基于二进小波的雷达干涉图条纹探测相位解绕

以二进小波和相位解绕理论为基础，利用二进小波变换的快速算法，对雷达干涉条纹图进行多尺度相位突变边缘探测，进而根据信号和噪声的奇异性在二进小波变换下的局部模极大值随尺度变化的不同演化规律，提出了对雷达干涉条纹图的噪声有一定压制的基于二进小波的干涉条纹检测的相位解绕算法，结果表明，在噪声没有严重破坏相位突变边缘的情况下，相位解绕结果是令人满意的。     

Phase retrieval in digital speckle pattern interferometry by use of a smoothed space-frequency distribution

We evaluate the use of a smoothed space-frequency distribution (SSFD) to retrieve optical phase maps in digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI). The performance of this method is tested by use of computer-simulated DSPI fringes. Phase gradients are found along a pixel path from a single DSPI image, and the phase map is finally determined by integration. This technique does not need the application of a phase unwrapping algorithm or the introduction of carrier fringes in the interferometer. It is shown that a Wigner-Ville distribution with a smoothing Gaussian kernel gives more-accurate results than methods based on the continuous wavelet transform. We also discuss the influence of filtering on smoothing of the DSPI fringes and some additional limitations that emerge when this technique is applied. The performance of the SSFD method for processing experimental data is then illustrated.     

Wavelet analysis of speckle patterns with a temporal carrier

A novel temporal phase-analysis technique that is based on wavelet analysis and a temporal carrier is presented. To measure displacement on a vibrating object by using electronic speckle pattern interferometry, one captures a series of speckle patterns, using a high-speed CCD camera. To avoid ambiguity in phase estimation, a temporal carrier is generated by a piezoelectric transducer stage in the reference beam of the interferometer. The intensity variation of each pixel on recorded images is then analyzed along the time axis by a robust mathematical tool, i.e., a complex Morlet wavelet transform. After the temporal carrier is removed, the absolute displacement of a vibrating object is obtained without the need for temporal or spatial phase unwrapping. The results obtained by a wavelet transform are compared with those from a temporal Fourier transform.     

Two-dimensional wavelet transform for reliability-guided phase unwrapping in optical fringe pattern analysis

This paper theoretically discusses modulus of two-dimensional (2D) wavelet transform (WT) coefficients, calculated by using two frequently used 2D daughter wavelet definitions, in an optical fringe pattern analysis. The discussion shows that neither is good enough to represent the reliability of the phase data. The differences between the two frequently used 2D daughter wavelet definitions in the performance of 2D WT also are discussed. We propose a new 2D daughter wavelet definition for reliability-guided phase unwrapping of optical fringe pattern. The modulus of the advanced 2D WT coefficients, obtained by using a daughter wavelet under this new daughter wavelet definition, includes not only modulation information but also local frequency information of the deformed fringe pattern. Therefore, it can be treated as a good parameter that represents the reliability of the retrieved phase data. Computer simulation and experimentation show the validity of the proposed method.     

一种新的质量图导引路径积分相位展开算法

本文首先简要介绍了路径积分相位展开方法的原理,针对路径积分法在处理轮廓不连续包裹相位图时存在的缺陷,提出了一种新的质量图用来导引相位展开。算法以包裹相位质量为依据,最先展开质量最高的像素,最后展开质量最低的像素,以防止相位展开误差的传播,把不可避免的相位展开误差局限在最小的区域内。实验结果表明,该算法计算速度快,能有效地处理轮廓不连续相位展开问题。     

Digital transform processing of carrier fringe patterns from speckle-shearing interferometry

Abstract

The Fourier transform (FT) and the wavelet transform (WT) methods are used to process the fringe carrier pattern resulting from speckle-shearing inteferometry, in which the carrier frequency is modulated by deformation of a bending plate. Both the amount and the sign of the first derivative of the out-of-plane displacement can be obtained by these two transform techniques in the whole field. Phase distributions of the deflection slope are compared, which shows the wavelet analysis gives a better solution with noise reduction and without deficiency of filter window choice as for that in the Fourier transform. Meanwhile, the phase values in the path along the maximum WT amplitudes give a direct map of the second derivative patterns of the deflection, which presents the same image as that given by the shearing subtraction of the phase patterns from the inverse Fourier transformation but avoids the processing of unwrapping for the phase reconstruction.     

