上海市售有机和传统面粉中7种真菌毒素的污染状况调查

目的 比较上海市售有机和传统面粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）、伏马毒素B1（FB1）、细交链孢菌酮酸（TeA）、交链孢酚单甲醚（AME）、T-2毒素（T-2）、赫曲霉毒素A（Ochratoxin A,OTA ）7种真菌毒素污染情况,并分析面粉中镰刀菌毒素、链格孢毒素和OTA的累积污染情况。方法 80份面粉样品采用乙腈提取,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测采集的面粉样品中7种真菌毒素的含量。7种真菌毒素的线性范围良好,相关系数大于0.99,加标回收率为80.13%~122.86%,RSD为1.91%~17.14%,所建方法简单、快速、准确、精密度高,可用于面粉中多种真菌毒素的检测分析。结果 上海市售的80份面粉中,T-2、FB1无检出,DON、ZEN、AME、OTA的平均值在有机面粉中污染水平高于传统面粉。97.5%的面粉样本中至少两种真菌毒素共存,其中DON+ZEN+OTA共存比例最高,为18.75%。结论 上海市售面粉中,有机面粉中真菌毒素的污染率和污染水平高于传统面粉,面粉中镰刀菌毒素（DON、ZEN）、链格孢毒素（TeA、AME）和赭曲霉毒素A的累积污染值得关注。     

山东省玉米真菌毒素污染状况调查及分析

为掌握山东省玉米的真菌毒素污染状况,评估污染带来的安全风险,为加强真菌毒素污染防控提供依据,采集了山东省玉米主产县2013年~2014年收获和储藏的玉米样品共520批次,采用液相色谱—飞行时间质谱联用仪(UPLC-Q-TOF)方法检测了玉米中黄曲霉毒素(AFB_1、AFB_2、AFG_1、AFG_2)、伏马毒素(FB_1、FB_2、FB_3)、呕吐毒素(DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的污染水平。结果表明,AFB1、AFB2、AFG1在玉米中检出率分别为18.08%、7.88%、0.77%,平均含量分别为7.62、0.60、0.05μg/kg;FB1、FB2、FB3检出率分别为92.50%、88.08%、83.85%,平均含量分别为1 798.69、531.83、197.71μg/kg;DON检出率为26.35%,平均含量为240.44μg/kg;ZEN检出率为14.62%,平均含量为74.90μg/kg;AFG2未检出。调查结果还表明,伏马毒素在所测样品中污染最为严重,超标率达33.46%;单一样品受多种毒素混合污染的情况较严重。     

啤酒及其生产原料中的真菌毒素

真菌毒素是由真菌产生的一类次级代谢产物,而啤酒及其生产原料的真菌毒素感染则对人们饮用啤酒的安全性造成了威胁。本文综述了赭曲毒素A(Ochratoxin,OTA)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)、伏马毒素(Fumonisin,FB)和黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxin,AFB)对啤酒及其生产原料的感染情况、分析方法和限量标准,并简要介绍了谷物中真菌毒素感染的预防措施和脱毒技术。     

2019年中国四省小麦中12种真菌毒素污染情况调查

目的 调查分析2019年中国4个小麦主产省生产的小麦中12种真菌毒素的污染情况。方法 从河南、河北、安徽和山东4省采集2019年产小麦样品289份,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定8种镰刀菌毒素和4种黄曲霉毒素共计12种真菌毒素含量,并对其进行分析。结果 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)是小麦样品中污染的主要真菌毒素,其污染率与平均污染水平分别为95.5% (276/289)和135.9 μg/kg;DON 的乙酰化衍生物15-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-Ac-DON)和3-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-Ac-DON)的污染率和平均污染水平分别为37.4% (108/289)、4.4 μg/kg和36.7% (106/289)、5.2 μg/kg;4种黄曲霉毒素和其他5种镰刀菌毒素污染率和平均污染水平均较低。4省小麦中12种真菌毒素污染情况差异不显著。289份小麦样品中,59.9%(173/289)的样品被2种或2种以上真菌毒素协同污染,其中DON及其衍生物15-Ac-DON和/或3-Ac-DON为常见协同污染毒素组合。结论 DON是我国小麦中污染的主要真菌毒素,且存在与其衍生物3-Ac-DON 和/或15-Ac-DON的协同污染,黄曲霉毒素及其他镰刀菌毒素污染水平较低。建议对我国小麦中以DON及其衍生物为主的镰刀菌毒素污染水平进行持续监测。     

