脱脂及全脂硬质干酪成熟特性的研究

研究脱脂(脂肪含量3.81%)及全脂(脂肪含量50.17%)硬质干酪在不同成熟期的成熟特性,为硬质干酪的工艺改进和货架期的延长提供理论参考。将实验室自制的脱脂和全脂硬质干酪在4℃真空包装下贮藏使其成熟。测定不同成熟时间(0~35 d)干酪的理化性质,经方差分析,研究成熟时间对干酪成熟特性的影响。在真空包装4℃贮藏下,随着成熟时间的延长,脱脂和全脂干酪的水分、灰分和脂肪含量逐渐下降,酸度和蛋白质处于先升高后下降的趋势,而pH4.6-SN和12%TCA-SN则表现为逐渐上升的趋势。脱脂和全脂干酪的8种必需氨基酸含量较丰富在38%。2种干酪的质构特性随成熟时间的增长变化较为显著。在水分、蛋白质含量、氨基酸总量以及质构方面,脱脂干酪优于全脂干酪;而在酸度变化、蛋白质降解方面,全脂干酪优于脱脂干酪。     

两种乳源切达干酪成熟期间蛋白质降解状况对比

为了了解中国特色水牛乳切达干酪成熟过程中蛋白质降解的情况,以荷斯坦牛乳切达干酪为对照,用凯氏定氮法研究两种干酪的磷钨酸可溶性氮(PTA-SN)、三氯乙酸可溶性氮(TCA-SN)和pH 4.6可溶性氮(pH 4.6-SN)在干酪成熟期间的变化情况.结果表明:在成熟期90 d内,两种切达干酪在成熟过程中PTA-SN、TCA-SN和pH 4.6-SN含量随着成熟时间的延长逐渐增大,且成熟温度越高,增加得越多,最终分别上升了约5％～10％,1％～10％,2％～5％.中国水牛乳切达干酪蛋白降解程度更深.     

凝乳酶对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟期间蛋白降解的影响

以新鲜牦牛乳为原料,采用小牛皱胃酶、木瓜蛋白酶和微生物凝乳酶制作硬质干酪,探讨凝乳酶种类对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟期间蛋白质降解的影响。结果表明:三种凝乳酶牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中,不同凝乳酶牦牛乳硬质干酪在成熟期间蛋白质降解能力存在较大差异,总氮(TN)、p H4.6水溶性氮(p H4.6-SN/TN)、12%的三氯乙酸氮(12%TCA-N/TN)、5%磷钨酸氮(5%PTA-N/TN)含量、游离氨基酸均随成熟时间延长不同程度的增加,蛋白氮和酪蛋白氮逐渐降低,多肽氮呈先升高后下降趋势,且微生物凝乳酶降解牦牛乳硬质干酪蛋白能力显著(p0.05)高于木瓜蛋白酶和小牛皱胃酶。     

混合型大豆干酪成熟中蛋白质降解特性的研究

对混合型大豆干酪成熟过程中蛋白质的降解及感官特性变化进行了研究。检测了混合型大豆干酪成熟过程中pH4．6水溶性氮、12％三氯乙酸氮、5％磷钨酸氮和游离氨基酸含量的变化；在不同成熟时间下对混合型大豆干酪进行了感官评定。结果表明，随着成熟时间的延长，混合型大豆干酪的pH4．6水溶性氮、12％三氯乙酸氮、5％磷钨酸氮的含量增大；游离氨基酸含量变化较为显著；8℃下成熟30d时，混合型大豆干酪的感官特性最好。     

混合型大豆干酪成熟特性的研究

对混合型大豆干酪的成熟特性进行了研究。检测了混合型大豆干酪成熟过程中游离脂肪酸和氨基酸含量的变化,在扫描电镜下观察了不同成熟条件下干酪的微观结构。结果表明,成熟温度对游离脂肪酸含量影响不显著,对游离氨基酸含量影响显著;随着成熟时间的延长,饱和脂肪酸与不饱和脂肪酸含量之比下降,游离氨基酸含量变化较为显著;成熟对混合型大豆干酪的微观结构影响很大,使得干酪质地越来越致密均匀。     

