高应力状态砂土界面抗剪强度的试验研究

通过在DRS-1型微机高压直残剪试验系统上所进行的直接剪切试验研究表明高应力作用下砂-砂、混凝土-砂的抗剪峰值强度与正应力、残余强度与正应力之间的关系,符合库伦强度准则(高应力作用下混凝土-砂的剪切特性呈现出软化现象,混凝土-砂的剪切特性呈现出硬化现象.基底对砂土的抗剪峰值强度准则影响较小,但对抗剪残余强度准则影响较大,界面残余抗剪强度准则的选择与法向应力的大小有关,法向应力较低时剪切破坏发生在砂土中,法向应力较高时剪切破坏发生在界面上).     

节理的剪切力学性质与含三维形貌参数的剪切强度准则比较研究

利用水泥砂浆材料浇注3组不同表面形貌的节理试件,由常法向应力下的直剪试验研究节理的剪切力学性质,并分析法向应力、三维形貌特征对抗剪强度的影响。直剪试验结果表明：峰值剪胀角与法向应力成反变化关系,与粗糙程度呈正变化关系;峰值抗剪强度与法向应力、粗糙程度均呈正变化关系。分析了JRC-JCS准则计算值偏低于试验值的原因,根据试验现象建议采用三维形貌参数、抗拉强度描述节理的剪切强度。对比分析了含三维形貌参数的峰值抗剪强度准则,建议低法向应力水平下采用双曲线形式的峰值剪切强度准则估算岩石节理的峰值抗剪强度。     

基于直剪试验的金坛盐岩力学特性研究

 采用RMT–150C试验机对江苏金坛拟建储气库埋深段盐岩试样进行一系列直剪试验研究。将盐岩作为多晶聚合体考虑,深入分析试验过程中的剪切应力、剪切变形、剪胀以及破坏特性。试验结果表明：盐岩剪切破坏是一种延性破坏,盐岩剪切峰值对应的剪切位移一般为4～6 mm,个别试样可达7～8 mm,且整个剪切应力–剪切位移曲线都较平缓,剪切峰值不明显,这主要是由于局部位错交替导致的;得到盐岩抗剪强度参数c,? 值分别为3.16 MPa,44.7°;发现残余强度基本上与法向应力呈正比例关系,且残余应力较大,约为峰值应力的50%～80%,表明盐岩摩擦承载能力较强;盐岩剪胀终止发生在峰值应力之后、残余应力之前,且在较大法向应力作用下剪胀起始应力与剪胀终止应力接近;盐岩的剪切破坏位置不是一个面,而是一个破碎带,破碎带上下一定范围内有不同程度损伤;表面局部有明显擦痕,类似于摩擦学的“犁沟效应”,有利于提高其抗剪能力。试验研究成果对深入理解金坛盐岩破坏机制及地下盐岩储气库稳定性研究具有一定的参考价值。     

钢板、高聚物、土不同材料界面剪切特性试验研究

为了研究高聚物与不同介质界面的剪切特性,基于直剪试验,研究了土体含水率、法向应力、界面类型、高聚物密度和成型方式等因素对界面剪切强度的影响。研究结果表明：钢板-高聚物界面破坏形式与其它界面存在差异,呈现脆性破坏。不同界面的剪切强度与高聚物密度、法向应力和土体含水率存在关系。界面的剪应力值随高聚物密度和法向应力的增大而逐渐增大,随含水率的增大而减小。当法向应力和土体含水率一定时,非预成型高聚物-土体界面剪切强度大于预成型高聚物-土体界面,但随着含水率的增大,高聚物成型方式对高聚物-土体界面剪切强度的影响逐渐减小。当其它条件一致时,钢板-高聚物界面、高聚物-土体界面、土体自身和钢板-土体界面的剪切强度依次减小,使用高聚物后,界面抗剪强度分别提高了73%,108%,125%和115%,钢板-高聚物-土体界面的抗剪强度明显优于单纯钢板-土体界面。     