固相萃取柱净化-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定糕点中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物和玉米赤霉烯酮

建立使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定糕点中玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)及其衍生物3-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-Ac DON)、15-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-Ac DON)4种真菌毒素的方法。该方法在4 min内完成4种真菌毒素的分析,线性范围5~1000μg/kg,标准曲线的相关系数均在0.997以上,DON、ZEN的最低检出限为1.0μg/kg,3-Ac DON、15-Ac DON的最低检出限为1.5μg/kg。通过对134份市售预包装糕点样品进行分析发现,4种真菌毒素均有一定检出,其中ZEN、DON、3-Ac DON和15-Ac DON的检出率分别为2.2%、78.4%、3.0%和5.2%,所有样品中4种真菌毒素含量水平均未超过食品安全国家标准限量要求。     

安徽河南粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮的污染调查

目的：调查安徽、河南两省粮食中镰刀菌毒素污染情况。方法：以玉米、小麦为材料,分别采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的含量,采用SPSS软件对检测结果进行统计学分析。结果：安徽河南两省玉米、小麦中的DON和ZEN含量平均值分别为424.0μg/kg和187.2μg/kg,检出率分别为76.7%和75.3%。其他省份的玉米、小麦中DON和ZEN含量的平均值为52.2μg/kg和24.1μg/kg,检出率分别为60%和70%。结论：和其他省份相比,安徽、河南两省的粮食受镰刀菌毒素污染程度更严重。根据现有的国家限量标准,ZEN的超标率比DON更高。     

免疫快速同步检测玉米中五种真菌毒素胶体金试纸条的构建和应用

玉米作为重要的粮食和饲料来源，容易受到多种真菌毒素的污染，给居民健康和养殖业造成严重的危害。本文优化了适合五种真菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素B1、伏马毒素、T-2毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮）同时提取的样品前处理方法，并构建了五检测线胶体金试纸条，检测结果可以通过肉眼定性，结合Image J软件可以进行定量分析，并应用于实际玉米样品检测。结果表明，最佳提取条件为90%乙腈/水，涡旋20 min，样品的添加回收率为71.9%-113.3%，相对标准偏差为0.9%-7.5%；测定基质添加样品建立标准曲线，通过肉眼判定得到五种真菌毒素的消线值分别为80.0、1000.0、100.0、400.0和200.0 μg/kg；结合Image J 软件提取多重检测试纸条的检测线灰度值，结果表明当AFB1、FB1、T-2、DON和ZEN的浓度为8.0、20.0、10.0、40.0、20.0 μg/kg时，各真菌毒素浓度对应的检测线显色值比空白对照显色值低。最后，通过检测11个实际玉米样品，结果表明部分玉米样品受到了不同程度的AFB1、DON和ZEN的污染。因此，本研究开发的免疫快速同步检测玉米中五种真菌毒素胶体金试纸条可以用于玉米中真菌毒素的现场快速筛查。     

我国部分地区2010年产谷物及其制品中多组分真菌毒素污染状况研究

目的 了解我国部分地区2010年产谷物及其制品中多组分真菌毒素污染状况.方法 2010年在安徽、云南、福建、甘肃、广西、海南、黑龙江、湖北、湖南、江西、山西和上海12个省(市/自治区)采集玉米及其制品、小麦粉、大米和花生共计650份样品,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法检测14种真菌毒素.结果 玉米制品和小麦粉样品中污染的真菌毒素主要是B类单端孢霉烯族化合物和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN).215份玉米样品中有84.65％检出脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON),其中7份样品中的DON污染水平超过我国规定的1 000μg/kg限量标准,超标1.08 ～2.51倍(平均1.77倍);69.30％ (149/215)的玉米样品ZEN阳性,其中23份样品中的ZEN水平超过我国规定的60 μg/kg限量标准,超标1.06～19.19倍,平均4.32倍.53.02％的玉米样品还受到黄曲霉毒素的污染,其中有12份样品中AFB1含量超过了我国规定的20 μg/kg限量标准,尤以云南、广西样品受污染较重.125份小麦粉样品中,仅有1份来自湖北的样品其DON污染水平(1 016.80 μg/kg)超过我国规定的1 000 μg/kg限量标准.40.41％的花生样品不同程度地受到黄曲霉毒素的污染,其中有5份样品中的AFB1水平超过20 μg/kg的国家限量标准;大米受真菌毒素的污染较轻.结论 我国玉米制品和小麦粉受多种真菌毒素污染,且以B类单端孢霉烯族化合物和ZEN为主;玉米和花生不同程度地受到黄曲霉毒素的污染.     

