Cr对纳米晶复合Nd2Fe14 B/α-Fe永磁材料磁性能的影响

采用快淬和晶化退火法制备了成分为Nd8.5Fe75-xCo5Cu1Nb1Zr3CrxB6.5(x=0.5,1,2)的纳米晶复合永磁合金.研究了Cr的添加对合金晶粒尺寸及磁性能的影响,结果表明适量Cr的添加能有效抑制磁性相晶粒长大,提高了合金的矫顽力.Cr含量为1%(at%),快淬速度为15.0m/s的合金经690℃/4min的晶化处理,由晶化磁粉粘结所得到的磁体最佳磁性能为:Br=0.62T,jHc=806.4kA/m,(BH)max=69.0kJ/m3.     

纳米晶复合Nd9.5Fe81-xCoxZr3B6.5永磁材料磁性能的研究

采用熔体快淬及晶化退火工艺制备了Nd9.5Fe81-xCoxZr3B6.5(x=0、2、5、8、10)纳米晶合金条带,研究了Co的添加对快淬合金磁性能和居里温度的影响.结果表明,适量Co元素的添加能够有效降低各相晶粒的尺寸,增强了软、硬磁相晶粒的交换耦合作用,从而提高了合金的磁性能.Co含量为5%(原子分数)的合金,经670℃/4min的晶化处理后所得到的最佳磁性能为`Br=0.90T,jHc=588kA/m,(BH)max=117kJ/m3.     

纳米晶复合Nd8.5Fe76.6-xGaxCo5Zr2.7B6.2(x=0～0.5) 粘结磁体磁性能的研究

采用快淬和晶化退火法制备了成分为Nd8.5Fe76.6-xGaxCo5Zr2.7B6.2(x=0～0.5)的纳米晶复合永磁粘结磁体,研究了其磁性能的变化.结果表明,适量Ga元素的添加能有效提高磁体退磁曲线的方形度,进而提高磁体的最大磁能积.Ga含量0.2%(原子分数),快淬速度为16.0m/s的合金经670℃/4min的晶化处理后,制得的粘结磁体具有较佳的磁性能:Br=0.745T,jHc=730.1kA/m,(BH)max=80.1kJ/m3.适量的Ga元素的添加可以提高磁体的温度稳定性.Ga含量为0.2%(原子分数)的合金具有较好的温度系数,在25～150℃温度区间内剩磁温度系数α=-0.091%/℃,内禀矫顽力温度系数β=-0.353%/℃.     

Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe纳米复相永磁合金微结构的形成

研究了使用不同快淬速度制备的Nd3 6Pr5 4Fe83Co3B5合金中Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe复合纳米晶结构的形成.采用X射线(XRD)、透射显微(TEM)分析技术和振动样品磁强计(VSM)观测和测量了材料的微结构和磁性.结果表明,使用最佳淬速(20m/s)形成的Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe复合纳米晶结构晶粒细小,晶粒尺寸均匀Nd2Fe14B相和α-Fe相的平均晶粒尺寸分别为14nm、16nm.合金中α-Fe相的体积分数为48.6%.纳米晶合金的磁性能为Jr=1.108T,Hc=446.5kA/m,(BH)max=193.6kJ/m3,剩磁比Jr/Js=0.736.     

快淬Pr2Fe14B粘结磁体制备工艺优化研究

采用过快淬加后续晶化退火处理的方法,研究了快淬速度和晶化工艺对近正分单相快淬Pr2Fe14B粘结磁体磁性能的影响.发现快淬速度、晶化温度和晶化时间均对磁体的组织结构和磁性能有较大影响,以28 m@s-1速度快淬出的条屑,在655℃经10min的晶化处理,可获得最佳磁性能,用3.25wt%环氧树脂粘结的磁体磁性能为:Br=0.69T,Hci=497kA@m-1,Hcb=334kA@m-1,(BH)m=65kJ@m-3.     