新老混凝土界面直剪力学性能测试研究

新老混凝土界面不同承载方式的抗剪性能是加固结构中的关键,因此,开展了新老混凝土界面倾角和法向应力对剪切性能影响的试验测试,分析了剪切破坏特征,研究结果表明：新老混凝土剪切过程中剪应力-剪切位移曲线大致经历线弹性变化阶段、破坏阶段和残余强度阶段;新老混凝土峰值剪应力随着界面倾角增大呈幂指数增大,随着法向应力增大呈线性增大;新老混凝土剪切破坏一般表现为剪胀-剪缩混合型;界面倾角和法向应力对剪切破坏裂纹扩展模式裂纹分布影响显著。     

考虑粗糙度和粒径影响的钢-砂界面剪切特性试验研究

结构表面粗糙度和土颗粒组成大小对界面的摩擦特性有重要影响,揭示不同介质间界面的力学特性对工程建设具有重要意义。利用改进的直剪仪,对钢板与四组不同粒径组砂粒进行界面剪切试验,研究不同砂粒组、粗糙度和法向应力下的钢-砂界面剪切应力-位移关系、粗糙界面剪切面性状、粗糙界面抗剪强度构成。结果表明:界面峰值剪切应力随法向应力、砂粒组和粗糙度的增大而增加;光面钢板与砂粒在接触表面形成光滑的剪切面,刻纹路部位钢板与砂粒间的剪切面随纹路宽度与粒径的大小而有所不同;粒组粒径不大于刻纹宽度时,在砂-砂间形成剪切面;粒组粒径介于刻纹宽度1~2倍时,可能在砂-砂间形成曲形剪切面,也可能在钢-砂接触部分形成剪切面,粒径远大于刻纹宽度的,形成水平间断剪切面;刻有纹路的抗剪强度由未刻纹路区域与纹路区域提供;界面摩擦角随粒径和粗糙度增大而增加,大致在22°~30°。     

剪切速率对黏性土混凝土界面抗剪强度影响的试验研究

通过自行研制的大型恒刚度桩土界面直剪仪,进行6种剪切速率的黏性土混凝土界面剪切试验,探讨剪切速率对黏性土混凝土界面抗剪强度的影响规律。结果表明:在黏性土混凝土界面,超孔隙水压力随着剪切速率的提高而增大;法向应力和剪切速率通过影响超孔隙水压力大小,决定黏性土混凝土界面剪切峰值强度和剪切破坏位移的大小;剪应力剪切位移关系曲线由基本一致变化到一定范围内产生偏离,且法向应力和剪切速率越大偏离越显著,并出现明显的应变软化现象;剪切速率从0.4mm/min增加至5.0mm/min,黏性土混凝土界面抗剪强度减小幅度增大,摩擦系数减小0.1,有效黏着力的变化介于0.81～5.93kPa之间。     

直剪作用下不共面断续节理岩桥破断试验与数值研究

在伺服控制剪切加载系统下对不共面类岩石断续节理试件进行正向、反向直剪试验,研究直剪下不共面断续节理的岩桥破断机理和剪切规律,试验研究发现,直剪作用下不共面断续节理岩桥破坏过程具有明显的阶段性,经历线弹性阶段、裂纹起裂扩展阶段、岩桥断裂贯通阶段、剪切面爬坡咬合阶段和残余摩擦阶段5个阶段,正向剪切下岩桥呈齿形破断面,反向剪切作用下岩桥产生沿直剪方向贯通的带形破断面,与正向剪切相比,反向剪切下节理的初裂抗剪强度和峰值抗剪强度较大,裂纹倾角、法向应力和相邻节理搭接比例是影响试件初裂抗剪强度和峰值抗剪强度的主要因素。采用FLAC3D对正向、反向直剪作用下不共面断续节理的岩桥破断、剪切破断面的形成过程进行数值试验,数值试验结果和类岩石直剪试件的试验结果基本吻合,数值试验揭示了直剪作用下不共面断续节理岩桥的拉裂破坏和破断面的剪切屈服机理。     

岩桥渐进弱化的Jennings抗剪强度准则

Jennings 抗剪强度准则以节理和岩桥抗剪强度参数按连通率加权平均的方式求取非贯通节理岩体的峰值抗剪强度,未考虑直剪试验过程中岩桥力学参数逐步弱化的影响,计算所得的抗剪强度与直剪试验结果存在较大偏差.基于人工齿状共面非贯通节理岩体的直剪试验,采用以剪切位移为变量的岩桥弱化度模型考虑岩桥力学参数弱化对抗剪强度的影响,提出改进的Jennings抗剪强度准则.考虑岩桥力学参数弱化的Jennings抗剪强度准则的计算结果更为接近试验值,表明考虑岩桥力学性质弱化是合理的.     