气调包装对秘鲁鱿鱼丝储藏过程中甲醛及相关品质指标的影响

将秘鲁鱿鱼丝分别进行普通空气包装、真空包装、气调包装(40%CO_2+60%N_2)和0.5%柠檬酸处理-气调包装(40%CO_2+60%N_2),考察鱿鱼丝在常温储藏过程中甲醛、二甲胺、三甲胺、氧化三甲胺、色差值、TBA值、菌落总数、还原糖、氨基酸及总蛋白的变化,以探究不同包装方式对鱿鱼丝储藏过程中甲醛及相关品质指标的影响。结果显示:储藏过程中秘鲁鱿鱼丝甲醛、二甲胺、三甲胺含量,以及a*值、b*值、TBA值、菌落总数都随储藏时间的延长呈现增加的趋势;而L*值、还原糖、氨基酸(除组氨酸)和肌球蛋白重链含量逐渐降低。研究表明:储藏过程中秘鲁鱿鱼丝中氧化三甲胺逐渐分解生成了甲醛、二甲胺和三甲胺,还原糖与氨基酸发生了美拉德反应,鱿鱼丝色泽逐渐变为微褐色;与空气包装、真空包装相比,气调包装能延缓氧化三甲胺的分解,降低甲醛的生成量,同时对细菌生长、脂肪氧化以及美拉德褐变均有较好的抑制效果,而0.5%柠檬酸处理结合气调包装对甲醛产生及其他品质劣变的抑制更加有效。     

Edam牦牛干酪成熟过程中品质变化及蛋白质降解

为研究Edam牦牛半硬质干酪成熟机理，分别测定成熟0、20、40、60、80 d Edam牦牛干酪的感官、理化、物性、蛋白质和脂肪分解指标，采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和傅里叶变换红外光谱等方法研究酪蛋白降解情况，通过Pearson相关性分析成熟时间与各指标间的相关性。结果表明：随着成熟时间延长，感官评分先下降后上升；水分含量、pH值下降；亮度值（L*）下降，红度值（a*）和黄度值（b*）值上升；硬度、弹性、胶黏性均上升，凝聚性逐渐下降；储能模量和损耗模量升高，损耗角正切值始终小于1；成熟时间与总氮含量、pH 4.6和12%三氯乙酸条件下干酪中可溶性氮含量等呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）；脂肪含量先升高后降低，游离脂肪酸含量和硫代巴比妥酸值逐渐增加。酪蛋白（casein,CN）降解研究结果表明：αs1-CN、αs2-CN、β-CN及κ-CN均随成熟时间延长而不断降解，成熟80 d时大分子蛋白降解明显；成熟过程中β-折叠、α-螺旋逐渐向无规卷曲转化；成熟时间与羰基含量、表面疏水性呈极显著正相关（P<0.01），与总巯基含量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。     

嗜酸乳杆菌发酵干酪成熟过程中蛋白质降解产生的肽类的性质分析

对嗜酸乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌发酵生产的具有功能性的低脂和全脂干酪4℃成熟90d时蛋白质的降解程度进行了研究。通过电泳分析表明,两种干酪成熟后蛋白质的降解程度比市售的普通低脂和全脂干酪要充分,且低脂干酪比全脂干酪蛋白降解程度要深,降解物含量要多;反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)显示的干酪中肽图谱表明,成熟后,虽然低脂干酪和全脂干酪中仍然存在和牛奶中相同的蛋白物质,但部分发生了降解并产生了新的肽类,且两种干酪所生成的肽组分各不相同。     

不同包装材料对贮藏期Mozzarella干酪功能特性的影响

利用不同包装材料(PVC,PVDC,PE)对成熟Mozzarella干酪进行真空包装, 并在4℃冷藏,以7d为间隔,测定不同包装干酪不同贮藏时间的水分含量、pH值、滴定酸度、可溶性氮指标,未融化干酪质构特性,融化干酪功能特性等一系列指标的变化.通过试验得出以下结论:PVDC组49d时的贮藏效果与PE组28d时相当.PVC组49d时与PE组35d时相当,说明两种包装材料都具有延长食品贮藏期的效果,而且PVDC组贮藏效果优于PVC组,可以更好的延长干酪的贮藏期.     

