TEM在赵官井田采前灰岩水探测中的应用

赵官井田内灰岩含水层有太原组一~五灰、徐灰和奥灰,岩溶裂隙发育,富水性不均一,应用TEM(瞬变地磁技术)对研究区内各灰岩含水层进行采前水文探测。首先在断面图上对有异常反应的区域在平面位置上进行圈定和组合,初步地确定异常区的范围;然后与顺层切片图对比分析,进一步确定异常区的分布形态,并与地质成果作对应分析,从而得出各灰岩含水层富水异常区的分布规律。     

Dewatering concepts at Zambian Copperbelt Mines

During the financial year 1992/93, Zambian Consolidated Copper Mines Ltd (ZCCM) Ltd pumped a total of 263 million tonnes of water from its various mining operations. During the same period the Company produced 23 million tonnes of ore, giving a water to ore ratio of 11.4 tonnes of water per tonne of ore produced. Hydrostatic pressures interesected in underground boreholes ranged upto about 5MPa. Against this background the dewatering techniques that have been practised on the Copperbelt at ZCCM’s mines are reviewed. The methods include the surface exclusion of water, interception of water, simple drainage, breakthrough methods, dewatering drilling, grouting isotope analysis and computer modelling. The surface exclusion of water includes the use of canals and pipelines to carry water over hydrological hazard zones, herringbone ditches to speed up run-off, stream gauging to locate hydrological hazard zones and weirs to quantify flow rates, and the judicious geological siting of dams and other surface water structures. Interception methods basically revolve around the concept of interception of the potential mine drainage at the extremities of the mines in order to ensure that the cone of dewatering is lowered before it intercepts the main mining areas. Simple drainage is the mining of drives into aquifers at reduced hydrostatic pressures in order to drain specific aquifers. Breakthrough methods also involve the mining of drives into aquifers but in a more controlled manner than in simple drainage. In this instance drives are mined directly into aquifers utilising watertight doors or puddle pipes to protect the main mine workings. Dewatering drilling is the most widely used method of dewatering used on the Copperbelt. It may be conveniently divided into surface and underground dewatering boreholes. Surface dewatering boreholes may be either pumped, utilising borehole pumps, used for piezometric measurements, or used in open pit situations to drain aquifers under hydrostatic pressure. Underground dewatering boreholes are the most widely practised method of dewatering on the Copperbelt and involve the drilling of boreholes into aquifers, in order to lower the hydrostatic head in a particular aquifer. A number of different techniques are discussed. Grouting to exclude the inflow of water into mines has long been known as a method of groundwater exclusion. The uses of cementious grouts and resin grouts are discussed. Isotope analysis has been used at Konkola Division to give indications of both the age and possible origins of the Konkola groundwaters. Computer modelling utilising modflow software has been used at Konkola Division to predict drawdown of the hydrostatic head in a number of different mining scenarios. A changeover from caving mining methods to mining methods involving the use of backfill should permit certain mines to effect major cost savings with regard to dewatering costs. The implications of this change in mining methods is discussed. Environmental aspects of mine drainage from ZCCM’s mines is addressed and the lack of an acid mine drainage problem briefly discussed.     

Ground Water Control Techniques for Safe Exploitation of the Neyveli Lignite Deposit, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India

Dewatering in deep opencast mines generally focuses on extraction of seepage water from the phreatic zones above the ore/mineral deposits and storm water that collects in mine pits. But at the Neyveli lignite deposit in the Cuddalore District, there was a danger of the mine floor bursting due to the hydrostatic head pressures in the underlying thick confined aquifers, a problem not previously encountered anywhere in India. Hydrogeological studies established the feasibility of mining the lignite by maintaining a constant cone of depression (pressure relief) in the surrounding aquifers below the mine by continuous pumping through a pre-planned network of wells. This depressurizing process had to be designed to tackle multi-layered confined aquifers and water table conditions. This paper traces the multi-faceted evolution in developments to control ground water at the Neyveli Mines.     

