Structure-property correlation of submerged-arc and gas-metal-arc weldments in HY-100 steel

Structure-property relationships of two HY-100 steel weldments prepared by submerged arc (SAW) and gas metal arc (GMAW) welding processes using identical heat input (2.2 kJ mm^-1) have been studied. It has been found that submerged arc welded (SAW) HY-100 steel weldments have a lower weld toughness than welds produced by the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. Optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were used in conjunction with microhardness traverses to characterize and compare the various microconstituents that are present in the last weld pass of both weldments. TEM examination revealed the presence of coarse upper bainite, B-II bainite, and carbides in a highly dislocated ferrite matrix as well as in ferrite laths in the SAW weldment, while the GMAW weldment exhibited a typical fine low carbon lath martensite, autotempered martensite, and mixed B-II and B-III bainites which occasionally contained small regions of twinned martensite. The measured cooling rate in the SAW was found to be about 40 pct slower than that in GMAW. It was also found in the SAW that the weld metal inclusion number density was about 25 pct greater than that in GMAW. Micro-hardness traverses exhibited significantly lower hardness (about 50 HV) in the SAW weldment compared with GMAW, but the tempered weld metal microhardness in both the weldments was measured about the same, at 250 HV. The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of both weldments was determined by Charpy impact test. Based on an average energy criterion, the DBTT of the SAW weldment was 323 K (50 °C) higher than that of the GMAW weldment. This difference in fracture resistance is due to the different weld metal microstructures. The different microstructures most probably result from differences in cooling rate subsequent to welding; however, the SAW weld also has a higher inclusion number density which could promote a higher transformation temperature for the austenite. Formerly Adjunct Research Professor with the Materials Engineering Group, Naval Postgraduate School Formerly Graduate Student at NPS     

Structure-property correlation of submerged-arc and gas-metal-arc weldments in HY-100 steel

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Structure-property relationships of two HY-100 steel weldments prepared by submerged arc (SAW) and gas metal arc (GMAW) welding processes using...     

Analysis of inclusions and precipitates in tough weld metal of X80 steel

Submerged arc welding(SAW)and gas metal arc welding(GMAW)experiments of Nb-bearing X80 steel were conducted with high-toughness wires.The inclusions in weld metals were analyzed in terms of their types and sizes.In GMAW,the inclusions are primarily Ti,Ca,Si,Al,and Mg compounds with no Nb and are generally less than 0.8 pm in size,whereas,in SAW weld,the inclusions are larger,mostly approximately 2-5 μm in size,and are cored with Ca and Ti,exhibiting obvious oxidation metallurgical features.The SAW joint was hot-deformed,and Nb-bearing nano precipitates were newly found in the weld metal through transmission electron microscopy,and Nb-free core-shell inclusion was found through scanning electron microscopy.The inclusions and precipitates were dispersed in or on the boundaries of acicular ferrite,contributing to acicular ferrite nucleation and grain refinement.     

Fatigue crack propagation in austenitic stainless steel weldments

The fatigue crack propagation rate (FCPR) in 316L austenitic stainless steel (ASS) and its weldments was investigated, at two loading amplitudes, 7 and 8.5 kN, under tension-tension mode. Two welding techniques, submerged arc welding (SAW) and manual arc welding (MAW), have been used. Magnetic δ-ferrite, depending upon Ni and Cr content in the metal, in the weld zone upon solidification was considered. The ferrite number (FN) of δ-ferrite formed in the SAW zone was much higher (maximum 9.6) compared to the corresponding value (maximum 0.75) in the MAW zone. A fatigue starter notch was positioned at different positions and directions with respect to the weld zone, in addition to the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Regions of high and low FCPRs as the fatigue crack propagated through and across the weld zone have been noticed. This is related to the direction of the tensile residual stresses present in weld zone, resulting from solidification of the weld metal. The FCPR was higher along through the HAZ and weld zone because of the microstructural change and direction and distribution of tensile residual stresses. The FCPR was much lower when crack propagated perpendicular to the weld zone, particularly in the case of SAW in which higher δ-ferrite volume fraction was noticed. A lower FCPR found across the weld zone, in both SAW and MAW, was accompanied by rubbed areas in their fractures.     