热处理工艺对块体纳米晶Fe3B/Nd2Fe14B复合磁体性能的影响

采用放电等离子烧结技术(Spark Plasma Sintering,简称SPS技术)将快淬Nd4.5Fe77B18.5薄带制备成块状纳米晶复合磁体.着重研究了热处理工艺对磁体密度、微观结构和磁性能的影响.结果表明,通过直接烧结得到的磁体具有超细纳米晶结构,合适的热处理可以消除残余非晶,得到较好的晶体结构和磁性能.但过高的热处理温度和较长的保温时间的增大会造成晶粒长大,结果导致磁性能的恶化.在最佳热处理条件下得到的磁体的磁性能为Br=1.014T,JHc=237.21 kA/m,(BH)max=61.85 kJ/m3.     

Sm（Co0．68Fe0．20Cu0．08Zr0．04）z（z=10、12）合金快淬薄带的微观组织特征

在V=15m/s淬速下制备Sm(Co0.68Fe0.20Cu0.08Zr0.04)z(z=10、12)合金的快淬薄带,对薄带的相结构和微观形貌进行了研究.薄带自由表面SEM分析表明,微观组织由取向生长的胞柱晶束呈编织状构成,当z=10时,一个胞柱晶尺寸大约为(1～1.5)μm×(15～25)μm,而一个胞柱晶束的尺寸大约为(18～13)μm×(15～25)μm,当z值由10增大至12时,胞柱晶束变窄、变短.薄带自由表面XRD和EDAX分析显示,z=10的合金快淬薄带的微观组织以1∶7H结构为主,伴有少量的2∶17H结构,而z=12的合金快淬薄带相结构是2∶17H.取向生长的胞柱晶的c轴[001]在薄带平面内取向,每一束胞柱晶内各柱晶的c轴是互相平行的,而不同胞柱晶束的c轴取向不同.     

快淬Nd9Fe85-x MnxB6(x=0、0.5、1)磁性能研究

应用DTA，XRD，Moessbauer谱和VSM对快淬Nd9Fe85-xMnxB6(x=0、0.5、1）纳米复合材料磁性能进行了研究，发现少量Mn的掺杂能够显著促进快淬样品的晶化并提高快淬样品的永磁性能，在合适的热处理条件下，得到的最佳矫顽力和剩磁化分别从339．5kA/m和0．70提高到398．1kA/m和0．72，最大磁能积（BH）max从83．6kJ/m^3提高到87．5kj/m^3，而剩磁没有明显的下降，TMA显示Mn掺杂降低Nd2Fe14B相的居里温度并提高α-Fe相的居里温度，认为永磁性能的提高是由于Mn进入两相的晶格。     

Nd2Fe14B／a—Fe纳米复相永磁合金微结构的形成

研究了使用不同快淬速度制备的Nd3.6Pr5.4Fe83Co3B5合金中Nd2Fe14B/a-Fe复合纳米晶结构的形成。采用X射线（XRD）、透射显微（TEM）分析技术和振动样品磁强计（VSM）观测和测量了材料的微结构和磁性。结果表明,使用最佳淬速（20m/s）形成的Nd2Fe14B/a-Fe复合纳米晶结构晶粒细小,晶粒尺寸均匀。Nd2Fe14B相和a-Fe相的平均晶粒尺寸分别为14nm、16nm。合金中a-Fe相的体积分数为48.6%。纳米晶合金的磁性能为Jr=1.108T,Hc=446.5kA/m,(BH)max=193.6kJ/m^3,剩磁比Jr/Js=0.736。     

(Nd1-xPrx)10.5(FeCoZr)83.5B6合金显微结构和磁性能研究

采用部分过快淬加后续晶化退火工艺,制备出了最佳磁性能的(Nd1-xPrx)10.5(FeCoZr)83.5 B6(x=O、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0)系列粘结磁体,研究了稀土Pr元素对快淬合金DTA曲线转折温度点、合金显微组织结构和粘结磁体磁性能的影响.Pr元素使合金非晶态的晶化转变温度和转化能降低,合金的显微组织结构变得较粗大和较不均匀,从而使快淬粘结磁体剩磁降低.随Pr含量的增加,磁体的内禀矫顽力Hci单调上升,剩磁Br单调下降,在x=0.6～0.8处(BH)m达到最大值70.6kJ·m3.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...