Acid Mine Drainage Flowing from Abandoned Gas Wells

Abstract  In northwestern Pennsylvania (USA), numerous abandoned natural gas wells are producing artesian flows of Fe-contaminated water. The origin of the polluted water has been generally assumed to be brines from the gas-producing sands. We sampled 20 artesian discharges where iron staining was conspicuous. The waters were not brines, but were more characteristic of acid mine drainage (AMD). The dominant cations were Fe, Ca, and Mg, while the dominant anion was sulfate. The study area has a long history of coal mining in the lower Allegheny formation; however, the coal beds are generally at higher elevations than the discharges. We propose that AMD formed in the coal mines is infiltrating into lower aquifers, moving outside the lateral limits of mining, and using abandoned gas wells as conduits to the surface. While flowing through the underlying sandstones, the AMD chemistry is modified by contact with siderite, the dominant carbonate mineral in this stratigraphy. This would suggest that current remediation strategies that emphasize plugging the pollution-producing gas wells may be ill-advised because the source of the polluted water is more shallow than currently assumed.     

西南岩溶山区保水采煤地质模式

我国西南地区煤炭储量丰富,但岩溶山区条件下石漠化十分严重,特别是煤炭开采进一步促进了石漠化进程。为协调我国西南地区煤炭开采与生态环境保护的矛盾,开展西南岩溶山区保水采煤地质模式研究。以六盘水煤田,特别是发耳矿区米箩煤矿为研究背景,基于地质调查、采掘揭露、矿井水文观测、地下水钻孔显微高速摄像观测等手段的成果,剖析了研究区生态、采煤、构造及水文条件,研究了西南岩溶山区的煤-水组合关系特征,阐释了岩溶山区煤炭开采驱动石漠化的过程;进而采用统计分析、三轴卸载实验、水-电相似模拟研究了西南地区导水裂隙带发育高度、整体下沉带内相对隔水岩体采动渗透性变化及采煤侧向渗流下生态水位响应规律。研究结果表明:西南岩溶山区煤炭开采导致生态潜水位下降促使水土流失增加,进而驱动西南岩溶山区石漠化进展,是该区保水采煤的关键。研究区煤炭开采厚度小(1～3 m),上覆基岩厚度大(800～1 000 m),导水裂隙带发育有限,导水裂隙带以上相对隔水岩层卸载后仍能有效隔水,采煤后垂向渗流微弱。但采煤沟通的基岩含水层与生态潜水存在侧向补给渗流,煤-水关系为侧向渗流型。研究区典型采矿地质条件下,煤柱留设80 m可实现保水采煤,而超前注浆可减少保水煤柱留设。本研究可以为西南岩溶山区采煤规划提供借鉴。     

铜辉矿业水文地质调查及分析

为了保证铜辉矿业下一步开采的安全性,开展水文调查,分析含水层与隔水层特征,各含水层间与地表水和地下水的关联,对勘查区进行了岩溶含水岩组富水性水文地质分区。研究结果表明：岩溶含水层沿走向方向均富水,完整岩层隔水性能较好,但部分有斜节理发育,隔水效果降低。各含水层之间和地表水之间存在一定补给关联,地下水含水层的补给、径流、排泄条件较差,地下水运动相对滞缓。矿段中、西部岩溶含水层富水性中等。水5孔以西岩溶含水层有泉出露,富水程度较高。能够为矿山安全生产过程中进行防治水工作提供技术支持。     

矿井涌(突)水源混合水识别模型研究

根据不同含水层在水化学特征上的差异,提出基于水化学原理判别矿井涌(突)水水源的混合水判识模型。以开滦荆各庄矿为例,通过绘制Piper三线图判断待识别水样来源,运用PHREEQC软件建立矿井水源混合模型,并以6大常规离子和pH值为识别因子,提出了根据欧氏距离计算结果判断矿井混合水突水水源的模型。结果表明,通过Piper三线图与欧氏距离结合的模型判别,涌水水源的水80%来自K6—12煤砂岩裂隙含水层(Ⅲ),20%来自9煤—7煤砂岩裂隙含水层(Ⅳ),经与实际化验结果对比,该结果符合实际。     