Microstructural evolution in ultra-low-carbon steel weldments—Part I: Controlled thermal cycling and continuous cooling transformation diagram of the weld metal

The transformation behavior and microstructural evolution of the as-deposited weld metal from an ultra-low-carbon (ULC) weldment were characterized by dilatometry, optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and microhardness measurements. These results were used to construct a continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram for this weld metal. The major microconstituents observed in this ULC weldment were (in order of decreasing cooling rate) coarse autotempered martensite, fine lath martensite, lath ferrite, and degenerate lath ferrite. No polygonal ferrite was observed. These results were also used to develop criteria to differentiate between the two predominant microstructures in these ULC steels, lath martensite, and lath ferrite, which can look quite similar but have very different properties.     

不同强度级别低合金钢焊缝金属的组织特征及其对韧性的影响

焊接区的微观组织是决定其力学性能的关键因素。为了改善低合金钢焊缝的冲击韧性,对500~1 000MPa级焊条的焊缝金属的化学组成、金相组织和力学性能进行了对比研究。采用金相显微镜和透射电子显微镜对不同强度级别的低合金钢焊缝组织进行了观察和电子衍射分析,并进行了焊缝金属拉伸强度和冲击韧性测试。结果表明,随着焊条强度级别的增加,焊缝组织由先共析铁素体、针状铁素体加珠光体变成粒状贝氏体,最后变成贝氏体加马氏体组织;当焊缝组织为粒状贝氏体时其韧性最低。     

Charpy V-notch properties and microstructures of narrow gap ferritic welds of a quenched and tempered steel plate

Multipass welds of quenched and tempered 50-mm-thick steel plate have been deposited by a single wire narrow gap process using both gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and submerged arc welding (SAW). Of the five welds, two reported much lower Charpy V-notch (CVN) values when tested at −20 °C. The CVN toughness did not correlate with either the welding process or whether the power source was pulsed or nonpulsed. The only difference in the ferritic microstructure between the two welds of low Charpy values and the three of high values was the percentage of acicular ferrite. There was no effect of the percentage of as-deposited reheated zones intersected by the Charpy notch or the microhardness of the intercellular-dendritic regions. In all welds, austenite was the microconstituent between the ferrite laths. The percentage of acicular ferrite correlated with the presence of MnO, TiO₂, γ Al₂O₃, or MnO. Al₂O₃ as the predominant crystalline compound in the oxide inclusions. In turn, the crystalline compound depended on the aluminum-to-titanium ratio in both the weld deposits and the oxide inclusions. In addition to the presence of less acicular ferrite, the two welds that showed lower Charpy values also reported more oxide inclusions greater than 1 μm in diameter. The combination of more oxide inclusions greater than 1 μm and less acicular ferrite is considered to be the explanation for the lower Charpy values.     

Microstructural, compositional, and microhardness variations across a gas-metal arc weldment made with an ultralow-carbon consumable

An experimental gas-metal arc (GMA) weldment of HSLA-100 steel fabricated with an ultralowcarbon (ULC) consumable of interest for United States Navy applications, designated “ARC100,” was studied to determine the relationships among the microstructure, the solute redistributions at various positions across the weldment, and the local properties (microhardness). These relationships were investigated by a variety of techniques, including microhardness mapping, optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) (including compositional X-ray mapping), and parallel electron energy-loss spectroscopy (PEELS). The microconstituents observed in this weld include lath ferrite, degenerate ferrite, lath martensite, retained austenite, and oxide inclusions; no carbides or other solid-state precipitates are present within the weld metal. Microhardness mapping indicates an undermatched weld metal (lower hardness as compared to the base plate) in which the hardest regions are in the first and last top beads, the root passes, and between highly ferritic soft bands associated with the outer portion of each weld bead’s heat-affected zone (HAZ) (within the fusion zone). The majority of the gradient in the substitutional alloying elements (Ni, Cu, Mn, and Cr) occurs within a region of less than about 0.5 mm of the fusion boundary, but the composition still changes even well into the fusion zone. Appreciable segregation of Ni and Cu to solidification cell boundaries occurs, and there is appreciable enrichment of C, Ni, Cu, and Mn in thin films of interlath retained austenite. This ULC weld metal is softer than the base plate due to the preponderance of lath ferrite rather than lath martensite, even at the high cooling rates experienced in this low-heat-input weld. Alternatively, the strength of the weld metal is due to the presence of at least some untempered lath martensite and the fact that the majority of the ferrite is lath ferrite and not polygonal ferrite. The interlath retained austenite might enhance toughness, but might also serve as a source of hydrogen in solution, which could potentially contribute to hydrogen-assisted cracking.     

