7种淀粉凝胶应力松弛特性研究

将7种淀粉采用相同方法制备出凝胶块作为实验试样,经质构仪进行压缩和应力松弛实验得到流变学特性参数。利用统计分析软件进行非线性回归拟合,建立了广义Maxwell力学模型。结果表明:淀粉凝胶具有良好的压缩黏弹性力学性质,五元件广义Maxwell模型适用于模拟淀粉凝胶的应力松弛现象。通过主成分分析,应力松弛参数可归纳为两类,即凝胶粘弹特性和凝胶松弛时间。     

烟丝压缩过程中应力松弛模型的建立

为了揭示烟丝压缩后应力松弛规律及获得烟丝的流变学参数,以烟丝为研究对象,利用烟丝流变测试仪对烟丝进行蠕变-应力松弛试验,构建表征堆积烟丝应力松弛过程的数学模型,分析了不同条件下烟丝被压缩后的应力松弛行为,并求解了该过程中烟丝的流变学参数。结果表明：(1)堆积烟丝具有良好的压缩黏弹性力学性质,在应力松弛过程的前5 s松弛速率最快,松弛过程持续约60 s后应力衰减速率变缓,最终存在平衡应力。(2)烟丝压缩过程中堆积烟丝流变特性可用五元件广义Maxwell模型描述,相关系数R2>0.994。(3)考察样品量和压缩载荷对烟丝应力松弛行为的影响,对获得的流变特征进行分析发现,随着样品量和压缩载荷的增大,平衡应力呈增大趋势。样品量越大,应力松弛时间比率α越小,压缩载荷越大,应力松弛时间比率α越大。该规律的表达为进一步研究不同条件下烟丝应力松弛特性与宏观烟支质量间的关系提供了基本方法。     

猪鞋面革应力松弛时间谱的研究(Ⅰ)——猪鞋面革应力松弛行为的模拟和应力松弛谱的求解

研究了猪鞋面革的应力松弛模量,采用1～8个Maxwell单元组成的广义Maxwell模型,模拟了其应力松弛行为。结果表明:采用5个或5个以上Maxwell单元组成的广义Maxwell模型,可以较好地模拟猪鞋面革的应力松弛行为。利用模型模拟获得的应力松弛表达式和Schwarzl松弛时间谱二阶近似求解方法求解了松弛时间谱,得到了猪鞋面革的应力松弛谱图。     

PVC 压延柔性复合材料应力松弛的力学模型

根据黏弹性材料力学模型的假设,选取线性黏弹性力学模型中四元件模型的等效模型和非线性黏弹性力学模型中的欧林模型,基于材料相同但增强织物组织结构不同的3 种试样进行的应力松弛试验,通过MatLab 软件计算,拟合出四元件模型的等效模型及欧林模型的方程参数,并采用MatLab 软件计算机画图显示实测点和拟合曲线,从而进一步比较、分析得出最适合压延类柔性复合材料松弛性能的力学模型,证明PVC 压延类柔性复合材料具有非线性黏弹性的力学特征,属于非线性黏弹性的范畴,且增强织物的组织结构对这一属性影响不明显。     

马铃薯渣应力松弛模型的建立及参数分析

为改善马铃薯渣机械处理方式及效果,在不同喂入量下进行了薯渣应力松弛试验.获取了应力松弛曲线并分析了弹性模量随时间变化的规律,建立了3种广义Maxwell模型用于描述薯渣应力松弛行为,得到了应力松弛时间、平衡弹性模量、衰变弹性模量、松弛时间比率等特性参数;同时分析了3种喂入量对薯渣应力松弛特性参数的影响.结果表明:可用五...     

棉纤维蠕变与应力松弛行为分析

研究基于黏弹性的棉纤维蠕变回复与应力松弛规律。建立棉纤维蠕变与应力松弛的本构模型。在不同压缩载荷作用下测试棉纤维蠕变量与应力变化量。结果表明:棉纤维蠕变与应力松弛体现了非线性黏弹性;非线性黏弹性模型能较好地表征棉纤维蠕变回复、应力松弛的力学行为。在本研究范围内,施加载荷增加,棉纤维蠕变回复量增加,蠕变回复力学指标增大;棉纤维应变量增加,应力松弛的力学指标增大。     

哈斯鳄梨应力松弛力学特性及货架期预测模型

采用动态热机械分析仪(DMA)研究了不同贮藏温度下哈斯鳄梨果肉的应力松弛力学特性,并结合Maxwell模型以及动力学模型建立其货架期预测模型。结果表明,在5℃贮藏7 d以内的力学松弛特性无明显变化,在8℃贮藏5 d以后的力学松弛加快,而在25℃贮藏3 d时,其力学松弛特性已经发生显著变化;构建了基于关键哈斯鳄梨力学松弛特征参数平衡弹性模量E_0、主松弛时间τ_1和阻尼体黏滞系数η的贮藏期预测模型,发现以主松弛时间τ_1为特征值的货架期预测模型相对误差的绝对值为8.57%,较以平衡弹性模量、阻尼体黏滞系数建立的模型更为准确。     