采动煤层顶板碎屑岩类含水层富水性评价方法及应用

砂(砾)岩等碎屑岩类含水层广泛发育于含煤地层中,矿井建设及煤炭资源开采过程中引发的突水事故严重威胁了煤矿安全生产,碎屑岩类含水层富水性评价成为矿井水害防治工作的重要工作。本文选取岩层结构与地质构造2个指标作为碎屑岩类含水层富水性的控制因素,提出岩性结构系数量化含煤地层岩性及其组合关系,引入分形理论定量评价地质构造复杂程度,基于此构建含水层富水性评价模型,依据矿井已有工作面突水资料,确定含水层富水性分区阈值及其等级划分标准,形成了碎屑岩类含水层富水性预测方法。研究成果成功应用于高庄煤矿湖下3上1煤层顶板砂岩含水层富水性评价工作中,取得良好效果。     

大海则煤矿顶板富水含水层下开采水害防治研究

为了解决顶板富水含水层下开采过程中所面临的水害问题,以侏罗纪煤田榆横北区大海则煤矿为例,通过分析矿井水文地质条件,确定了主要充水水源和充水通道,计算了防隔水煤（岩）柱留设宽（厚）度,并预测了矿井开采2号煤层时的涌水量,提出了相应的防治措施。结果表明:矿井开采2号煤层时,其主要充水水源为煤层顶板侏罗系延安组、直罗组含水层水,主要充水通道为覆岩导水裂隙带。通过计算防隔水煤（岩）柱留设宽（厚）度,分析判断其在现有2号煤层开采条件下,不会受到顶板白垩系洛河组强含水层影响。采用解析法和数值法进行矿井涌水量预测,取其算术平均值作为参考。结合矿井条件和现场实际,提出井下钻探、地球物探、水文地质监测等综合防治措施,通过预防、探查、疏排、监测等手段,共同解决矿井水害问题。     

南方煤矿区喀斯特泉污染源识别及污染通道探查方法

凯里市龙洞泉位于贵州黔东南州大风洞镇青杠林村，泉水出露于汇水单斜与阻水逆断层接触带地段，属于典型喀斯特泉，是当地村民唯一生活水源。2017年7月该岩溶泉水因强降雨期间受到污染，泉水呈棕红色，通过取样化验，因Fe³⁺离子严重超标所致，通过水文地质调查和水质特征离子对比方法识别污染源，推断是泉水上游一处煤矿处于关停状态，强降雨入渗进入采空区，水位上升补给岩溶水条件下引起的污染。南方煤矿区喀斯特泉污染源和污染通道具有隐蔽性和多层性特征，采用水文地质调查、物探、水文钻探及测试、洞穴探测、示踪试验等综合方法，探明泉水污染通道位于采空区构造发育地带，探查其发育部位、埋藏深度及平面上展布。对喀斯特泉污染机理研究以及泉水污染治理具有指导意义。     

准东大井矿区保水采煤开发利用研究

本文以准东大井矿区为研究对象,基于资料分析得到矿井主采煤层B_1均处于Ⅳ含水段,通过常规经验计算方法估算了大井矿区巨厚煤层大采高分层开采和放顶煤分层开采导水裂隙带发育高度,分别为126.8～190.5m、232.9～334.5m和79.1～98.0m、158.2～196.0m,导水裂隙带均可发育至覆岩含、隔水层,从保水采煤角度出发,应减少分层采高,优先采用大采高分层开采方式。矿井涌水量达2 050m~3/d,且属高矿化度矿井水,结合矿区用水现状及企业类型,初步提出可采用蒸馏、电渗析、反渗透和蒸发结晶等水处理工艺,出水可分别作为矿区生产、生活及生态用水。     