DP590钢薄板单道次焊接区的组织和性能

在不同焊接参数下分别通过Φ3 mm E4303碳钢焊条（/%:≤0.12C、≤0.25Si、0.30～0.60Mn）和Φ1mm H10MnSi焊丝（/%:0.14C、0.65～0.95Si、0.80～1.10Mn）对3.8 mm DP590钢薄板（/%:0.07C、0.45Si、1.61 Mn）进行手工电弧焊接和CO₂气体保护焊接,并利用ZEISS光学显微镜、LEICA显微硬度计分别对焊接接头的组织和显微硬度进行了观察和分析。结果表明,在焊缝区手工电弧焊焊缝组织为沿柱状晶分布的先共析铁素体和珠光体,CO₂气体保护焊为针状铁素体和少量贝氏体,在粗晶区手工电弧焊为贝氏体和先共析铁素体,CO₂气体保护焊为板条马氏体和贝氏体,且其粗晶区晶粒尺寸大于手工电弧焊;采用CO₂气体保护焊,选择较大的热输入,焊缝和粗晶区的魏氏组织消失;显微硬度最大值均出现在粗晶区,手工电弧焊的热影响区宽度小于CO₂气体保护焊。     

非调质低焊接裂纹敏感性(WDB620)钢的焊接

采用焊条电弧焊，气体保护焊，埋弧焊以及焊接热模拟的方法，研究了了WDB620钢焊接接头力学性能及抗冷裂性能，结果表明：当焊接热输小于35kJ/cm时，可以获得良好的焊接接头性能，非调质工艺生产的WDB620钢具有很低的焊接冷裂纹敏感性。     

Q690q耐候桥梁钢免预热焊接热影响区的组织性能

针对Q690q耐候桥梁钢,利用MMS-300热模拟试验机进行焊接热循环过程模拟试验,研究了10.5～114.9 kJ/cm热输入下粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)、细晶热影响区(FGHAZ)和不完全相变热影响区(ICHAZ)的微观组织以及冲击韧性、硬度的变化情况,并观察了冲击断口形貌,然后采用优选的焊接热输入,进行了免预热的药芯焊丝熔化极气体保护焊(FCAW)和埋弧焊(SAW)的焊接工艺评定试验。结果表明,热输入较低时,CGHAZ和FGHAZ主要生成板条马氏体组织、ICHAZ出现岛状的M/A组元,其冲击韧性低、硬度高;热输入较高时,CGHAZ主要生成大尺寸的粒状贝氏体、准上贝氏体或上贝氏体组织,同时大尺寸的块状M/A组元数量不断增加、尺寸变大,其冲击韧性显著降低。FGHAZ生成较多多边形或准多边形铁素体、珠光体等高温转变组织,其硬度降低明显。ICHAZ除生成准多边形铁素体、无碳化物贝氏体和退化珠光体外,回火索氏体基体组织中的碳化物颗粒尺寸不断变大,其强韧性不断降低;热输入为18.2～25.7 kJ/cm时,CGHAZ以板条束细小且异向的板条贝氏体为主、FGHAZ形成细小均匀的板条贝氏体和粒状...     

卷取机夹送辊表面堆焊层组织性能研究

采用埋弧堆焊工艺在Q235B表面堆焊8-10mm的Cr8系列新型熔覆材料,测定其耐磨性和硬度变化,分析熔覆金属的组织形貌和高温工况下的合金元素扩散。研究结果表明,熔覆金属打底层主要是以铁素体为主,伴随着少量的贝氏体。盖面层的焊态组织主要为马氏体和残余奥氏体,伴有少量的回火马氏体,同时在枝晶马氏体间可见少量较小的碳化物。经550℃回火后其盖面层组织为回火马氏体和残余奥氏体,碳化物析出相均布较焊态呈增多趋势。焊态硬度值为530-580HV300,回火后硬度值为720-830HV300,磨损失重是45#淬火钢的0.31倍。在使用3个月后发现在熔覆层表面出现了元素偏移并形成了由Cr2O3、WO等组成的氧化膜,降低了夹送辊的粘钢倾向,提高使用寿命。     

