锥顶钢储罐内部可燃气体爆炸冲击荷载的CFD模拟

钢储罐常用于液化天然气、石油等易燃易爆物的储存,一旦起火爆炸,短时间内将产生极大的爆炸冲击波,造成储罐严重破坏并带来灾难性后果。爆炸冲击荷载的合理确定是钢储罐爆炸破坏分析与安全设计的重要基础。利用计算流体动力学FLUENT软件,基于k-ε湍流模型和EDC燃烧模型,建立了能够模拟储罐内部爆炸流场变化情况的CFD模型,获得了特定位置处的超压时程,与TNT当量模型相比其模拟结果更接近罐内可燃气体爆炸的实际情况。进一步考察了储罐高径比、可燃气体浓度与种类以及初始压力等因素对爆炸冲击荷载的影响。研究表明:储罐高径比越大、罐内初始压力越大、可燃气体活性越高、越接近化学计量比浓度时,气体燃烧反应速度越快,爆炸冲击荷载越大。     

液态烃球罐区的危险分析及控制措施

通过危险性分析,对液态烃(LPG)球罐发生火灾爆炸事故后果进行评价。找出容易引起球罐发生火灾爆炸事故的危险因素,如泄漏、雷电、静电、设备故障等。提出防止事故发生的安全措施,降低球罐的危险性。     

民用爆炸物品安全生产可接受风险研究

可接受风险标准是民用爆炸物品安全生产风险评价的评判准则。WJ9048—2010《民用爆炸物品行业安全评价导则》基于事故发生周期,划分了民爆行业和企业事故概率等级,并将企业事故概率作为风险评价的可接受风险标准,该准则仅适用于现场作业人员。基于公众视角,界定可接受风险标准是民用爆炸物品安全生产风险评价的关键组成部分。总结了国内外安全生产可接受风险标准研究现状,介绍了安全生产可接受风险确定准则和计算方法,结合国内民爆安全生产形势、危险场所区域分布和风险评价特点,在参考国内外事故死亡率和可接受风险标准的基础上,建议了民用爆炸物品安全生产风险评价的个人和社会可接受风险标准。     

液化石油气泄漏的危险性分析及其事故后果评价方法

液化石油气（LPG）在其运输和存储过程中存在着各种与火灾和爆炸相关的危险性。由于LPG的泄漏可能导致包括闪火，不可控蒸气云爆炸，沸腾液体膨胀蒸汽爆炸等一系列灾害的发生，针对上述的各种灾害的具体发生条件及其危险性进行了分析；在事故后果评价中采用量化风险分析，提出了沸腾液体膨胀蒸汽爆炸和不可控蒸气云爆炸对周围人员可能造成伤害的评价方法。     

化工厂储罐区事故分析与危险控制

对某化工厂三个罐区进行了危险源辨识;确定了重大危险源及其危险物质,进而运用重大事故模拟方法,计算了火灾、爆炸和中毒事故的死亡事故范围(半径);根据计算结果,提出了预防罐区火灾、爆炸和中毒事故的控制措施.     

浅析锅炉常见运行事故和原因

根据锅炉设备损坏程度,锅炉事故可分为爆炸事故、重大事故和一般事故。按设备损坏形式来分,可分为变形、爆管、泄漏、管件爆破、燃烧室爆炸和烟道二次燃烧等。现按设备损坏形式分就常见锅炉事故及原因浅析如下：     

RBI技术在老旧油品储罐腐蚀隐患整改上的应用

采用RBI技术对某油库腐蚀情况进行检测、评估和分析,进而建立数据库系统,对储罐的腐蚀受损、外部损伤等情况进行监控,以便合理安排检维修工作,避免油品泄漏引发的火灾爆炸事故,实现本质安全。     

LPG槽罐车泄漏爆炸数值模拟研究

为研究液化石油气(LPG)泄漏扩散及爆炸的危害及范围,采用Phast程序中的UDM模型对LPG泄漏爆炸进行数值模拟,首先通过事故案例验证Phast程序和UDM模型的可行性,而后分析泄漏孔径、环境因素等对扩散和爆炸影响范围等趋势。结果表明,LPG槽罐车泄漏孔径小,气体流速越小,越容易受到风速和天气情况的影响。孔径增大时,在上风向也有部分热辐射扩散,并且受到风速影响越小,扩散从5 cm椭圆形向下风向扩散,到15 cm近乎为以圆形扩散。喷射火的辐射能量大致呈抛物线形状;随着泄漏孔径的扩大,热辐射的峰值越大,影响范围越远。     