FFT幅相联合的快速高精度频率估计方法

快速傅里叶变换（Fast Fourier Transform,FFT）常用于信号频率估计,采用填零的方法可降低幅度谱频率搜索间隔的量化误差,但是会使频率估计的计算量成倍增加。本文提出了一种FFT幅相联合的快速高精度频率估计算法,首先利用信号采样的频谱序列和尾首样本差确定幅度谱及峰值位置,然后由频谱序列在幅度谱峰值位置和信号采样的尾首样本差来确定频率搜索间隔的量化误差校正值。因此,所提方法同时利用了幅度谱峰值的位置信息与相位信息。分析结果表明,与仅基于幅度谱搜索的FFT算法相比,所提方法的计算复杂度更低,且定位精度更高。     

Fast two-dimensional phase-unwrapping algorithm based on sorting by reliability following a noncontinuous path

We describe what is to our knowledge a novel technique for phase unwrapping. Several algorithms based on unwrapping the most-reliable pixels first have been proposed. These were restricted to continuous paths and were subject to difficulties in defining a starting pixel. The technique described here uses a different type of reliability function and does not follow a continuous path to perform the unwrapping operation. The technique is explained in detail and illustrated with a number of examples.     

高速高精度的机器视觉定位的算法

针对IC装备的视觉系统在复杂条件下很难快速、精确定位这一问题,提出了基于小波变换和径向基函数（RBF）网络算法,此算法提取图像归一化小波系数作为特征矢量,对目标图像特征进行学习,得到RBF分类器,利用它在背景图像上进行目标定位。仿真实验表明,此算法可以实现在旋转、平移、尺度变化和噪声条件下的快速定位,定位精度达到亚像素级。     

Agglomerative clustering-based approach for two-dimensional phase unwrapping

We describe a novel algorithm for two-dimensional phase unwrapping. The technique combines the principles of agglomerative clustering and use of heuristics to construct a discontinuous quality-guided path. Unlike other quality-guided algorithms, which establish the path at the start of the unwrapping process, our technique constructs the path as the unwrapping process evolves. This makes the technique less prone to error propagation, although it presents higher execution times than other existing algorithms. The algorithm reacts satisfactorily to random noise and breaks in the phase distribution. A variation of the algorithm is also presented that considerably reduces the execution time without affecting the results significantly.     

A framework for moving object segmentation using dynamic background modelling and shadow suppression in complex wavelet domain

In this paper, a framework for dynamic background modelling and shadow suppression under rapidly changing illumination conditions for moving object segmentation in complex wavelet domain is proposed which deals with the problems of ghosts, object shadows, noise, object distortion in dynamic background changes. The proposed method consists of eight steps applied on given video frames which include: wavelet de-composition of frame using complex wavelet transform; use of change detection on detail coefficients; use of dynamic background modelling on approximate co-efficient; cast shadow suppression; use of soft thresholding for noise removal; strong edge detection; inverse wavelet transformation for reconstruction and finally using closing morphology operator. A comparative analysis of the proposed method is presented both qualitatively and quantitatively with other standard methods available in the literature for four datasets in terms of various performance measures. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method is better in terms of relative foreground area measure, misclassification penalty, relative position based measure, normalised cross-correlation, normalised absolute error, peak signal-to-noise ratio and pixel classification based measure as compared to other standard methods.     

Phase reconstruction and unwrapping from holographic interferograms of partially absorbent phase objects

A method for automated phase reconstruction from holographic interferograms of nonideal phase objects based on a two-dimensional Fourier transform is described. In particular, the problem of phase unwrapping is solved because earlier techniques are inappropriate for the phase unwrapping from interferograms of partially absorbent objects. A noise-level-dependent criterion for the binary mask that defines the unwrapping path for the flood algorithm is derived. The method shows high noise immunity, and the result is reliable provided that the true phase is free of discontinuities. The phase distribution in the outmasked regions is estimated by a linear least-squares fit to the surrounding unwrapped pixels.     

基于四元数小波混合统计模型的图像去噪

图像的去噪和压缩一直是图像处理的经典问题,传统的方法中很难将二者同时兼顾。四元数小波变换是实小波、四元数理论及二维希尔伯特变换相结合的产物,是一种新的多尺度分析图像处理工具。图像经四元数小波变换后,其小波系数不仅在尺度内具有相关性,而且在尺度间也具有一定的相关性。文中提出一种混合统计模型,该模型包括尺度间的二元非高斯分布模型和尺度内的广义高斯分布模型,然后运用最小均方误差（MMSE）估计从噪声图中的小波系数恢复原图的系数,从而达到去除图像的噪声的目的。仿真实验表明,论文方法不仅可以获得信噪比上的提高、视觉上达到明显的去噪效果,而且取得了较高的压缩比。     

