表情库的实验,验证了该方法的鲁棒性性和可行性。     

基于测地距离的KPCA人脸识别

针对人脸检测数据集中的信息均为高维特征向量且人脸识别易受表情变化影响等问题,本文提出一种基于测地距离的KPCA人脸识别方法,该方法利用非线性方法提取主成分。先采用KPCA方法把人脸数据映射到高维空间,进而在高维空间中提取人脸的主成分,其中核函数为多项式核函数;然后引入测地距离替换原来的欧氏距离进行相似度量,其能更准确地测量出两像素点间的实际距离,使得人脸识别率受表情变化影响小。该方法不但可以实现降维,而且还能达到有效提取特征的目的。在ORL人脸库上的实验结果表明,该方法的识别率明显优于PCA、KPCA等方法的识别率。     

基于Gabor小波变换多特征向量的人脸识别鲁棒性研究

传统的Gabor小波变换人脸识别技术在曲线奇异性的表达上存在着不足,难以识别包含表情的人脸信息,针对该问题,提出了结合Gabor小波变换和多特征向量的人脸识别算法。算法首先利用Gabor小波变换的频率及方向选择性来提取出人脸的多尺度、多方向上的Gabor特征,并组成联合稀疏模型,通过计算可以得到各个方向和尺度上Gabor特征的共同特征和表情特征,利用这两个特征向量可以精确重构测试图像的特征向量。仿真实验结果表明,所提出的方法能够有效提高带表情人脸图像的正确匹配率,改善识别效果 。     

基于Gabor小波变换多特征向量的人脸识别鲁棒性研究

传统的Gabor小波变换人脸识别技术在曲线奇异性的表达上存在着不足,难以识别包含表情的人脸信息,针对该问题,提出了结合Gabor小波变换和多特征向量的人脸识别算法。算法首先利用Gabor小波变换的频率及方向选择性来提取出人脸的多尺度、多方向上的Gabor特征,并组成联合稀疏模型,通过计算可以得到各个方向和尺度上Gabor特征的共同特征和表情特征,利用这两个特征向量可以精确重构测试图像的特征向量。仿真实验结果表明,所提出的方法能够有效提高带表情人脸图像的正确匹配率,改善识别效果。     

基于特征点表情变化的3维人脸识别

目的 为克服表情变化对3维人脸识别的影响,提出一种基于特征点提取局部区域特征的3维人脸识别方法。方法 首先,在深度图上应用2维图像的ASM(active shape model)算法粗略定位出人脸特征点,再根据Shape index特征在人脸点云上精确定位出特征点。其次,提取以鼻中为中心的一系列等测地轮廓线来表征人脸形状;然后,提取具有姿态不变性的Procrustean向量特征(距离和角度)作为识别特征;最后,对各条等测地轮廓线特征的分类结果进行了比较,并对分类结果进行决策级融合。结果 在FRGC V2.0人脸数据库分别进行特征点定位实验和识别实验,平均定位误差小于2.36 mm,Rank-1识别率为98.35%。结论 基于特征点的3维人脸识别方法,通过特征点在人脸近似刚性区域提取特征,有效避免了受表情影响较大的嘴部区域。实验证明该方法具有较高的识别精度,同时对姿态、表情变化具有一定的鲁棒性。     

贝叶斯模型下基于SIFT特征的人脸识别

根据姿态与表情变化对人脸识别的影响,采用对图像的旋转、尺度变化保持不变性的SIFT算子作为人脸特征,建立人脸各个子区域的相似性测度,并通过混合高斯建立不同变形条件下相同样本与不同样本的相似性概率模型。在此基础上,利用各子区域特有的识别能力获取子区域概率权值,结合基于贝叶斯公式建立的概率框架确定识别结果。实验结果表明,与直接用SIFT算子进行人脸识别的方法相比,该方法在姿态变化较大及表情变化较大的情况下识别率有明显提高。     

对表情鲁棒的面部轮廓线3维人脸识别

目的表情变化是3维人脸识别面临的主要问题。为克服表情影响,提出了一种基于面部轮廓线对表情鲁棒的3维人脸识别方法。方法首先,对人脸进行预处理,包括人脸区域切割、平滑处理和姿态归一化,将所有的人脸置于姿态坐标系下;然后,从3维人脸模型的半刚性区域提取人脸多条垂直方向的轮廓线来表征人脸面部曲面;最后,利用弹性曲线匹配算法计算不同3维人脸模型间对应的轮廓线在预形状空间(preshape space)中的测地距离,将其作为相似性度量,并且对所有轮廓线的相似度向量加权融合,得到总相似度用于分类。结果在FRGC v2.0数据库上进行识别实验,获得97.1%的Rank-1识别率。结论基于面部轮廓线的3维人脸识别方法,通过从人脸的半刚性区域提取多条面部轮廓线来表征人脸,在一定程度上削弱了表情的影响,同时还提高了人脸匹配速度。实验结果表明,该方法具有较强的识别性能,并且对表情变化具有较好的鲁棒性。     

一种基于区域分割的表情鲁棒三维人脸识别方法

为了克服表情变化致使三维人脸识别性能不佳的问题,提出基于鼻尖点区域分割的表情鲁棒三维人脸识别方法。首先,根据表情对人脸影响具有区域性的特点,提出仅依赖鼻尖点的表情不变区域（刚性区域）和表情易变（非刚性区域）划分方法;然后针对表情不变区域和表情易变区域使用不同的特征描述方式并计算匹配相似度;最后将表情不变区域和表情易变的相似度进行加权融合实现最终身份识别。提出的方法分别在FRGC v2.0和自建WiseFace表情人脸数据库上达到98.52%和99.01%的rank 1识别率,证明该方法对表情变化具有较强的鲁棒性。     

证件照片的一种混合人脸识别方法

在仔细分析证件照片中人脸特点的基础上，提出了一种把人脸的几何特征矢量匹配和人脸的分块加权匹配相结合的思想。该方法针对一般人脸识别方法不能有效消除人脸表情影响的特点，首先对人脸进行快速准确的眼睛定位、图像控正以及标准化处理，然后一方面抽取能够避免人脸表情影响的几何特征向量，另一方面对标准人脸进行分块加权匹配，最后进行综合识别。对JAFFE人脸库的试验结果表明，该方法识别准确率高，能够有效地消除人脸表情在识别中的影响，结果令人满意。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.