3.2-5 Gb/s, 100 km error-free soliton transmission with erbiumamplifiers and repeaters

For the transmissions, the transform-limited soliton pulse source is a gain-switched distributed-feedback laser diode with a narrowband spectral filter and erbium amplifiers. A LiNbO₃ light intensity modulator is used for pulse switching. The preemphasis technique for sending solitons over a long distance, in which an erbium optical repeater is installed every 25 km as a lumped amplifier, is used     

Long-distance optical soliton transmission with lumped amplifiers

A soliton transmission method using lumped amplifiers is presented which is named the preemphasis method. An N=1 soliton with relatively high amplitudes (1.2<A<1.4), which is used as an input soliton, plays an important role in the lumped-gain soliton transmission system. The initial soliton pulse width can be preserved after propagation over long distance despite the existence of fiber loss. It is shown that with the lumped gain, the soliton pulse can propagate over more than 9000 km when the repeater spacing is 31 km and fiber loss is 0.22 dB/km     

Minimal-Power, Delay-Balanced Smart Repeaters for Global Interconnects in the Nanometer Regime

A smart repeater is proposed for driving capacitively-coupled, global-length on-chip interconnects that alters its drive strength dynamically to match the relative bit pattern on the wires and thus the effective capacitive load. This is achieved by partitioning the driver into main and assistant drivers; for a higher effective load capacitance both drivers switch, while for a lower effective capacitance the assistant driver is quiet. In a UMC 0.18-mum technology the potential energy saving is around 10% and the reduction in jitter 20%, in comparison to a traditional repeater for typical global wire lengths. It is also shown that the average energy saving for nanometer technologies is in the range of 20% to 25%. The driver architecture exploits the fact that as feature sizes decrease, the capacitive load per transistor shrinks, whereas global wire loads remain relatively unchanged. Hence, the smaller the technology, the greater the potential saving.     

Optimal interconnection circuits for VLSI

The propagation delay of interconnection lines is a major factor in determining the performance Of VLSI circuits because the RC time delay of these lines increases rapidly as chip size is increased and cross-sectional interconnection dimensions are reduced. In this paper, a model for interconnection time delay is developed that includes the effects of scaling transistor, interconnection, and chip dimensions. The delays of aluminum, WSi2, and polysilicon lines are compared, and propagation delays in future VLSI circuits are projected. Properly scaled multilevel conductors, repeaters, cascaded drivers, and cascaded driver/ repeater combinations are investigated as potential methods for reducing propagation delay. The model yields optimal cross-sectional interconnection dimensions and driver/repeater configurations that can lower propagation delays by more than an order of magnitude in MOSFET circuits.     

An Experimental 800 Mbit/s Four-Level Repeater Compatible with the 60 MHz Analog System

The design and performance of an experimental 800 Mbit/s repeater for four-level digital transmission over a coaxial cable is described in this paper. The 800 Mbit/s digital system exceeds the 60 MHz analog system, both in capacity and in economy. The repeater is designed to operate in repeater housings located at 1.6 km maximum spacing to be compatible with the 60 MHz analog sytsem. A nonredundant four-level line code has been employed, using a newly developed quantized feedback dc restoration technique. The most important item in realizing the high-speed multilevel repeater is the reduction of intersymbol interference. A simple quantized feedback scheme and an adjustable three-tap transversal equalizer have been used to compensate for intersymbol interference. The experimental repeater has been tested for 1.1-1.7 km repeater spacings using 2.6/9.5 mm coaxial cable. The results show that an 800 Mbit/s repeater with 1.6 km maximum repeater spacing is feasible.     

Reducing Interconnect Delay Uncertainty via Hybrid Polarity Repeater Insertion

Capacitive crosstalk between adjacent signal wires has significant effect on performance and delay uncertainty of point-to-point on-chip buses in deep submicrometer (DSM) VLSI technologies. We propose a hybrid polarity repeater insertion technique that combines inverting and non-inverting repeater insertion to achieve constant average effective coupling capacitance per wire transition for all possible switching patterns. Theoretical analysis shows the superiority of the proposed method in terms of performance and delay uncertainty compared to conventional and staggered repeater insertion methods. Simulations at the 90-nm node on semi-global METAL5 layer show around 25% reduction in worst case delay and around 86% delay uncertainty minimization compared to standard bus with optimal repeater configuration. The reduction in worst case capacitive coupling reduces peak energy which is a critical factor for thermal regulation and packaging. Isodelay comparisons with standard bus show that the proposed technique achieves considerable reduction in total buffers area, which in turn reduces average energy and peak current. Comparisons with staggered repeater which is one of the simplest and most effective crosstalk reduction techniques in the literature show that hybrid polarity repeater offers higher performance, less delay uncertainty, and reduced sensitivity to repeater placement variation.      