2017年上半年我国部分地区饲料及饲料原料中霉菌毒素的污染状况分析

应用酶联免疫吸附法结合高效液相色谱对我国部分地区饲料及原料中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)3种霉菌毒素的含量进行检测。结果表明：356份样品中AFB1、ZEN和DON检出率分别是87.8%、95.0%和98.3%,平均含量分别为11.2、689.0和1 855.2 μg/kg,说明我国部分地区饲料及饲料原料霉菌毒素污染比较普遍。玉米、玉米副产物、配合饲料和粕类中ZEN和DON污染较严重,AFB1污染主要存在于粕类中,青贮料及发酵料中3种霉菌毒素的污染程度相对较轻,但污染范围较广,建议饲料生产企业应加强对饲料和饲料原料的品控管理。     

免疫亲和柱净化-HPLC法测定小麦粉中的黄曲霉毒素B_1、玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的含量

建立了免疫亲和柱净化-高效液相色谱法测定小麦粉中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)的方法。小麦粉样品经乙腈-水振荡提取,三合一免疫亲和柱净化后,采用双通道荧光检测器串联光化学衍生器同时测定黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮,二极管阵列检测器测定脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇。样品中各真菌毒素平均加标回收率为74.8%~105.2%,相对标准偏差为1.96%~6.26%。此方法可用于实验室开展小麦中3种真菌毒素含量的检测。     

Screening of fermentative bacteria for their ability to bind and biotransform deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins in an in vitro simulated corn silage model.

Fermentative bacteria can potentially be utilized to detoxify corn silage contaminated by Fusarium toxins. The objective of the present study was to test a large number of these bacteria for their ability to bind and/or biotransform deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins B(1) and B(2) (FB(1), FB(2)) in conditions simulating corn silage. A total of 202 strains were screened in contaminated, pH 4, corn infusion inoculated with 5 x 10(8) CFU ml(-1). Eight Lactobacilli and three Leuconostoc biotransformed ZEN into alpha-zearalenol, but no biotransformation was detected for DON and fumonisins. In contrast, most strains were capable of binding Fusarium toxins. The most effective genera were Streptococcus and Enterococcus, capable of binding up to 33, 49, 24 and 62% of DON, ZEN, FB(1) and FB(2), respectively. The ability to bind Fusarium toxins seems to be a common property of fermentative bacteria and could help to decrease their toxicity in animals.     

玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇双特异性抗体的制备及检测方法构建

玉米赤霉烯酮（zearalenone,ZEN）和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）是粮食中常见的真菌毒素,长期的饮食暴露会对生物体造成严重危害。目前针对ZEN和DON同步免疫检测分别依赖各自对应的单克隆抗体,而传统单克隆抗体制备周期长、成本高。作者利用重组抗体表达技术在短时间内获得了可同时识别ZEN和DON的双特异性抗体（Bis-scFv）,并构建了基于Bis-scFv的间接竞争酶联免疫检测方法（indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,IC-ELISA）,获得ZEN和DON标准曲线的半数抑制质量浓度（IC₅₀）分别为20.64 ng/mL和132.29 ng/mL;Bis-scFv具有良好的特异性,与其他真菌毒素均无显著的交叉反应。同时,将IC-ELISA方法对玉米中的ZEN和DON进行加标回收实验,其回收率为86.02%～108.14%。本研究证明了所开发的Bis-scFv未来可应用于粮食样本中ZEN与DON的同步快速检测方法的开发。     

Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals harvested from Hungarian fields

The Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and T-2 frequently contaminate grain crops in Middle and Eastern Europe. In this survey, 116 cereal samples (maize, wheat, barley and oat) were examined for DON, ZEN and T-2 mycotoxins. Samples were collected from different areas in two Hungarian regions (North and South Transdanubia). The method of analysis was indirect competitive ELISA. Maize was the most contaminated grain regarding DON (86%), ZEN (41%) and T-2 (55%) toxins. The average results of the deoxynivalenol and zearalenone tests of maize proved to be significantly higher than those of barley or oat. DON was the most represented Fusarium mycotoxin followed by T-2 and ZEN. The examination of these mycotoxins would be necessary at a larger scale as to re-evaluate permissible levels, so increase of the monitoring programme would be advisable for the future.     