榆神府矿区含水层富水特征及保水采煤途径

榆神府矿区地处毛乌素沙漠与黄土高原的接壤地带,生态环境脆弱,水资源匮乏,区内各主要含水层分布与富水性不均,含水层富水性及矿井涌水对煤矿生产影响差异较大,因此矿井水资源的综合利用与含水层的有效保护对煤矿生产与地区生态建设意义重大。通过分析萨拉乌苏组、烧变岩、风化基岩层等各主要含水层的形成、分布及富水特征,结合矿井首采煤层上覆基岩厚度与矿井目前涌水量情况,将区内生产矿井及待规划区域从"水资源保护与矿井水利用"角度划分为水量贫乏型、水量较丰富型、水量丰富型及地表水体型4种类型,并根据不同类型的分布特征进行了分区。在此基础上,针对不同的水资源保护与矿井水利用类型,分别提出了采空区存储净化、工业利用、农业灌溉、湿地建设和人工湖泊等具体的水资源保护与矿井水利用途径和措施。讨论了"保水采煤"的科学内涵,认为"保水采煤"的基本措施应当包括保护浅部主要含水层和矿井水资源利用两部分,即将"保水"与"用水"相结合,拓展了"保水采煤"的科学含义;建议在矿井规划时,应综合考虑开采损害影响与环境自身修复能力,在满足能源开采经济利益的同时,保证生态环境不发生质的破坏;提出了利用经济效益"反哺"当地生态和"绿色经济"建设的一点猜想,为矿区未来的规划建设提供了一定的参考意义。     

Estimation of the required amount of hydrological exploration in lignite mining areas on the basis of hypothetical hydrogeological models

Mine drainage is a necessary but very costly precaution for open-pit lignite mining in sandy aquifers. Consequently, the minimization of the number of drainage wells and their optimal operation become important tasks in designing mine drainage systems. Comprehensive groundwater flow models have to be used, both, for the design of drainage wells, and for the analysis of water management strategies in mining areas. The accuracy of computations with such models depends on the precision of the underlying hydrogeological informations. In order to get these informations detailed and costly hydrogeological explorations have to be done in the mining regions. The basic informations are obtained using exploration drilling. The cost for hydrogeological exploration are approximately a linear function of the number of exploration bore holes. Therefore the reduction of drilling gets a key role in reducing costs of exploration. This might be done by:

- increased use of geophysical exploration methods,

- complex analysis of exploration results using mathematical statistical methods,

- precise estimation of the required amount of hydrogeological informations.

The paper describes a mathematical approach to support the complex decision making procedure of estimating the optimal amount of hydrogeological exploration with respect to a given mine drainage goal.     

模糊数学在煤矿突水水源判别中的应用

防治矿井突水,必先进行矿井突水水源的判定,但各含水层之间水质特征界限不甚明显。应用模糊综合评判法可以通过对矿井突水水质的分析,准确地进行矿井突水水源的判别。结合某矿矿井突水水源判别的实例,具体阐述了矿井突水混合水源的判别以及对奥灰水作为水源的可能性的排除,并用实际的探查孔和突水点所在区域不同含水层水位监测等资料对评判结果进行了验证,证明了该评判方法进行突水水源判别的可靠性。     

有机-无机联合矿井突水水源判别方法

溶解性有机质(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)在随地下水运移过程中,不同含水层水中DOM含量、类别、荧光强度等均存在较明显差异,因此结合无机水化学,开展了有机-无机联合的矿井突水水源判别方法研究,结果表明:地下水中无机组分浓度分布具有垂向分带性,利用pH、矿化度(TDS),HCO3,SO4等无机指标,可以判别浅部含水层和深部含水层水化学特征差异; DOM进入含水层后发生氧化还原反应强烈,其浓度(TOC含量和UV254)变化快、差异大,可以识别地表水与第四系水的水化学特征;第四系与白垩系含水层,以及覆岩破坏范围内的细分含水层,水中无机组分和有机组分含量非常接近,而荧光指纹技术灵敏度高,可以根据3DEEM光谱图分析DOM类型和荧光峰强度等差异,区分相邻含水层的水化学特征差异。陷落柱等地质异常体作为特殊的地质环境体,其内部水体中DOM相对丰富,其DOM含量和荧光指纹特征与奥灰水差异显著。将有机-无机联合开展不同含水层水化学特征分析,能够很好地区分不同水源,为矿井突水事故发生时快速判别水源提供科学依据。     