The beginning of integrated optoelectronic circuits

The monolithic integration of electronic and optical functions on a single semiconductor crystal has become known as integrated optoelectronic circuits. These circuits usually contain a semiconductor laser and the associated driver electronics, detection and current amplication, or combine these two functions in an optical repeater. Monolithic integration leads to smaller circuits, greater ruggedness, and should result in lower cost.     

光纤直放站用光发射模块的设计

提出一种新的设计思路,采用数字激光驱动芯片MAX3669来设计一种用于光纤直放站的模拟光发射模块,解决了模拟光发射模块设计中LD驱动和自动光功率控制APC等技术难点,提高了模块的稳定性和集成度,测试结果显示模块的各项指标满足行业规定的标准。     

Dual-frequency ranging at narrow separation frequencies as a method of reducing satellite ranging errors due to the ionosphere

The U. S. Navy Navigation Satellite System and the Geodetic SECOR satellite system both employ two widely separated carrier frequencies to permit an error correction to be made for ionospheric refraction. It is shown that this same two-frequency technique can be employed within the narrow bandwidth of a VHF communications satellite repeater to permit ranging signals transmitted through the repeater to be corrected for ionospheric refraction error.     

Key aspects in the development of a 48-channel duobinary PCM repeater

Discusses the development of the 48-channel modified duobinary PCM line repeater and the reasons for the choice of the modified duobinary coding technique. The hardware implementations of the various repeater sections-equalization, clock recovery, and data regeneration-are outlined, and the main considerations in circuit design, which are of prime importance for the modified duobinary system to retrofit the existing T1 system are described.     

基于虚拟仪器的直放站自动化测试系统的设计

近年来,虚拟仪器技术已广泛地应用到科研和生产的各个领域.文章阐述了利用虚拟仪器技术开发直放站自动化测试系统的实现方案,包括测试系统的组成,基于局域网(LAN)的测试网的组建,仪器驱动器、输入/输出(I/O)口的配置与使用,Agilent VEE Pro在测试软件开发中的应用.     

有源转发式干扰的全极化单脉冲雷达抑制方法研究

有源转发式干扰成为防空反导、反舰攻击等典型作战场景下非常重要的一种干扰样式,对现代雷达形成了严重威胁。该文针对有源转发式干扰对雷达形成的距离欺骗性假目标干扰和角度欺骗性干扰两种典型情况,研究了全极化单脉冲雷达识别转发式干扰并加以抑制的方法,理论推导和仿真实验结果表明利用极化信息可以识别并抑制此类干扰,这对新一代极化雷达适应复杂电磁环境问题的研究具有深刻的理论指导和借鉴意义。     

对相位编码步进跳频雷达的MCPC调制转发干扰

以对相位编码步进跳频雷达干扰为背景,分析了相位编码步进跳频信号和多载波相位编码信号的调制特点,在此基础上提出了一种多载波相位编码调制转发新型干扰样式,并理论分析了该干扰样式的干扰效果：可使相位编码步进跳频雷达产生多个导前、导后的逼真假目标.研究了等长度m序列的相关特性,给出了干扰信号的子载频和相位编码序列的选取准则.通过仿真实验对文中分析的结论进行了验证,结果表明该干扰样式较间歇采样预测转发干扰样式有较大的优越性.     

An Experimental 50 Mb/s Fiber Optic PCM Repeater

An experimental repeater for amplification and regeneration of 50 Mb/s fiber-optical pulses has been built and tested. For the receiver either Si p-i-n or avalanche photodiodes are used in conjunction with a high impedance FET input amplifier. The high voltage for the avalanche photodiode is generated internally and controlled by the received signal. This AGC circuit is capable of compensating for temperature changes of the avalanche gain over the range of-40 - +60degC. The optical transmitter consists of either a GaAs light emitting diode or a GaA1As laser diode coupled to optical fibers and directly modulated by a current driver with 30 percent electrical efficiency. For 10^-9error rate, the required average optical signal power for a pseudorandom signal is p-i-n diode: -41.5 dBm; avalanche diode: -56.6 dBm. The optical output power into a fiber with 1 percent index difference is LED: -17 dBm; GaAlAs laser: 0 dBm. The repeater power requirement is about 2 W.     

