Investigation of an Australian soft rock permeability variation

In this study, permeabilities of Victorian Brown Coal (VBC) as an Australian soft rock are determined for a range of depths of a continuous coal seam located at the batter crest of the Yallourn brown coal open-cut mine in Victoria, Australia, by implementing a Lugeon packer testing procedure. Permeability values are determined both analytically and by numerical simulation and are compared with laboratory test results. Field testing resulted in permeabilities several orders of magnitude higher than laboratory testing, suggesting the existence of fractures common to lignite structures on a greater scale than can be observed in the laboratory. The variation of depth-based field and laboratory permeabilities is discussed, as well as the necessary conditions required for the numerical modelling of packer testing within VBC.

     

Determination of fracture depth of rock blocks from P-wave velocity

The quality of large rock blocks produced from quarries depends significantly on the fractures and the extent to which they penetrate into the rock. The paper reports a laboratory study to evaluate the possibility of the determining fracture depth in rock blocks from P-wave velocity. Three igneous, three sedimentary and three metamorphic rocks were studied. Inverse linear relations were found between the fracture depths and the P-wave velocities. Although, the slope of the regression lines is approximately the same for the rocks belonging to one rock class, different trends are seen for the different rock types. In addition, some correlation was found between the slopes of the regression lines and the physical properties of the rocks.      

Disturbance of sleep by sonic booms.

After a pilot study (2 subjects, 19 nights) we tested two different subjects during 57 nights, administering sonic booms (1 mb, 300 ms; sound level of sonic boom in the bedroom 80-85 dB (A) and recording EEG and peripheral blood volume. After 7 nights without noise, 30 nights with either 2 or 4 sonic booms (alternately) were applied. After 10 more nights without noise, four nights with 8 and 16 bangs followed alternately. The last 6 nights were used as a comparison phase. Results showed that distrubance was obvious during all periods of noise. No adaptation could be observed during any of the experiments. On the contrary, during the night with 4 bangs there was a tendency for compensation, e.g., in the last two thirds of nights with 4 bangs, the total time of deep sleep was comparable with the nights without any noise.     

Ultrasonic velocity survey in Callovo-Oxfordian argillaceous rock during shaft excavation

The excavation of a deep underground structure induces a stress field redistribution that could create an excavation-damaged zone (EDZ). The study of the EDZ is important in the framework of nuclear waste storage, where such EDZ could constitute a preferential pathway of stored material towards the biosphere. Analysis of ultrasonic wave propagation across the rock media around the excavation is one technique that can be used to characterize such zones. This method has been applied in the Meuse/Haute–Marne Underground Research Laboratory (URL) in France to characterize the initialization and evolution of damage around the URL access shaft. To achieve this, a device comprising 21 ultrasonic sensors was spread out at different distances from the shaft wall, at depths between ?465 and ?475 m. A transversely isotropic model enabled the measured experimental velocities on each ray path during shaft excavation to be integrated. The results highlighted the initialization and extension of the damage as the shaft front proceeded. They also showed a polarization of the velocity field and an oscillation of the transversal isotropy with a preferential orientation of the stress release and the microcracking. Monitoring of the velocity field also highlighted some significantly different behaviour linked to the complex mechanical behaviour of the argillaceous rock.     

Point-load strength: An index for classification of rock material

Point-load strength (Is) as a measure for the determination of rock strength and for estimating uniaxial (unconfined) compressive strength (UCS) are described and both put together and used for rock strength classification of brittle and hard rocks. The estimated point-load strength values of specimens of varying sizes and also the values corrected to a standard thickness of 50 mm, and the resultant point-load strength values (Is-50) have been used to estimate the uniaxial (unconfined) compressive strength which correlates well with actual recorded uniaxial (unconfined) compression test results. Using graphical and mathematical relationships between the observed and estimated UCS and Is values, a conversion factor of 16 is obtained for estimating uniaxial (unconfined) compressive strength values from point load strength results. A nomogram for computing point-load strength index and a system for the classification of rock material are presented.     

土石坝坝剖面材料分区的有限元分析

针对某土石坝坝剖面材料分区的不同方案分别进行了有限元计算分析。根据分析结果,探讨了坝剖面材料分区的不同对大坝应力变形的影响,计算分析结果可为今后类似心墙坝的设计提供参考依据。     

岩土材料强度理论发展现状

在经典连续介质弹塑性理论框架下,结合岩土工程应用背景,总结和论述了岩土材料复杂应力状态下强度理论的发展状况,指出岩土强度理论是水利、土木、矿业、铁道等工程中结构件设计和强度计算必要的基础理论,因此强度理论得到广泛的研究和应用。     

岩土材料的两种经典本构模型之分析比较

文章选取了岩土材料的两种经典本构模型,通过详细的介绍与比较,从本质上分析其各自的优缺点,从而对这两种本构模型做了比较,以便为以后工程实践中提供一些参考和借鉴。     

Study on the attenuation parameters of blasting vibration velocity in jointed rock masses

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - Based on the rock mass quality classification, this paper proposes a new prediction formula for the attenuation parameters of blasting...     