节理剪切试验及其表面形貌特征变化分析

 节理表面形貌是影响节理抗剪强度的重要因素之一。采用试验方法研究岩石节理表面形貌与其抗剪强度之间的关系;运用RYL–600岩石剪切流变仪对天然岩石节理在不同法向应力下进行剪切试验,得到不同法向应力下节理的抗剪强度曲线,并运用TALYSURF CLI 2000扫描仪将节理表面在每次剪切前后进行高精度激光扫描测试,得到岩石节理表面的三维扫描图。分析节理在不同法向应力作用下的抗剪强度与节理表面形貌变化的关系,计算岩石节理表面轮廓平均角的加权平均值 ,发现随着法向应力的增加,节理峰值抗剪强度增加,随着剪切次数增加, 呈减小趋势。说明节理的抗剪强度与法向应力和节理表面形貌特征参数 有关。     

常压至高压下砂土强度、变形特性试验研究

 砂土材料常压至高压下的强度、变形特性是构建砂土模型的首要问题。开展3种粒组砂土8 MPa围压范围内的等向压缩试验以及0.2～6.4 MPa围压范围内的三轴剪切试验,将砂土常压至高压范围内的力学特性进行系统分析,以获得能够将常压至高压范围内的强度、变形特性进行统一描述的力学参数。通过研究发现：(1) 砂土在高压下出现一定量的颗粒破碎,改变了砂土的剪切耗能机制,使得砂土三轴压缩剪切由剪胀软化特征向剪缩硬化特征转变;(2) 砂土材料的三轴压缩剪切峰值应力比受砂土粒径、围压共同影响,M-C强度准则在高压条件下不再适用;而残余应力比则基本不受粒径、围压的影响,是典型的无黏性摩擦型岩土力学参数,应作为砂土基本力学特性指标;(3) 砂土材料在常压至高压范围内的剪切过程中存在较明显的临界状态现象,临界状态曲线与等向压缩曲线形态相同均呈指数衰减型并在高压条件下产生交叉,两者共同构成砂土材料的状态区间能够体现常压至高压范围内的剪胀与剪缩特征。     

Shear strength of interfaces between unsaturated soils and composite geotextile with polyester yarn reinforcement

Composite geotextiles with polyester yarn reinforcement have been commonly used in combination with unsaturated soils. Both unsaturated and saturated shear strength of the interfaces were investigated between a composite geotextile and three major types of materials: silty sand (SM), low-plasticity silt (ML) and high-plasticity clay (CH) in a direct shear box. The interfaces were formed using two methods (A and B) to reflect the wide range of possible contact conditions in practice. Method A involved statically compacting the soil directly on top of the composite geotextile, while for Method B, the soil was statically compacted in a separate mold and later brought into contact with the composite geotextile. Type B interfaces required a larger displacement to mobilize the shear strength than Type A interfaces. The ultimate failure envelopes of SM and ML soils were similar to those of their interface shearing. Notably, the failure envelopes for the clay-geotextile interface of both types were higher than that of clay alone. The unsaturated soil-only shearing had a higher peak strength and tended to dilate more than saturated soil-only shearing, while unsaturated soil-interface shearing appeared to be more contractant than saturated interface shearing. The strength variations with suction for all tested soils and interface shearing were clearly non-linear. A new model that takes account of the condition of soil-geotextile contact intimacy is proposed for predicting the variation of interface strength with suction, based on the variation of the soil's apparent cohesion with suction and the geotextile-water retention curve.     