Simultaneous detection of 12 mycotoxins in cereals using RP-HPLC-PDA-FLD with PHRED and a post-column derivatization system

A new method for the simultaneous quantification of 12 mycotoxins was developed and optimized using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with a photodiode array (PDA) and fluorescence detector (FLD), a photochemical reactor for enhanced detection (PHRED) and post-column derivatization. The mycotoxins included aflatoxins (AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1), and AFG(2)), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB(1), FB(2), and FB(3)), T-2 and HT-2 toxins. A double sample extraction with a phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) and methanol was used for co-extraction of mycotoxins, and a multifunctional immunoaffinity column was used for cleanup. Optimum conditions for separation of the mycotoxins were obtained to separate 12 mycotoxins in FLD and PDA chromatograms with a high resolution. The method gave recoveries in the range 72-111% when applied to spiked corn samples. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.025 ng/g for AFB(1) and AFG(1), 0.012 ng/g for AFB(2) and AFG(2), 0.2 ng/g for OTA, 1.5 ng/g for ZEA, 6.2 ng/g for FB(1), FB(3) and HT-2 toxin, 9.4 ng/g for FB(2) and T-2 toxin, and 18.7 ng/g for DON. In addition, the limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.04 ng/g for AFB(2) and AFG(2) to 62 ng/g for DON. The method was successfully applied to the determination of these mycotoxins in 45 cereal samples obtained from the Malaysian market. The results indicated that the method can be applied for the multi-mycotoxin determination of cereals.     

Development and application of analytical methods for the determination of mycotoxins in organic and conventional wheat.

The aim of this study was to develop a multicomponent analytical method for the determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN), nivalenol (NIV), 3-acetyl-DON (3-acDON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-acDON), zearalenol (ZOL) and citrinin (CIT) in wheat. It also aimed to survey the presence and amounts of DON, OTA and ZEN in Belgian conventionally and organically produced wheat grain and in wholemeal wheat flours. After solvent extraction, an anion-exchange column (SAX) was used to fix the acidic mycotoxins (OTA, CIT), whilst the neutral mycotoxins flowing through the SAX column were further purified by filtration on a MycoSep cartridge. OTA and CIT were then analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an isocratic flow and fluorescence detection, while the neutral mycotoxins were separated by a linear gradient and detected by double-mode (ultraviolet light fluorescence) detection. The average DON, ZEN and OTA recovery rates from spiked blank wheat flour were 92, 83 and 73% (RSDR = 12, 10 and 9%), respectively. Moreover, this method offered the respective detection limits of 50, 1.5 and 0.05 microg kg-1 and good agreement with reference methods and inter-laboratory comparison exercises. Organic and conventional wheat samples harvested in 2002 and 2003 in Belgium were analysed for DON, OTA and ZEN, while wholemeal wheat flour samples were taken from Belgian retail shops and analysed for OTA and DON. Conventional wheat tended to be more frequently contaminated with DON and ZEN than organic samples, the difference being more significant for ZEN in samples harvested in 2002. The mean OTA, DON and ZEA concentrations were 0.067, 675 and 75 microg kg-1 in conventional samples against 0.063, 285 and 19 microg kg-1 in organically produced wheat in 2002, respectively. Wheat samples collected in 2003 were less affected by DON and ZEN than the 2002 harvest. Organic wholemeal wheat flours were more frequently contaminated by OTA than conventional samples (p < 0.10). The opposite pattern was shown for DON, organic samples being more frequently contaminated than conventional flours (p < 0.10).     