城市重大事故应急辅助决策支持系统研究

针对严重影响我国经济发展和社会稳定的城市重大事故，研究了典型城市重大事故动态模拟的模型和方法，并开发了反应及时、决策科学和资源高效利用的事故应急决策支持系统，主要包括以下功能：城市不同功能区典型重大事故的动态模拟；城市不同功能区典型重大事故应急决策；城市不同功能区、不同事故类型的应急预案库；城市重大事故应急决策与指挥调度决策。该系统充分运用了先进的信息管理手段和工程技术，可及时发现事故隐患、控制事故扩展和蔓延并及时采取救援措施，使财产损失和人员伤亡减少到最低程度。     

室外油浸变压器火灾事故分析与预防措施研究

本文主要以室外油浸变压器为研究对象,仔细分析了油变着火的主要原因和关键因素,并按照国家标准和电力设计手册的相关要求、规定,从继电保护、贮油或挡油设施、防火间距及防火墙的设置、防雷接地措施、灭火措施、维护保养等几个方面对油变着火的对策设施进行全面设计,设计的对策设施在一定程度上可有效地预防油变着火、燃烧甚至爆炸事故的发生,为油变的安全运行提供依据和参考。     

Assessment of an explosive LPG release accident: a case study

In the present paper, an accident occurred during a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tank filling activity has been taken into consideration. During the transfer of LPG from the source road tank car to the receiving fixed storage vessel, an accidental release of LPG gave rise to different final consequences ranging from a pool fire, to a fireball and to the catastrophic rupture of the tank with successive explosion of its contents. The sequence of events has been investigated by using some of the consequence calculation models most commonly adopted in risk analysis and accident investigation. On one hand, this allows to better understand the link between the various events of the accident. On the other hand, a comparison between the results of the calculations and the damages actually observed after the accident, allows to check the accuracy of the prediction models and to critically assess their validity. In particular, it was shown that the largest uncertainty is associated with the calculation of the energy involved in the physical expansion of the fluid (both liquid and vapor) after the catastrophic rupture of the tank.     

Experimental evaluation of LPG tank explosion hazards

Liquefied-pressure gases (LPG) are transported and stored in the liquid phase in closed tanks under sufficiently high pressure. In the case of an accident, an abrupt tank unsealing may release enormous quantity of evaporating gas and energy that has a destructive effect on the tank and its surroundings.In this paper, experiments with explosions of small LPG tanks are described. The data acquisition equipment applied in the tests provided a chance to learn dynamics of the process and determine hazard factors. The tests enabled a determination of temperature and pressure at which tanks containing LPG disrupt. The results enable a reconstruction of consecutive phases of the explosion and identification of hazards resulting from damage of the tanks. An explanation of the tank unsealing process with fluid parameters above critical point is given.     

薄壳结构内气体爆炸破坏后果数值模拟研究

为研究气体爆炸对结构的破坏效应,依据分析得出的事故数据,计算高压气体主要参数得出高压气团模型,采用AUTODYN,设置合理的流出边界及联接强度,建立Shell/Euler耦合模型,模拟了二甲苯气体爆炸效应。结果较好地描述了结构内爆炸演化过程,二甲苯爆炸导致箱式梁产生一定程度的结构破坏,箱式梁顶板与侧板的焊接点部分断裂,底板与侧板联接失效。仿真结果与事故特征基本吻合,验证了所用模拟方法的有效性。提出的高压气团模拟法基于气体性质,分析爆炸事故特征,确定爆源气体种类并定量其体积及分布。分析仿真结果发现内部加强筋可强化箱式梁。该研究进一步确定二甲苯的燃爆危险性,为二甲苯使用场所提供安全依据及设计参考。     