冻融循环下粉砂土屈服及强度特性的试验研究

为研究冻融循环对青藏粉砂土屈服及强度特性的影响,进行环境冷却温度-5℃、室温下融化,不同冻融循环次数及围压下的饱和粉砂土的固结排水三轴剪切试验。结果表明:粉砂土在整个剪切过程中呈现出剪缩的特性,且其应力–应变关系为应变硬化型,冻融循环未改变粉砂土的应力–应变及体变型式。未冻融粉砂土的体积屈服面和剪切屈服面可分别用椭圆型曲线和过原点的线性函数进行描述。冻融循环未改变粉砂土屈服面的形状,且冻融粉砂的体积屈服函数及剪切函数与塑性应变和冻融循环次数的关系可用相应的幂函数形式进行表示。其抗剪强度随着法向应力的增大而增大,随着冻融循环次数呈现出先降低后升高的趋势。冻融循环后,粉砂的黏聚力由4.82 k Pa降至2.07 k Pa,而内摩擦角则由27.11°最低降至22.93°。根据不同冻融循环次数下粉砂强度随法向应力的变化规律,指出可用线性莫尔–库仑准则来描述其强度特性。     

Influence of particle shape on the shear strength and dilation of sand-woven geotextile interfaces

The influence of particle shape on the mechanical behavior of sand-woven geotextile interfaces over a wide domain of soil density and normal stress is studied. A uniformly graded angular fine sand, and a blend of well rounded glass beads with identical particle size distributions, were selected as granular material. Experiments revealed the impact of particle shape on peak and residual friction angles as well as the maximum dilation angle of interfaces between both granular media and woven geotextile. It was observed that the residual friction angles of interfaces between angular sand/glass-beads and woven geotextile are very similar to the residual friction angles of angular sand and glass-beads in soil–soil direct shear test. It is understood that the peak friction angle and maximum dilation angle of angular sand-woven geotextile were slightly lower than corresponding values for angular sand in soil–soil direct shear test. While the peak friction angle and maximum dilation angle of angular sand-woven geotextile interface decrease with the increase in normal stress, experiments showed that these factors are insensitive to normal stress for glass beads-woven geotextile interfaces, at least for the range studied herein. All interfaces with woven geotextile as the contact surface exhibit an abrupt loss of shear strength in the post-peak regime of behavior. Finally, a unified stress-dilation law for the angular sand-woven geotextile, glass beads-woven geotextile, and angular sand-roughened steel interfaces is obtained.     

土工膜/土工织物界面大型斜坡模型试验研究

复合衬垫系统广泛应用于垃圾卫生填埋场,是防止渗沥液污染物渗漏扩散的重要屏障。在垃圾重力及沉降作用下易造成斜坡上复合衬垫系统拉伸破坏或沿其界面产生滑移而失稳。目前,由于缺乏对复合衬垫系统内部剪力传递机理的认识,仍难完全解决以上两大岩土工程问题。因此,设计并采用复合衬垫系统大型斜坡模型试验装置开展了其内部剪力传递机理的研究。该装置通过砂袋加载模拟填埋过程,采用手拉葫芦为核心的滑移控制系统再现了土工膜/土工织物界面的渐进累积破坏过程。试验结果表明：当外部剪力小于峰值强度时,界面不会进入残余状态,上覆的土工合成材料锚固端的拉力也非常小;但当外部剪力超过界面峰值强度时,界面就会逐渐进入残余状态,并最终达到残余强度。同时,薄弱界面上覆的土工合成材料锚固端的拉力也显著增加,严重时甚至被完全拉断。     

Shear strength of geosynthetic composite systems for design of landfill liner and cover slopes

Torsional ring shear tests were performed on composite specimens that simulate the field alignment of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill liner and cover system components. Simultaneous shearing was provided to each test specimen without forcing failure to occur through a pre-determined plane. Composite liner specimens consisted of a textured geomembrane (GM) underlain by a needle-punched geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) which in turn underlain by a compacted silty clay. Hydrated specimens were sheared at eleven different normal stress levels. Test results revealed that shear strength of the composite liner system can be controlled by different failure modes depending on the magnitude of normal stress and the comparative values of the GCL interface and internal shear strength. Failure following these modes may result in a bilinear or trilinear peak strength envelope and a corresponding stepped residual strength envelope. Composite cover specimens that comprised textured GM placed on unreinforced smooth GM-backed GCL resting on compacted sand were sheared at five different GCL hydration conditions and a normal stress that is usually imposed on MSW landfill cover geosynthetic components. Test results showed that increasing the GCL hydration moves the shearing plane from the GCL smooth GM backing/sand interface to that of the textured GM/hydrated bentonite. Effects of these interactive shear strength behaviors of composite liner and cover system components on the possibility of developing progressive failure in landfill slopes were discussed. Recommendations for designing landfill geosynthetic-lined slopes were subsequently given. Three-dimensional stability analysis of well-documented case history of failed composite system slope was presented to support the introduced results and recommendations.     