Occurrence of certain mycotoxins in corn and corn-based products and thermostability of fumonisin B1 during processing

A total of 57 samples of corn and corn-based products collected from various districts of Egypt were analyzed for Fusarium mycotoxins (T-2, diacetoxyscripenol (DAS), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) and aflatoxins. FB1 was detected in about 80%, 53.85%, 33.3%, and 28.57% of yellow corn, corn meal, white corn, and popcorn samples, respectively. The levels of FB1 ranged from 10 to 780 microg/kg. T-2 and DAS were detected in 5% and 10% of yellow corn samples, respectively, and DON was detected in white corn and popcorn samples at levels of 28.8 and 10.1 microg/kg, respectively. Starch samples were found to be free from Fusarium mycotoxins. Baking balady bread at 450 degrees C/min reduced FB1 to 72.4% while baking Franco bread at 250 degrees C/20 min reduced FB1 to 57.4%. Boiling of macaroni and corn in water completely removed FB1 from contaminated samples. On the other side, corn flakes samples were found to be contaminated with aflatoxins B1 and G1 at levels ranging from 6 to 10 ppm, whereas 2.9% of samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B1 > 35 ppm and G1 > 16 ppm.     

Deoxynivalenol,zearalenone and T-2 in grain based swine feed in Hungary

Fusarium genera can produce trichothecenes like deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and T-2 toxin, which can occur in feed cereal grains. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) tests of different Hungarian swine feedstuff proved that these mycotoxins were present. In this survey, 45 feed samples from 3 significant Hungarian swine feedstuff manufacturers were tested. ELISA methodology validation showed mean recovery rates in ranges from 85.3% to 98.1%, with intermediate precision of 86.9-96.9% and variation coefficients of 3.4–5.7% and 5.9–7.1%, respectively. The results showed that among Fusarium toxins, generally DON was present in the highest concentration, followed by T-2 and finally ZEN in all tested swine feeds. Each of the mycotoxins was found above the limit of detection in all swine feedstuffs. Boars feed’s DON (average ± standard deviation was 872 ± 139 µg kg^?1) and ZEN (172 ± 18 µg kg^?1) results of one of the manufacturers were above the guidance values. It indicates the necessity for efficient monitoring of DON, ZEN and T-2 mycotoxins in swine feeds.     

Fusariotoxins in Russian Federation 2005–2010 grain harvests

Monitoring results of food grain contamination with fusariotoxins–deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FB1&FB2), T-2 and HT-2 toxins–are presented. Harvests of 2005–2010 in different regions of Russia were investigated. The occurrence of DON in wheat was 8%, barley 9%, oats 4%, rye 2% and maize 2%. The highest frequency of ZEN contamination was found in oats, the lowest in wheat. Calculated average daily intake of DON varied from 0.066 to 0.096 µg/kg body weight, the highest being found in the Southern region, but substantially lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the presence of T-2 toxin in 14% and HT-2 toxin in 17% of all samples. The maximum level of T-2 toxin was exceeded only in one sample of barley. Relatively high frequency and levels of FB1&FB2 contamination were found in maize.     

青稞真菌毒素检测分析

采集甘肃、西藏、青海、四川四省共299份青稞样品,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱方法对其13种真菌毒素进行检测分析.结果表明:4个省份青稞样品中13种真菌毒素均未超标,仅检出T-2毒素(T-2 Toxin)、玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN).青海部分地区T-2检出率为49.26％;四川部分地区T-2、ZEN,检...     

A limited survey of Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in 1984 UK harvested wheat and barley

A limited survey for the occurrence of nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in 1984 UK-grown cereals (31 samples) have been carried out using a new procedure, which is a rapid and sensitive method for Fusarium mycotoxins. NIV, DON and ZEN were detected in 17 (55%), 20 (65%) and 4 (13%) out of 31 samples, and average levels in positive samples were 101 micrograms/kg, 31 micrograms/kg and 1 microgram/kg, respectively. Additional surveys on two wheat and eight barley samples harvested in Scotland have shown that 30%, 60% and 100% of the samples were contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN, respectively. The contents averaged 391 micrograms/kg of NIV, 39 micrograms/kg of DON and 9 micrograms/kg of ZEN. The results of this survey show that UK-grown cereals were significantly contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN in a similar way to that observed in Japan, Korea and China. This is the first evidence of the natural occurrence of NIV in UK cereals.