Microstructure,Composition, and Impact Toughness Across the Fusion Line of High-Strength Bainitic Steel Weldments

This paper analyzed the evolution of microstructure, composition, and impact toughness across the fusion line of high-strength bainitic steel weldments with different heat inputs. The main purpose was to develop a convenient method to evaluate the HAZ toughness quickly. The compositions of HAZ were insensitive to higher contents of alloy elements (e.g., Ni, Mo) in the weld metal because their diffusion distance is very short into the HAZ. The weld metal contained predominantly acicular ferrite at any a heat input, whereas the main microstructures in the HAZ changed from lath martensite/bainite to upper bainite with the increasing heat input. The evolution of HAZ toughness in relation to microstructural changes can be revealed clearly combined with the impact load curve and fracture morphology, although the results of impact tests do not show an obvious change with heat input because the position of Charpy V notch contains the weld metal, HAZ as well as a part of base metal. As a result, based on the bead-on-plate welding tests, the welding parameter affecting the HAZ toughness can be evaluated rapidly.     

The correlation of microstructure and stress corrosion fracture of HY-130 steel weldments

Microstructure is among the most important factors known to affect the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of medium and high strength steels. Multipass welding can produce various microstructures in the weld and heat affected zone on quite a fine scale, so that intimately mixed fracture modes are observed on SCC specimens of such welds. Performance of these welds mirrors the different SCC susceptibilities of the different microstructures. Detailed metallographic observations have been carried out to demonstrate the correlation between the microstructural features and SCC fracture of HY-130 steel weldments. It is shown that the refined microstructures were most resistant to SCC and the accompanying fracture mode was microvoid coalescence. Those microstructures giving rise to the more brittle fracture modes and thus less resistant to SCC were associated with the columnar/coarse equiaxed grain structures of untempered (or slightly tempered) martensite and/or bainite. These results were used as the basis for suggested welding practice to improve the SCC resistance of HY-130 and other medium strength steel weldments. Formerly Post-doctoral Associate at Carnegie-Mellon University     

Comparative Study on Processing Property Between CWW CO2 Gas Shielded Welding and SAW

 Cable welding wire (CWW) CO2 gas shielded welding is an innovative process arc welding with high efficiency, high quality and low consumption, in which cable wire is used as consumable electrode. CWW CO2 gas shielded welding and submerged arc welding (SAW) are used for contrast studies on processing property of high strength steel A36 used in ship structure. The results show that the shapes of weld seam, using CWW CO2 gas shielded welding and SAW, are good and no weld defect such as air hole, flaw, slag inclusion, incomplete fusion, lack of penetration and so on are found in the weld seam. Because the rotating of arc during CWW CO2 gas shielded welding process has a strong stirring effect on molten pool, the grain in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the joints, using CWW CO2 gas shielded welding, is small. Tensile failure positions of joints by CWW CO2 gas shielded welding and SAW are all in the base metal, but tensile strength of CWW CO2 gas shielded welding joint is higher than that of SAW joint by an average of 2. 3%. The average impact energy of HAZ, using CWW CO2 gas shielded welding and SAW, is almost equal, but the average impact energy of the weld seam using CWW CO2 gas shielded welding is increased by 6%, and the average impact energy of the fusion line is increased by 7%. The 180° bending tests for the joints of CWW CO2 gas shielded welding and SAW are all qualified, and the joints hardness is all less than HV 355, but hardness of CWW CO2 gas shielded welding wire welding joint near the fusion line is obviously lower. It can be concluded that the properties of CWW CO2 gas shielded welding are better than those of the SAW joint, and CWW CO2 gas shielded welding is suitable for welding high strength steel A36 used in ship structure.     

12CrlMoV低合金钢管的焊接组织与性能

通过对12Cr1MoV低合金钢管试验及分析,结果表明,其力学性能符合标准.焊缝及热影响区组织为贝氏体 铁素体,焊缝和细晶区晶粒细小、显微硬度较高;粗晶区晶粒粗大、硬度较低;基体组织为铁素体 珠光体,硬度更低.总体焊接性能良好,尚能满足使用要求.     