生产类群、性别及包装方式对冷藏牦牛肉肌浆蛋白氧化的影响

为了探讨冷藏条件下牦牛肉肌浆蛋白的氧化规律,本实验通过羰基含量、巯基含量、表面疏水性、紫外吸收光谱及十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法研究了普通包装和真空包装方式下不同生产类群的公、母牦牛肉的肌浆蛋白氧化特性。结果表明：随冷藏时间的延长,两种包装的肌浆蛋白羰基含量呈波浪式上升趋势（P＜0.05）,总巯基含量下降;普通包装组表面疏水性上升（P＜0.05）,真空包装组表面疏水性先上升后下降;同一包装方式的不同生产类群之间肌浆蛋白羰基、总巯基含量及表面疏水性均有显著差异（P＜0.05）;公、母牦牛肉之间肌浆蛋白羰基、总巯基及疏水性差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。两种包装的肌浆蛋白紫外吸收光谱的二阶导数光谱在冷藏第3天谱图改变最明显。随着氧化的进行,肌浆蛋白分子质量降低,所有蛋白条带均有不同程度的弱化,普通包装组肌浆蛋白降解程度大于真空包装;相同冷藏时间,2 种包装方式的不同生产类群及性别的牦牛肉的肌浆蛋白紫外吸收谱图及电泳图趋于一致。该研究认为,在冷藏过程中,肌浆蛋白的蛋白氧化与包装方式、生产类群密切相关,与牦牛的性别无关。     

The effect of different packaging methods on the formation of biogenic amines and organic acids in Kashar cheese

The effects of packaging methods (nonvacuum and vacuum) on biogenic amines (cadaverine, putrescine, tyramine, tryptamine, phenylethylamine, and histamine) and organic acids (citric, lactic, formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric) during storage for 180 d at 4°C were investigated in Kashar cheese. Dry matter, titratable acidity, total nitrogen, water-soluble nitrogen, trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen, phosphotungstic acid-soluble nitrogen, free amino group (proteolysis), pH, fat, and acid degree value were also determined. Storage period had a significant effect on all of the biogenic amines. When compared with vacuum packaging, nonvacuum packaging resulted in no large differences among the amounts of biogenic amines. Vacuum-packaged cheeses had more lactic, formic, acetic, and butyric acids than did cheeses packaged without vacuum. Water-soluble nitrogen, trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen, phosphotungstic acid-soluble nitrogen, proteolysis, pH, and acid degree values of the cheese samples increased continuously until the end of the ripening in all the samples. No significant change was observed in total nitrogen, dry matter, or fat content within the ripening period, whereas titratable acidity values changed significantly in vacuum-packaged cheese and decreased slightly in the non-vacuum-packaged cheeses. The results of this study showed that storage period and packaging method had significant effects on the quality of Kashar cheese.     

Effect of some technological parameters on microbiological, chemical and sensory qualities of Civil cheese during ripening

The objective of this research was to determine the effects of different ripening methods [brine salting, dry salting, incorporating with Lor cheese (LR) and vacuum packaging] of Civil cheeses on its microbiological, chemical and sensory properties. Civil cheeses were analysed on the 2nd, 30th, 60th and 90th day of ripening. Chemical compositions of the cheeses were significantly different. While the highest dry matter and titratable acidity values were determined on dry salted cheeses, the highest fat and fat in dry matter contents were found in Civil cheese ripened together with LR. The water-soluble nitrogen and ripening index values were lower in cheese ripened incorporating with LR. Excessive proteolysis was not seen in any of cheese samples. The ripening in different methods affected microbiological and sensory properties of Civil cheese. Panellists preferred vacuum packaging and dry-salting cheeses compared to the other samples on the 90th day of ripening.     

EFFECT OF HEATING AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES TO EXTEND THE SHELF LIFE OF VACUUM-PACKED WHITE CHEESE

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of heating applications on the shelf life of vacuum‐packed white cheese. Shelf life was evaluated for chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties during the ripening period of 90 days. For this purpose, pickled white cheeses made with commercial starter cultures (Chr. Hansen R707 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, L. lactis subsp. cremoris) were put in polyamide bags for vacuum packaging. During the ripening period, a water bath was used for heating applications at 65, 70 and 72C for 15, 10 and 5 min, respectively. In the ripening period, there were no changes in the values of dry matter in the control group. Dry matter values in control cheese were 40.02–42.09% (average value: 40.87%). Total acidity, protein (%), soluble nitrogen, ripening index (RI), tyrosine content and volatile fatty acid values all showed significant increases between the first and 90th days of the ripening period. However, in the heated cheese groups, dry matter showed no changes, but compared with the control group cheese total acidity, protein (%), soluble nitrogen, RI, tyrosine content and volatile fatty acid values increased but not as much as the control group.     

