小麦籽粒在制麦过程中碳水化合物降解趋势的研究

以小麦品种扬麦13和皖麦38为研究对象,以啤酒大麦为对照,通过微型制麦工艺(断水浸麦方式、降温式发芽、低温干燥绿麦芽),较为系统的分析了制麦过程中小麦籽粒淀粉降解的趋势,讨论小麦品种的制麦特性以及淀粉降解的机理.结果表明,制麦过程中淀粉含量和直链淀粉含量下降较为缓慢;还原糖的含量变化总体为上升趋势;β-葡聚糖含量下降速度较快,且在发芽结束后小麦样品的β-葡聚糖含量小于啤酒大麦;戊聚糖含量在发芽的前3天内呈下降趋势,但发芽第4天有较大程度的增长,发芽结束后小麦样品中的戊聚糖含量小于啤酒大麦;浸出物在发芽初期以较高速度增加,在发芽后期上升较为缓慢;黏度在制麦中变化幅度较小,呈逐渐下降趋势;通过电子扫描电镜观察淀粉颗粒在制麦过程中的变化发现,小麦麦芽的胚乳结构越来越疏松,在发芽前期只要是蛋白质和大颗粒淀粉的降解,在发芽后期小颗粒淀粉的降解速度较快.由结果可知,小麦和啤酒大麦在制麦过程中碳水化合物的变化有较大差异;小麦发芽结束后除β-葡聚糖含量、戊聚糖含量小于啤酒大麦,其他指标均高于啤酒大麦;β-葡聚糖和戊聚糖含量不是造成小麦麦芽汁具有较高黏度的主要原因.     

原子发射光谱法测定大麦发芽时金属离子的代谢

大麦在发芽过程中大麦内部的金属离子大麦有结合态与游离态2种存在状态。利用原子发射光谱法跟踪监测其金属离子总含量和游离态含量的变化，结果显示：在大麦发芽过程中总的离子含量一般呈现出单调的变化，而游离态的离子含量随发芽时间的不同呈现出波动变化。金属离子不同的存在状态有着不同的生理功能，通过跟踪监测离子的2种状态的含量变化，可以为研究金属离子在大麦发芽过程中的生理作用提供新的方法。     

大麦发芽过程中内源激素对大麦蛋白组分及蛋白酶活力影响

选用进口大麦Gairdner和国产大麦甘啤二号,分析比较了两种大麦发芽过程中赤霉素、生长素和脱落酸等内源激素含量的变化。结果表明,3种激素在两种大麦发芽过程中均呈现出随发芽时间上下波动的趋势,且两种大麦在发芽过程中各激素含量的变化规律基本一致,同时探讨促进生长激素和抑制生长激素的比例对大麦发芽过程中蛋白酶活力的影响。实验结果表明,随着促进生长激素和抑制生长激素比例的升高,两种大麦发芽时蛋白酶活力均有较大幅度的增长,加速了大麦发芽过程中醇溶蛋白含量的降低及热稳定蛋白的释放。     

高蛋白含量大麦发芽过程中蛋白质组分及其含量变化分析

本文利用SDS-PAGE电泳技术,比较分析了蛋白质含量较高的国产甘啤4号大麦和蛋白含量适中的进口质量大麦Gairdner在发芽过程中蛋白质组分及其含量变化.研究发现,高氮甘4在发芽过程中,水溶性蛋白的低分子质量蛋白分解较强烈;盐溶蛋白的中分子质量蛋白分解较多;醇溶蛋白的高、中分子质量蛋白亚基组分含量较高,而其分解效果较差;碱溶蛋白中高分子质量蛋白大量的分解为中分子质量蛋白亚基.本文基本找到了高蛋白含量大麦发芽过程中不同蛋白组分及其含量变化的规律.     

麦芽制造过程中酚类物质及其相关酶类的变化

研究了3种典型国产啤酒大麦在麦芽制造过程中（包括浸麦、发芽和干燥）酚类物质及其相关酶类（苯丙氨酸解氨酶：phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL、过氧化物酶：peroxidase,POD和多酚氧化酶：polyphenol oxidase,PPO）的变化,分析了制麦过程中酚类物质含量的变化与酶活力和制麦工艺之间的关系,讨论了大麦发芽过程中苯丙氨酸解氨酶在合成酚类物质方面的作用及过氧化物酶对根芽生长和制麦损失的影响。     

不同发芽条件对大麦中植酸含量及植酸酶活力的影响

大麦发芽过程中,发芽温度、浸麦水pH值及浸麦水中金属离子的种类和含量是影响大麦中植酸含量及植酸酶活力的重要因素。实验发现,当发芽温度为16℃时,植酸酶较高温和低温发芽更早的被激活,其活力达到4.032 8U/g(绝干),更加有利于植酸的分解;在浸麦水为中性条件下浸麦,植酸酶活力上升较快,植酸含量迅速下降;在浸麦期间添加Ca2+、Mg2和Fe3+等金属离子对植酸酶的活力有较大抑制作用。     

大麦发芽过程中内源激素的变化

选用进口大麦Gairdner和国产大麦甘啤二号为原料,分析比较了发芽过程中赤霉素、生长素和脱落酸等内源激素含量的变化规律。研究结果表明,3种激素在两种大麦发芽过程中均呈现出随发芽时间上下波动的趋势,且两种大麦在发芽过程中各激素含量的变化规律基本一致。同时,赤霉素均有刺激并诱导其他两种内源激素的作用。     

制麦条件对大麦发芽过程中β-葡聚糖含量及β-葡聚糖酶变化的影响

本文对大麦发芽时,麦芽中β-葡聚糖酶的产生和β-葡聚糖降解的多种因素进行了试验分析。结果发现,在发芽时控制低温有利于β-葡聚糖酶的生成和β-葡聚糖酶的降解;浸麦水的pH在中性和偏酸性条件下有利于β-葡聚糖酶的产生,但是在pH中性和偏碱性条件下有利于β-葡聚糖的降解;镁离子,锌离子,钾离子和钠离子有助于β-葡聚糖酶的生成及β-葡聚糖的分解;铜离子会抑制β-葡聚糖酶活性及β-葡聚糖的降解。     

小麦和酿酒大麦发芽过程中主要酶活的比较研究

对小麦、大麦发芽过程主要酶(α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、植酸酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶)活力的动态变化进行比较研究.结果表明,在发芽过程中,小麦和大麦中几种酶的酶活力变化具有较高的一致性,即发芽前4d酶活不断增加,随后出现下降趋势.     

啤酒生产过程蛋白质的分解与控制

在啤酒生产过程中，蛋白质及其分解产物对啤酒质量具有十分重要的意义。关系到酵母发酵，啤酒的酒体、风味、泡沫的生成和特性。本文就如何正确控制蛋白质的分解作一些讨论。1．制麦过程氮指标的控制实践证明，酿制啤酒用大麦蛋白质含量以10％～11．5％为宜。啤酒大麦中的含氮物绝大部分为不溶性蛋白质。其分解主要在制麦工序中完成。通过制麦过程的降解和酶类的生成，高分子蛋白质分解为低分子肽类和氨基酸。其中部分分解产物，主要是氨基酸作为营养物质分泌至胚部，重新合成新的器官，如根芽、叶芽。在大麦发芽、干燥凋萎阶段这种分解与合…     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press