A four-stage FM broadcast audio peak limiter

The design of a peak limiter processor for FM broadcast audio is described. The limiter has four gain control stages. The basic peak limiting function is performed in the first and second stages by a slow-attach-slow-release stage followed by a fast-attack-fast-release stage. Preemphasis control is performed in the third and fourth stages, which are part of a filter that emulates the transmitter preemphasis network. A peak clipper at the output of the preemphasis controller provides protection from overmodulation by short duration peaks that are not controlled by the four limiter stages     

基于DRFM间歇采样转发的相干假目标串干扰仿真分析

间歇采样转发干扰是一种能对相干雷达进行相干假目标串干扰的技术,实现这种干扰的关键器件是数字射频存储器。从理论上对这种干扰样式的实现方案与关键步骤进行了讨论,并重点对其进行了仿真与分析,验证了间歇采样转发干扰的有效性与可行性。     

Direct-feedback coders: Design and performance with television signals

Direct-feedback coding is a refinement on the well-known differential coding method. Two filters are used at the transmitter of a direct-feedback coder; one connected in series with the input and the other in the forward path of a feedback loop that contains the quantizer. The first filter preemphasizes the signal and determines the overload characteristic of the coder; the other filter shapes the quantization noise and sets the stability of the feedback. At the receiver a filter reconstitutes the signal spectrum and deemphasizes the noise. For television the preemphasis should he a short time-constant differentiator, the deemphasis a short time integrator, and the feedback filter a long time integrator. Conventional differential coders use a single filter in the feedback path both to provide preemphasis and to shape the feedback characteristic, so the design is a compromise. Compared with direct-feedback coding they usually have less feedback gain and a larger time constant in the preemphasis and deemphasis, consequently, the contouring noise is more visible and the streaking caused by transmission error is longer. Although only application to television is considered, the methods have wider use. General formulae are given for the output noise and optimum filter characteristics; they take into account signal spectra, frequency weighting for noise, sampling rate, quantization step size, and an overload parameter. Measurements on real coders, operating on TV signals, and digital simulations confirm the results.     

Gain equalization of EDFA cascades

Investigates the impact of wavelength-dependent erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) gain spectrum on multichannel direct-detection lightwave transmission systems employing multiple amplifiers. An analysis is presented which quantifies the constraints imposed by received power imbalance, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and receiver sensitivity on an EDFA cascade. Expressions are derived which relate the system constraints to the EDFA gain imbalance, bit rate, number of channels, and receiver dynamic range. Results demonstrate that when four-wave mixing (FWM) is compensated in an 11-channel system, received power imbalance can impose a significant constraint on transmission distance when the EDFA gain imbalance is greater than 1 dB or when bit rate is less than 1.8 Gb/s. In addition, performance of the preemphasis gain equalization technique is studied for multichannel systems employing APD or p-i-n/FET direct-detection optical receivers. Simple expressions are derived which can be used to quantify the increase in transmission distance obtained when employing preemphasis equalization. Results indicate that equalization of the received power spectrum can provide a two- to four-fold increase in the transmission distance when using APD receivers, compared to a one- to two-fold improvement with p-i-n/FET receivers. Analytic results are compared with results obtained by proven simulation methods and found to be in good agreement     

逆合成孔径雷达散射波干扰技术研究

针对传统转发干扰对ISAR只能形成点斑干扰的不足,提出了ISAR散射波干扰方法,该方法将截获的ISAR发射信号直接转发至目标,经目标散射后形成散射波干扰信号,获得了更为丰富的干扰信息。文中根据双基地ISAR的成像理论,将干扰机与ISAR接收机分别等效为双基地ISAR的发射站和接收站,建立了ISAR散射波干扰模型,分析了散射波干扰的功率以及对ISAR的干扰效果。研究结果表明通过控制干扰机的转发时延和等效双基地角,散射波干扰可以对ISAR形成单个或多个不同位置的假目标欺骗干扰,而且实现简便,是一种对ISAR形成假目标数量欺骗干扰的有效手段。     

Modeling of penalties on chains of optical amplifiers withequalizing filters

A mathematical model for the calculation of optical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on cascades of erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's) with interposed equalizing filters in the fiber spans is presented. The model enables to simulate different types of cascade, whether the filters are placed after each amplifier or after any group of amplifiers. Criteria for the design of the optimal filter are presented for a typical configuration. The relation between preemphasis and penalty on SNR is studied, and for the first time to our knowledge it is shown that some asymmetry may arise when using in line optical filters. A study of the sensitivity of penalty at receiver toward preemphasis at transmitter based on the model is presented