黏弹性材料床垫弹性评判方法

通过对黏弹性材料制作的床垫样块进行定位移静压缩试验,研究床垫样块在静压缩试验过程中应力松弛的变化情况,分析应力松弛的变化规律,并对不同黏弹性材料制作床垫样块的应力松弛结果进行比较分析研究,探索构建出床垫弹性性能与应力松弛的关联关系,并给出黏弹性床垫弹性指标的评判方法。研究结果表明:1)黏弹性材料制作床垫的静压缩应力松弛变化曲线成一次线性规律变化,且其斜率绝对值越大,弹性越差;2)黏弹性材料制作床垫的静压缩应力松弛变化加权绝对值越小,弹性越好,反之越差。     

荔枝应力松弛特性及其损伤的试验研究

为探讨荔枝的应力松弛特性及其在压缩松弛条件下的损伤规律,对其进行了不同试验条件的压缩应力松弛和损伤统计试验,确定了荔枝应力松弛模型并分析了试验因素对模型参数和荔枝损伤的影响等。结果表明:荔枝的应力松弛特性可用五元件Maxwell模型描述,模型拟合R2达到0.98;试验范围内,变形量对模型弹性模量影响不显著,而加载方向对其影响最大;试验因素均影响模型松弛时间和粘性系数;模型弹性模量与松弛时间之间无显著相关,但各自都显著相关;对损伤影响显著的因素依次为压缩变形量、加载方向、松弛时间和加载速率;变形量、松弛时间和加载速率分别每增加1 mm、10 s和10 mm/s,荔枝吸收的能量分别平均增加3.3 m J、0.26 m J和0.2 m J;荔枝的粘性系数与其吸收的能量无显著相关;随着压缩变形量增加,荔枝吸收的能量和损伤度也不断增加;荔枝损伤度与其吸收的能量近似二次曲线关系。     

非线性曲线拟合法在食品应力松弛数据解析中的应用

通过非线性曲线拟合法解析硬质(火腿)、软质(奶酪)、鱼类(鲈鱼)、贝类(海螺)4种类型食品原料应力松弛曲线,并与传统的逐次近似法解析数据进行比较分析。结果表明：非线性曲线拟合法能够实现对广义Maxwell单元模型的拟合,可得到拟合程度高,稳定可靠的分析结果,而且操作简单、快捷,适合多种食品原料的应力松弛数据解析;对于水分含量高、黏弹性结构复杂的鱼类等食品,非线性曲线拟合法与逐次近似法相比更具优越性。     

热黏合土工布应力松弛力学性能预测模型研究

采用四种力学模型对三种不同类型热黏合土工布的应力松弛力学性能进行拟合研究。结果表明,使用力学模型对热黏合土工布的应力松弛进行预测是可行的,广义麦克斯韦变化模型二对三种试样均具有最佳的拟合效果,拟合能力优于欧林模型,显示了良好的品种适应性和预测能力。     

An improved viscoelastic model for tufted carpet yarn

To overcome the problem that the existing mathematical model cannot characterize the viscoelastic properties of tufted carpet yarn completely and accurately, an improved viscoelastic model is built using the semi-empirical method. Using the test data of creep and stress relaxation, the parameters of the improved model are determined. Through the evaluation of fitting effect, the optimal mechanical model to characterize the viscoelastic properties of tufted carpet yarn is obtained. The results show that compared with the standard linear model, the improved model is more suitable to characterize viscoelastic mechanical properties of tufted carpet yarns, such as the creep and stress relaxation properties, which provides a solid theoretical foundation for analysis of vibration characteristics and dynamic tension control of tufted carpet yarn.     

Mechanical strength and rheological behaviour of barley kernels

Basic mechanical and rheological properties (stress relaxation behaviour) of single barley kernels under uni-axial compression were studied. The mechanical properties studied were the modulus of elasticity, yield and ultimate compressive strength, and the modulus of toughness as influenced by the moisture content. The stress relaxation experiments also included the effect of deformation rates and strain levels.
Results indicated that with an increase in moisture content, the strength of the barley kernels decreased while the energy required to cause rupture in the kernel increased initially and then decreased. The stress relaxation behaviour of barley kernels was described by a threeterm Maxwell model with a Maximum Relative Difference (MRD) ≤5%, when compared with one- and two-term Maxwell models. The elastic component (E¹) and relaxation time constant (τ¹) of the first term of the three-term Maxwell model decreased linearly with increase in moisture content. Of the different variables studied, moisture content had a significant influence on both of these parameters.     