On the importance of path for phase unwrapping in synthetic aperture radar interferometry

Phase unwrapping is a key procedure in interferometric synthetic aperture radar studies, translating ambiguous phase observations to topography, and surface deformation estimates. Some unwrapping algorithms are conducted along specific paths based on different selection criteria. In this study, we analyze six unwrapping paths: line scan, maximum coherence, phase derivative variance, phase derivative variance with branch-cut, second-derivative reliability, and the Fisher distance. The latter is a new path algorithm based on Fisher information theory, which combines the phase derivative with the expected variance to get a more robust path, potentially performing better than others in the case of low image quality. In order to compare only the performance of the paths, the same unwrapping function (phase derivative integral) is used. Results indicate that the Fisher distance algorithm gives better results in most cases.     

基于Hermitian小波的信号奇异性识别

机械设备由于故障而诱发的信号往往具有奇异性(Singularity),正确识别奇异性对设备监测诊断十分重要.采用高斯函数的一阶、二阶导数构成复数Hermitian小波进行奇异性识别,具有两个优点:其一是由于Hermitian小波的Fourier变换是实数,对信号进行变换时不会有相位的改变;其二是与Morlet小波相比较,Hermitian小波的实部和虚部振荡次数少,可用较少的数据点对信号进行卷积,从而不会损坏信号的奇异性.本文提出了基于Hermitian小波变换的时间-尺度幅图和相图的信号奇异性识别方法,在大型空气压缩机的齿轮箱撞击摩擦故障诊断中取得了成功的应用.     

Processing of interferometric phase maps as complex-valued phasor images

Phase and amplitude information obtained from phase-shifting interferometry may be combined, to be a complex-valued phasor for every pixel of the image. Phasor image processing is presented as a simple yet effective concept for filtering, visualization, masking, and unwrapping interferometric phase maps. The results from two electronic speckle pattern interferometry data sets illustrate the new method.     

Robust,fast, and effective two-dimensional automatic phase unwrapping algorithm based on image decomposition

We describe what is to our knowledge a novel approach to phase unwrapping. Using the principle of unwrapping following areas with similar phase values (homogenous areas), the algorithm reacts satisfactorily to random noise and breaks in the wrap distributions. Execution times for a 512 x 512 pixel phase distribution are in the order of a half second on a desktop computer. The precise value depends upon the particular image under analysis. Two inherent parameters allow tuning of the algorithm to images of different quality and nature.     

Application of dynamic phase shifting with wavelet analysis to electronic speckle contouring

Dynamic phase shifting is a temporal phase unwrapping method, i.e., a method in which a sequence of speckle patterns is analyzed along the time axis. Each pixel can thus be considered as an independent detector, which is of particular interest for the study of complex surfaces. I report the application of this technique, which is based on a wavelet analysis, to contouring measurements with a dual-beam illumination electronic speckle pattern interferometry setup. I present a new, more general geometric model of the setup. I also investigate the possibility of enhancing the accuracy by using the intermediate phase values. Tests are performed on a simply described object and compared with coordinate measuring machine measurements.     

Improved noise-immune phase-unwrapping algorithm

An algorithm for unwrapping noisy phase maps has recently been proposed, based on the identification of discontinuity sources that mark the start or end of a 2π phase discontinuity. Branch cuts between sources act as barriers to unwrapping, resulting in a unique phase map that is independent of the unwrapping route. We investigate four methods for optimizing the placement of the cuts. A modified nearest neighbor approach is found to be the most successful and can reliably unwrap unfiltered speckle-interferometry phase maps with discontinuity source densities of 0.05 sources pixel(-1).     

A reversible data hiding method without rounding based on Haar wavelet transform: NON-R

The techniques that allow to obtain hidden data and recover the image has recently been much sought after. The basic objective of the method provided in this study was to analyse coefficients of digital images achieved by wavelet transform in the frequency space, to hide data, and to recover original image without loss. Wavelet transform is an efficient method to find pixel coefficient characteristic of digital images. The proposed method (NON-R) hides data using shifted histogram high-frequency Haar coefficients without rounding into integer. Thus, both hidden data and cover image can be easily recovered. Reversibility is provided by retrieving the cover image after hiding into high-frequency wavelet coefficients and extracting the message from wavelet coefficients. Experimental results show that the NON-R has a better performance than its counterparts in terms of statistical and perceptual outcomes.