Free fatty acid content of Manchego-type cheese salted by brine vacuum impregnation

A new salting method based on the brine vacuum impregnation of porous products was tested in Manchego-type cheese in order to assess its effect on cheese lipolysis during ripening. This new salting method would allow a faster salt diffusion and a more homogeneous initial salt distribution, and would reduce the disposal of brine. Salt-in-moisture content was evaluated in three different cheese zones during a 90-day ripening period in order to monitor salt penetration in the cheese. Lipolysis was evaluated by means of gas chromatography of individual free fatty acids in the medium and internal zones of both cheeses salted by the conventional and the new salting procedures. Free fatty acid concentration regularly increased during ripening. Short-chain free fatty acid content was higher in the internal zone of conventionally salted cheeses than in the internal and medium zones of vacuum impregnated cheeses from the first month after manufacturing, probably due to the low initial salt concentration achieved in the inner zone of conventionally salted cheeses, which can enhance both bacterial and indigenous lipase activity. Panelists considered that conventionally salted cheeses presented a more intense aroma than vacuum impregnated cheeses, though no differences in global flavor intensity were observed.     

Probiotic white cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the sensory attributes, ripening time, and composition of Turkish white cheese and to investigate the survival of L. acidophilus during ripening of the cheese stored in vacuum or in brine. Two types of white cheeses, traditional cheese (control, made with Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris) and probiotic cheese (made with Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris and L. acidophilus 593 N), were produced and ripened in vacuum pack or in brine at 4°C for 90 days. Cheese samples were assessed for microbiological and compositional properties, proteolysis, and sensory evaluation at different ripening stages. On ripening in vacuum pack, L. acidophilus survived to numbers >10⁷ cfu g⁻¹, which is necessary for positive effects on health. Protein, dry matter, salt content, and percentage of lactic acid in the vacuum-packed and brine-salted probiotic cheeses were significantly different. Also, the lactic acid content of probiotic cheeses was slightly higher than that of the controls for both vacuum- and brine-packed cheeses. Vacuum-packed probiotic cheese had the highest levels of proteolysis and the highest sensory scores of all cheeses. Consequently, L. acidophilus could be used for the manufacturing of probiotic white cheese to shorten ripening time and vacuum packaging is the preferred storage format.     

Lipolysis and proteolysis profiles of fresh artisanal goat cheese made with raw milk with 3 different fat contents

The objective of this study was to describe the proteolysis and lipolysis profiles in goat cheese made in the Canary Islands (Spain) using raw milk with 3 different fat contents (0.5, 1.5, and 5%) and ripened for 1, 7, 14, and 28 d. β-Casein was the most abundant protein in all cheeses and at all ripening times. Quantitative analysis showed a general decrease in caseins as ripening progressed, and degradation rates were higher for α_S1-casein than for β-casein and α_S2-casein. Furthermore, the degradation rate during the experimental time decreased with lower fat contents. The α_S2-casein and α_S1-casein levels that remained in full-fat and reduced-fat cheeses were less than those in low-fat cheese. In contrast, β-casein also showed degradation along with ripening, but differences in degradation among the 3 cheese types were not significant at 28 d. The degradation products increased with the ripening time in all cheeses, but they were higher in full-fat cheese than in reduced-fat and low-fat cheeses. The free fatty acid concentration per 100 g of cheese was higher in full-fat cheese than in reduced- and low-fat cheese; however, when the results were expressed as milligrams of free fatty acids per gram of fat in cheese, then lipolysis occurred more rapidly in low-fat cheese than in reduced- and full-fat cheeses. These results may explain the atypical texture and off-flavors found in low-fat goat cheeses, likely the main causes of non-acceptance.     