Dilution in single pass arc welds

A study was conducted on dilution of single pass arc welds of type 308 stainless steel filler metal deposited onto A36 carbon steel by the plasma arc welding (PAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and submerged are welding (SAW) processes. Knowledge of the arc and melting efficiency was used in a simple energy balance to develop an expression for dilution as a function of welding variables and thermophysical properties of the filler metal and substrate. Comparison of calculated and experimentally determined dilution values shows the approach provides reasonable predictions of dilution when the melting efficiency can be accurately predicted. The conditions under which such accuracy is obtained are discussed. A diagram is developed from the dilution equation which readily reveals the effect of processing parameters on dilution to aid in parameter optimization.     

Factors Influencing Stress-Corrosion Cracking of High-Strength Steel Weld Metals

The stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of high-strength steel weld metals, as indexed by K_Iscc, was examined with emphasis on the relative influences of yield strength, electrochemical potential, welding process, and weld metal composition. The weld metals were from weldments fabricated by the gas metal arc (GMA) or gas tungsten arc (GTA) process. Filler metals with four different compositions—designated 120S, 140S, AX140 and HY-130—were used. The multi-pass welding procedures and their associated thermal cycles produced very complex martensitic-bainitic type microstructures. The GTA weld metals were considerably more fine-grained and more highly tempered than the GMA weld metals. This enhanced the fracture toughness of all four of the higher strength GTA weld metals but improved the SCC properties of only two GTA weld metals—HY-130 and 140S. The effectiveness of microstructural influences on SCC behavior is correlated with the sulfur content of the weld metals assuming that hydrogen is the cause of SCC in these materials. The role of sulfur is presumed to be that of catalytic poison for the hydrogen recombination reaction which increases opportunities for nascent hydrogen absorption. The results show that the weld metals with improved SCC properties contain the lower concentrations of sulfur.     

Detailed Diffraction and Electron Microscopy Study of Inertia-Friction-Welded Dissimilar High-Strength Steels

A detailed characterization of two dissimilar high-strength steels, SCMV and Aermet 100, joined by inertia friction welding (IFW)—a solid-state welding technique—was undertaken using high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction and advanced electron microscopy in order to understand the dramatic hardness variation across such a weld. It was found that the severe high-temperature deformation in the thermomechanically affected zones (TMAZs) of the weld, stabilized ordered, and nanosized FeCo zones in Aermet 100 and about 12 to 14 vol pct austenite in SCMV (Ni equivalent 9 wt pct). The ordered FeCo zones in Aermet 100 resulted in exceptionally high hardness values of 700 to 725 HV. Very close to the weld line, the TMAZ of Aermet 100 also displayed a region with about 15 vol pct austenite, while in the parent material, 8 to 9 vol pct was typically observed. No indication of martensite was found in the weld region of Aermet 100. Ferrite texture analysis at different locations within the TMAZs on either side of the weld showed that SCMV develops a very strong α-fiber texture near the weld line and, in addition, a γ-fiber texture toward the heat-affected zone (HAZ), suggesting the presence of ferrite during welding near the weld line and recrystallization further away. The ferrite texture development in the TMAZ of Aermet 100 was relatively weak, suggesting that austenite is a dominant phase in the TMAZ during IFW.     

Spot weldability comparison of high strength steel DP590 with different chemical composition

This paper introduces the cold-rolled DP590 high strength automotive steel sheets produced by Sougang Steel,which involve two different composition systems,one with high Al content and the other with C-Si-Mn.These two materials are pot-welded and the optimized welding current range and the best welding current are obtained.Both the two kinds of materials welding current’s scope is 1 800 A,but the current of C-Si-Mn system DP590 is 1 400 A higher then the high Al content one’ s;when these two kind of materials are welded with the optimal current,the nugget can be get by no defect.There have some difference in these two base materials.High Al DP590 has a bandy metallurgical structure compose with ferrite and martensite,the volume fraction of martensite is 8%,the grain size is 10.5.C-Si-Mn system DP590 compose with ferrite and martensite also while the volume fraction of martensite is 9%,the grain size is 9.5.Weld structure of high Al DP590 are bainite and lath martensite when C-Si-Mn system DP590’s is lath martensite only.The variation of HV is same for these two materials nugget,the length of the are both 10 mm,there have no soft zone in the weld scope.The HV of the both materials are the same of 210 -220.The HV of high Al DP590 weld scope is 280,when C-Si-Mn system DP590 is much more then it with 425.After test these two welded sample get the same failure modes,the maximum shearing resistance and maximum positive tension of high Al DP590 are both less than the C-Si-Mn system DP590.