饱和砂土三轴试验中反压设置与抗剪强度的研究

为增加试样饱和度而采用反压饱和是室内三轴试验中普遍采用的技术手段,但现行规范对试样中反压取值没有具体规定。通过对福建标准砂的一系列固结不排水和固结排水三轴试验,分析了不同反压、围压下饱和砂土的应力–应变关系、孔压发展规律,并分析了几种常用破坏取值标准下土体强度指标的差异。试验结果表明固结不排水三轴试验中,反压对砂土应力应变关系、孔压发展有明显影响,从而影响强度取值;而在固结排水试验中,施加不同的反压对于砂土抗剪强度则基本无影响。在不排水剪切中,建议反压设为300～500 kPa,且在同一组试样中采用统一的反压对试样进行饱和。在破坏标准上,建议采用最大有效主应力比(σ'₁/σ'₃)_max对应强度作为砂土的不排水抗剪强度;而在考虑土体残余强度时,建议采用超静孔压下降为零为破坏标准。     

高应力下砂土与结构界面单剪试验研究

利用改装自RMT-150B试验系统的单剪试验仪进行饱和砂土与结构界面单剪试验,研究高应力条件下界面本构模型及界面剪切刚度变化趋势,为高应力状态下涉及到界面力学问题的工程设计、计算提供理论依据.试验中,首先对剪切盒中的砂土进行固结,然后法向应力恒定在高应力水平上开始界面剪切,并记录试验数据,剪切时保证砂土能相对自由的变形...     

Shear strength of landfill liner interface in the case of varying normal stress

Landfills are sequentially filled by solid waste lifts, thus normal stress on the liner interface changes in different shear stages, which may affect selection of interface strength in landfill slope stability analysis. Shear tests were conducted at the liner interfaces of geomembrane/geotextile (GM/GT) and geomembrane/geocomposite/sand (GM/GC/Sand), and the normal stress changed in different shear stages. Values of friction angles on both the GM/GT and GM/GC/Sand interfaces obtained by direct and simple shear tests under increasing normal stress in the hardening, softening, and large-displacement stages were lower than those obtained by the traditional direct shear test. The reduction was greater for peak friction angles. Since the peak liner interface strength obtained by staged loading is lower than the peak interface strength by using the traditional shear test method, using the peak shear strength obtained from the traditional direct shear test for the base floor liner to conduct slope stability analysis may cause an un-conservative result. It is necessary to consider the effects of normal stress changes on the liner interface strength in landfill slope stability analysis.     

基于动力显式方法的岩体结构面剪切破坏特征研究

 岩体中大量存在的各种不连续面,如断层、节理、裂隙等,是影响岩体工程力学特性的最重要的因素,因此,对岩体中广泛存在的结构面工程特性的研究具有重要的工程意义。在动力显式方法的基础上,对规则锯齿状的结构面进行剪切破坏特征进行分析,并进行室内模型试验。对数值模拟与模型试验的结果进行对比分析,得出归一化的锯齿状结构面在不同法向应力作用下的剪切破坏力学行为及重要剪切破坏规律,并验证了利用动力显式方法进行节理岩体工程力学特性研究的适应性。研究表明：在一定法向应力水平下,规则锯齿状结构面剪切破坏是随着剪切位移的增长而不断扩展,主要表现为结构面上的等效塑性应变分布范围与深度的不断扩大,最后达到纯摩擦的残余强度状态;等效塑性应变的扩展规律一般是在剪切方向上从试样两侧逐渐向中间扩展,对于下侧结构面而言,在达到剪切应力峰值之前,剪切应力主要分布在试样中相背剪切速度方向的一侧,在剪切峰值之后,随着结构面破坏范围不断增大,剪切应力分布趋于均匀;当正应力不断增大时,结构面发生爬坡滑移越来越困难,结构面破坏深度不断增大,峰值剪应力所对应的破坏模式逐渐变为直接剪断锯齿破坏。