The effects of beeswax coating on quality of Kashar cheese during ripening

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of beeswax coating on the microbiological, physicochemical and sensory properties of Kashar cheese during ripening (120 day). Kashar cheeses were coated with two different thickness of beeswax (single‐layer coating, BW1, and double‐layer coating, BW2). For comparison, vacuum packaged (VP) and without packaging material (control) were also studied. Generally, no differences were found in total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, LAB on M‐17 agar, coliform bacteria and S. aureus counts among cheeses. Microbiological analyses also showed the beeswax‐coated cheeses presented a decrease of 2.5 logarithmic units on mould counts compared to control at 120th day. The control cheese had significantly (P < 0.05) higher dry matter, fat and protein contents, followed by BW1. However, the coating reduced formation of a thick crust layer by delaying moisture loss. At the end of 120‐day storage period, no significant differences in pH and acidity values were observed among the cheeses studied. Compared to other cheeses, control and BW1 cheeses had higher levels of WSN and ripening index in the end of storage. In the result of sensory analysis, while cheese BW1 and control were more preferred by the panellists, cheese VP received the lowest scores.     

Effects of ripening conditions on the texture of Gouda cheese

Summary The effects of ripening temperature, type of packaging film and storage period before packaging were related to the degree of proteolysis and the texture of Gouda cheese, so as to determine the optimum ripening conditions. Gouda cheeses from a local plant were subjected to different ripening conditions. A factorial design of 2³× 5 was used, where the three factors selected in two levels were: (1) time of storage before packaging, 4 and 10 days, (2) ripening temperature, 10 and 20 °C and (3) plastic film, BK1 and BK5 (Grace, Quilmes, Argentina). Ripening time was a fourth factor analyzed; sampling times were 15, 25, 35, 49 and 70 days after production. Cheeses traditionally ripened (without packaging) were also analyzed. Water content and pH were determined. Nonprotein nitrogen (soluble in 12% trichloracetic acid (TCA)) was quantified by the Kjeldhal method. Cheese texture was analyzed by compression and relaxation tests which were done by using an Instron Universal Testing Machine (Instron Corp., Canton, MA, USA). The pH and water content of cheeses which ripened at 20 °C were lower than the corresponding ones ripened at 10 °C. Only ripening time and temperature had a significant effect on water content, nonprotein nitrogen concentration and rheological parameters. Results show that texture properties of Gouda cheese ripened in plastic films with low gaseous permeability are similar to those of traditionally ripened Gouda. Texture development was accelerated by increasing the storage temperature.     

Enzyme activity in Spanish goat's cheeses

Specific enzyme activity has been studied in Spanish goat's cheese. Neutral protease, aminopeptidase, and carboxypeptidase activity was analysed during the ripening of two Spanish goat's cheeses. One cheese was Majorero cheese from the island of Fuerteventura; the other was a soft cheese mould-ripened by P. candidum on the surface. The trend in neutral protease activity was rather similar in both cheeses over the ripening period. Protease activity was higher in Majorero cheese and higher on the surface than inside the mould-ripened cheese.Aminopeptidase activity also increased in both cheeses over the entire ripening period, but it was higher in the mould-ripened cheese than in the Majorero cheese.Carboxypeptidase activity was not recorded in either the Majorero or the soft cheese.     

Proteolytic and lipolytic changes during the ripening of a Spanish craft goat cheese (Armada variety)

The proteolytic and lipolytic changes during the ripening process were investigated in four batches of Armada goat's milk cheese (an artisanal variety produced in the North of Spain), by determining the classical nitrogen fractions, caseins and their degradation products, free amino acids, as well as the acidity of the fat, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number and free fatty acids. Values obtained for the nitrogen fractions and for caseins and their degradation products show that this cheese undergoes very little protein degradation. A low free amino acids content was observed throughout the ripening process with a predominance of Pro followed by Leu+Ile, Glu acid, Phe, His+Lys and Val. The lipid degrada-tion was very intense from the second month of ripening, only comparable to that reported for cheeses ripened by moulds. The average free fatty acids content increased 20-fold during ripening, reaching final values of 44·5 g kg⁻¹. All the free fatty acids increased considerably during ripening, resulting in a predominance of saturated and unsaturated long-chain acids, followed by medium-chain acids, C₁₀ principally. Short-chain fatty acid content by the end of ripening was higher than that presented in other cheese varieties with a similar high degree of lipolysis. © 1997 SCI.