Failure Modes and Manifestations in a Mine Gas Explosion Disaster

In 2009, a serious gas explosion happened in Tunlan coal mine at Shanxi province, P.R. China, which claimed the lives of 78 miners. One hundred and fourteen miners got injured, and nearly 4 million dollars of economic loss was reported. On the surface of it, it seems to be an independent happened accident. However, the formation of a gas explosion is dependent on various conditions and all these conditions must be met at the same time so as to result in such explosion. Hence, the explosion itself is not a single event in time. With considering the gas explosion causing the mine ventilation system failure, there must be a number of related causations existing in the system which play important roles that contribute to the system failure. In other words, explosion can be considered as an evolution resulting from various related other failures in the system. Hence, in this paper, failure modes and their contributions to the explosion are going to be investigated. Based on the requirements of an explosion and its propagation characteristics in the underground roadway network, this paper summarizes all failure modes in the gas explosion accident through the initial formation of explosion to its post effects. Moreover, using the theoretical approach and simulation method, the corresponding contributions are also interpreted. The research efforts show that (1) it should not simply treat the explosion as an independent event. Various linked failure modes can be observed during the analysis. It is a quite interesting and also needed for mining engineers to well understand their formations and effects on the system, which may greatly improve the system design in the future to avoid such accidents and (2) the domino effect is involved in various failure modes. It also provides a solution to stop the accident’s propagation by breaking any chain reactions. The research results presented in this paper can be used as theoretical guidelines for improving the safety considerations of a mine ventilation system design work in the future practices.     

Systems-Based Analysis of China-Tianjin Port Fire and Explosion: A Comparison of HFACS,AcciMap, and STAMP

China-Tianjin Port fire and explosion on August 12, 2015, was a major accident that involved hazardous chemicals and resulted in 165 fatalities and 798 injuries. Three-system-based accident models, human factor analysis and classification system (HFACS), AcciMap, and system theoretic accident modeling and process (STAMP), were applied to identify contributory factors and relationships in the accident. The analysis outputs and usage of the three techniques were compared. The three-system accident models show several differences in terms of the emphasis on the models, system structure, classification of contributory factors, and interactions between system components. An important advantage of HFACS is the taxonomic nature, which can be easily applied in practical application. AcciMap provides a clear graphic representation of the causal flow of accidents, which is suitable for academic research. STAMP is suitable for both academic research and practical applications.     

Failure Analysis of Physical Explosion due to Gas Jetting from High-Pressure Pipeline

Jetting of the combustible gas with high pressure is a prelude to bringing into action of the chemistry explosion of gas cloud. Comparing with the leakage and diffusion of combustible gas and the chemistry explosion effect of gas cloud, the distribution of pressure, temperature and velocity formed by high-pressure gas jetting after the destruction of a pipeline, has been paid less attention to in the related field. There are a few fundamental data on the subject of evaluation of physical explosion parameters. In this paper, a physical explosion case of hydrogen gas transported through a high-pressure pipeline is reported, and a cause analysis of the explosion accident is proposed. Numerical simulation yields the field state parameters and the damage characteristics in the process of high-pressure gas jetting. In front of the leakage gas flow, a shock wave forms due to high-pressure gas jetting. The physical explosion can trigger the combustion of leaked hydrogen gas. Though the pressure rapidly attenuates behind the shock wave, a relatively high velocity is maintained until the control valve in the pipeline system is closed down or the jetting finishes. In the given accident case, the shock wave pressure reaches an order of 1 MPa and the temperature reaches 200–300 °C. This temperatures is obviously less than the igniting temperature of hydrogen gas, 400 °C. But the combustion of leaked gas may be triggered by the spark caused by the impact of instrument plates. Since the instrument plates near the leaking port of pipeline has been damaged already before the leaked gas burns, the electric spark from the line short or the strike spark between metal parts are also completely possible to trigger this combustion.     

一起TNT碱性废水沉淀池火灾事故分析

某化工厂TNT碱性废水沉淀池在清理过程中发生了火灾事故,在现场调查的过程中,从附着在沉淀池上的可燃物成分入手,详细分析了造成此次火灾事故的主要原因,并在假定附着在池壁及立柱上的红棕色物质为纯TNT和事故中TNT为等容、绝热燃烧的前提下,计算出了事故中TNT燃烧的最高温度及最大压力.对类似工程中的防火防爆工作提供参考.     

燃气爆炸危险性模糊积分评价

本文利用模糊积分对燃气爆炸进行危险性评价,使那些危险性大而权重小的单元通过积分可以产生较大的贡献。文中定义了燃气爆炸的潜在危险性系数和液化气站的潜在危险性指数,通过对某液化气站的调查,得到了组成单元的各因素的潜在危险性系数,并由模糊积分得到单元的潜在危险性系数,进而得到整个液化气站的危险性系数,评价结果较好地反映了该液化气站的安全状况,这种方法也适用于其它方面的评价。