Prevention of acid drainage from gold mining in the western United States and impacts on water quality

Water quality regulations recently adopted by states in the western USA have increasingly stringent limitations on allowable changes in the quality of surface water and groundwater. The “nondegradation of water” provisions in state regulations require accurate predictions and control of the quantity and quality of acid mine water and strictly limit the entry of acid water into natural water systems. Long-term water quality impacts from mine waste rock, spent ore from heap leaching, tailings and open pits must be considered in design, operation and reclamation of proposed or expanded mining operations. Acid-base testing, humidity cells, column testing and shake flask tests have been used with mixed success to predict the extent of acid water production. The types and forms of sulfide minerals present, bacterial catalysis of the sulfide oxidation reaction and configuration of the reclaimed facilities are all important elements in accurately predicting acid mine drainage. A critical factor in prediction of acid mine impacts is a pathway and fate analysis which includes geochemical reactions with aquifer materials and dilution and dispersion of parameters in the leachate plume. Of particular concern is the production and transport of arsenic, metals and residual cyanide from mined areas. Evaluation of three major operating gold mines in the northwestern United States shows the relationship between production of acidic water, movement of this water in aquifers and impacts on groundwater and surface water. Column testing showed reduction in concentrations of most metals by 50 to over 90 percent during travel through aquifers. Clays and silt zones were very effective in adsorbing metals. Operational control of water/rock reactions and reclamation design can significantly reduce or eliminate acid drainage. Soil cover, revegetation and slope are the major components that limit long-term acid drainage and metal contamination of surface water and groundwater. Compliance with water quality limits can be achieved only by design and operation of mining facilities to minimize the formation of acidic waters.     

济宁三号井田矿井突水的水化学特征和水源判别

济三井田，尤其是一采区在开采3煤过程中受到上覆3煤顶板砂岩、侏罗纪红层和第四系下组等含水层的突水威胁。本文基于水化学方法，利用水质测试资料，结合聚类分析法描述了一采区含水层的水化学特征，分析了突水水源。目前，进入一采区工作面的的水源主要为红层水和3煤顶板砂岩水，3煤顶板砂岩水所占比例随着采空面积的增加有增大的趋势。工作面涌水量资料验证了水化学法判定突水水源的可靠性。     

基于GIS—ANP的北阳庄煤矿煤层底板含水层富水性评价

煤层底板含水层的富水性对底板突水起到了关键性的作用,只有当导水裂隙带与含水层强富水区域相连接,才会发生矿井突水灾害,因此对煤层底板含水层的富水能力进行研究,有助于预防矿井水害的发生。以北阳庄煤矿陶系灰岩含水层为研究对象,选择煤层底板含水层富水性评价的主要控制因素,同时结合非线性数学方法——网络层次分析法（ANP）,建立了富水性综合评价模型。在此基础上,利用地理信息技术（GIS）对各影响因素数据进行了处理,制作了各影响因素专题图并进行了复合叠加和评价分级,最终得出了北阳庄煤矿奥陶系灰岩含水层富水性综合评价分区图。基于GIS—ANP的含水层富水性多源信息综合评价方法,能够反映含水层富水性受多因素控制的特征和因素间的相互影响关系,是一种可行的矿井含水层富水性评价方法。     

采场围岩流固耦合数值模拟与充填采矿参数优化

司家营铁矿属于水文地质条件复杂类型,为确保采矿安全和矿区水文环境,采用充填采矿法采矿,建设规模为年产铁矿石2 000万t。矿山南区地表赋存丰富第四系含水层,采用渗流-应力耦合数值正交试验,建立了南区开采的优化设计模型。通过数值模拟和优化分析,揭示地下开采对地表岩移和渗流场的影响规律。对于南区充填法采矿,采用所获得的采场结构参数和充填体强度,可以控制地面变形在允许的范围内,潜在大量涌水主要发生在-450 m段和-350 m段,必须采取安全防范措施,避免采场突水灾害。