The influence of two bar warp-knitted structure on the fabric tensile stress relaxation Part II: (locknit,satin, loop raised)

When strain is applied constantly, there is a decreased stress with time in viscoelastic materials, which is called stress relaxation. During the manufacture and application of clothing and footwear, materials experience various long-lasting deformations, and relaxation process in materials arises. Thus, with theoretical and experimental study of the factors affecting stress relaxation, the ability to design and produce appropriate clothes will be increased. In the first part of this research, we studied the stress relaxation behavior of warp-knitted structures which have longer underlaps in back bar (reverse locknit, three- and four-needle sharkskin, and queens’ cord). Following the previous research, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fabric structure, strain percentage, and course density on the stress and stress relaxation of the warp-knitted structures which have longer underlaps in front bar (locknit, three- and four-needle satin, and loop raised). The results reveal that the fabric structure, strain value, and fabric density are important factors affecting the stress and stress relaxation percent of the fabrics. By increasing the strain and the length of underlap in the front guide bar, stress and stress relaxation percent will be increased. Also, fabrics with higher course density show higher stress and stress relaxation percent. Among the mechanical models used to describe the stress relaxation behavior of the fabrics, the three-component Maxwell’s model with parallel-connect nonlinear spring showed the best agreement with the experimental stress relaxation curves of the analyzed fabrics.     

Physical and viscoelastic properties of carrots during drying

It is essential to understand the physical and mechanical properties of a product since these properties affect the structure, texture, and ultimately consumer acceptance. The effect of drying conditions on dynamic viscoelastic properties, stress relaxation function and creep compliance, and physical properties, such as moisture distribution, color parameters, and shrinkage, was studied. An increase in drying temperature and duration resulted in a decrease in moisture content and volume, which were highly correlated (R = .988). Water evaporation followed the falling rate period, demonstrating that the water transport was limited by internal resistances. The decomposition of carotenoids led to a decrease in magnitude of color parameters (L, a, and b), between 30.1% and 51.6% with 4 hr drying. It was observed that the material shrinkage and moisture content highly affected the mechanical properties; increased stress relaxation modulus and decreased creep compliance values of the sample. The creep behavior, expressed with Burger's model (R² ≥ .986), was highly dependent on moisture content. The linear viscoelastic region of carrots was found to be at strains lower than 3%. The three-element Maxwell model well fitted to describe the viscoelastic behavior of carrots (R² ≥ .999, RMSE ≤ 2.08 × 10⁻⁴). The storage moduli (G′) were higher than loss moduli (G″), indicating that samples presented solid-like behavior. The findings can be used to improve the textural attributes of carrots and carrot-based products.     

An improved method to analyze the tensile behavior of carpet yarn

Since the strain, friction, and vibration of carpet yarn have direct impact on the quality of tufted carpet, mechanical properties of yarn play an important role in carpet weaving. An improved method based on Boltzmann superposition principle for describing mechanical behavior of carpet yarn is presented in this paper, which greatly reduces the amount of calculation and further improves the fitting precision. To estimate the performance of the model, we carry out some experiments on carpet yarn specimens, and compared with a nonlinear viscoelastic model widely used in studying nonlinear material. The results showed that the improved method and the nonlinear viscoelastic model perfectly fit the stress relaxation experimental curves when the deformation of the specimens is small, however the improved method is more accurate than the nonlinear viscoelastic model based on single integral constructive equation when the models are used to predict the stress relaxation responses.     

Maxwell模型粘弹性输流管道的耦合模态颤振分析

推导了Maxwell模型粘弹性输流管道的振动方程.对简支Maxwell模型粘弹性输流管道探讨了其动力特性和稳定性问题.计算结果表明,松驰时间及质量比对其动力特性和稳定性有显著影响.     

Modelling of rheological characteristics of various spaghetti types

Spaghetti enriched with resistant starch was produced to increase the dietary fibre intake of consumers. In the product base it was compared to bran and control spaghetti regarding to viscoelastic properties. Viscoelastic properties were tested by relaxation and creep tests by using TA-XT2i texture analyser. The viscoelastic properties gave structural information. Relaxation and creep data were analysed by generalized Maxwell (two- and three-termed), Peleg & Normand, Burgers and Peleg models, respectively. For relaxation three-termed Maxwell and for creep behaviour Burgers model represented viscoelastic behaviour satisfactorily. In general, bran spaghetti was found to have the lowest elasticity. All the samples started to loose their elasticity as cooking time proceeded and it became easy to deform them. Instrumentally, spaghetti with resistant starch was found to be better than bran enriched spaghetti.     

Modeling of Coupled Water Transport and Large Deformation During Dehydration of Apple Tissue

Water loss of fruit during storage has a large impact on fruit quality and shelf life and is essential to fruit drying. Dehydration of fruit tissues is often accompanied by large deformations. One-dimensional water transport and large deformation of cylindrical samples of apple tissue during dehydration were modeled by coupled mass transfer and mechanics and validated by calibrated X-ray CT measurements. Uni-axial compression–relaxation tests were carried out to determine the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of apple tissue. The Mooney–Rivlin and Yeoh hyperelastic potentials with three parameters were effective to reproduce the nonlinear behavior during the loading region. Maxwell model was successful to quantify the viscoelastic behavior of the tissue during stress relaxation. The nonlinear models were superior to linear elastic and viscoelastic models to predict deformation and water loss. The sensitivity of different model parameters using the nonlinear viscoelastic model using Yeoh hyperelastic potentials was studied. The model predictions proved to be more sensitive to water transport parameters than to the mechanical parameters. The large effect of relative humidity and temperature on the deformation of apple tissue was confirmed by this study. The validated model can be employed to better understand postharvest storage and drying processes of apple fruit and thus improve product quality in the cold chain.