声波测速在岩体完整性分类中的应用

针对济南地铁勘探中提出的各种要求和不同区域的复杂地质特点,使用ZBL-U520A型非金属超声检测仪测定地质勘察钻孔孔壁岩体的纵波波速,从而计算了岩体完整性系数,根据相关规范对岩体的完整性进行了研究评价,取得了良好的效果。     

Fracturing process and effect of fracturing degree on wave velocity of a crystalline rock

The present paper investigates the effect of fracturing degree on P-and S-wave velocities in rock.The deformation of intact brittle rocks under loading conditions is characterized by a microcracking procedure,which occurs due to flaws in their microscopic structure and propagates through the intact rock,leading to shear fracture.This fracturing process is of fundamental significance as it affects the mechanical properties of the rock and hence the wave velocities.In order to determine the fracture mechanism and the effect of fracturing degree,samples were loaded at certain percentages of peak strength and ultrasonic wave velocity was recorded after every test.The fracturing degree was recorded on the outer surface of the sample and quantified by the use of the indices P_(10)(traces of joints/m),P_(20)(traces of joints/m~2) and P_(21)(length of fractures/m~2).It was concluded that the wave velocity decreases exponentially with increasing fracturing degree.Additionally,the fracturing degree is described adequately with the proposed indices.Finally,other parameters concerning the fracture characteristics,rock type and scale influence were found to contribute to the velocity decay and need to be investigated further.     

煤矸石烧结多孔砖新型墙体材料施工技术

对煤矸石烧结多孔砖的制作工艺及其优点进行了介绍,从材料验收、砂浆饱满度、砌体接槎、留置构造柱、砂浆强度等方面阐述了该新型墙体材料的施工技术措施,通过与传统粘土砖的比较,表明了其优越性及广阔的应用前景。     

气凝胶岩棉复合保温材料的制备与性能研究

介绍了气凝胶岩棉复合保温材料的制备工艺,研究了气凝胶含量、岩棉板厚度和密度对复合保温材料导热系数的影响,确定了最佳生产工艺配方,并对复合保温材料的微观形貌与元素种类与含量进行了分析.结果表明,气凝胶含量为7％,岩棉板厚度为40 mm,密度为120 kg/m3时,复合材料的导热系数最低,为0.0202 W/(m·K).气...     

Classification and assessment of rock mass parameters in Choghart iron mine using P-wave velocity

Engineering rock mass classification,based on empirical relations between rock mass parameters and engineering applications,is commonly used in rock engineering and forms the basis for designing rock structures.The basic data required may be obtained from visual observation and laboratory or field tests.However,owing to the discontinuous and variable nature of rock masses,it is difficult for rock engineers to directly obtain the specific design parameters needed.As an alternative,the use of geophysical methods in geomechanics such as seismography may largely address this problem.In this study,25 seismic profiles with the total length of 543 m have been scanned to determine the geomechanical properties of the rock mass in blocks Ⅰ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ-2 of the Choghart iron mine.Moreover,rock joint measurements and sampling for laboratory tests were conducted.The results show that the rock mass rating(RMR) and Q values have a close relation with P-wave velocity parameters,including P-wave velocity in field(V_(PF)).P-wave velocity in the laboratory(V_(PL)) and the ratio of V_(PF) V_(PL)(i.e.K_p = V_(PF)/V_(PL).However,Q value,totally,has greater correlation coefficient and less error than the RMR,In addition,rock mass parameters including rock quality designation(RQD),uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),joint roughness coefficient(JRC) and Schmidt number(RN) show close relationship with P-wave velocity.An equation based on these parameters was obtained to estimate the P-wave velocity in the rock mass with a correlation coefficient of 91%.The velocities in two orthogonal directions and the results of joint study show that the wave velocity anisotropy in rock mass may be used as an efficient tool to assess the strong and weak directions in rock mass.     

Engineering geological zoning of India

Engineering geological types of territory in India have been delineated which provide almost similar engineering geological conditions for assisting in unified method of engineering geological study, construction standards and working out other instructions for project planning.     

岩脉对隧道围岩稳定性影响分析

岩脉是一类特殊的工程岩体,旧堡隧道施工中遇到了辉绿岩和花岗伟晶岩两类岩脉。其中辉绿岩脉在400m埋深处发生了热液蚀变,试验测得其膨胀力为25kPa,自由膨胀率为0.75%,软化系数小于0.12,遇水软化是蚀变带围岩发生大变形的重要原因;花岗伟晶岩脉与围岩呈破碎接触,破碎带岩体呈碎裂结构,属Ⅳ-Ⅴ类围岩,塌方时有发生。通过施工工程地质勘察,查明岩脉工程地质条件是解决相关问题的前提之一,提出以超前地质预报和施工监测作为施工工程地质勘察的两大技术手段。针对辉绿岩脉蚀变带大变形问题,采用了注浆堵水的措施防止围岩大面积淋水软化变形,效果良好。     

Influence of geometry and material properties on the axial vibration of a rock bolt

A continuous dynamic model for the axial vibration of a rock bolt system is presented. The model comprises three sections: the fixed length, bonded into the rock, the free length, which is not coupled to the rock, and the protruding length, which extends beyond the rock. The head assembly is modelled as a discrete mass and a spring, and a further discrete mass is included, representing a testing device that can be attached to the protruding end. Each section is modelled as a continuous elastic rod governed by the wave equation, with suitable compatibility conditions applied between the sections and boundary conditions, which also account for the effect of the discrete components, applied at the ends. Solutions in non-dimensional form are substituted into the boundary conditions to allow the natural frequencies to be calculated, and it is shown that two possible solutions for the mode shapes can be used for the fixed length—an exponential solution or the classical sinusoidal solution—depending on the stiffness of the grout relative to that of the bar. The conditions for which the two solutions are valid are developed, and changes in the frequency ratio with changes in length ratio, and the stiffness ratios of the grout and the anchor head relative to the stiffness of the fixed length of the anchorage are examined. Generally, the state of a bolt after installation is unknown and this does not provide proper assurance of the safety of the structure for which the bolts are used. The model provides a viable tool for helping to assess the condition of the bolt by using the natural frequencies associated with areas of the bolt of particular interest, e.g. the free length. The results show how the changes in the stiffness and/or length ratios affect the dynamics associated with fixed length of the bolt and the quality of the bonding installation. A case study is presented showing how the model can be used effectively to interpret real data.