Characteristics of the actual nutrition of Estonian and Finnish children

The initial stage of the joint Soviet-Finnish scientific investigations of the risk factors of obesity in children is presented in the paper. The investigations were conducted by the Nutrition Department of the Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, in the Estonian SSR, and the Helsinki University in Finland. The authors have analyzed daily intake of varying food products by children aged from 1 to 15 years, as well as daily average-energy consumption with food ration as a whole and separately at the expense of protein, fatty and carbohydrate components of food rations of these children. Although children in the Estonian SSR and in Finland receive different food products, the energy value of the food ration and percent distribution of energy with respect to separate food ingredients in the children investigated were practically similar.     

Characteristics of actual nutrition of the long-lived population of Azerbaijan]

The assay of the actual nutrition of old people living in Azerbaijan has evidenced that it corresponds to the climatic and geographical features of the region and has a direct relation to the long-living. The actual nutrition of old subjects in the Azerbaijan SSR is characterized by low fat consumption (vegetable oils among them), by low value of the ratio between polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, by high consumption of fruit and vegetables as well as fermented milk products, by an optimal water-salt regimen, high content of vitamins and antioxidants, geroprotectors and a comparatively low energy value of the food rations.     

Foodstuff as sources of vitamin C in nutrition of the population of the Russian Federation

The estimation of the contribution of foodstuff in security of the population of the Russian Federation by vitamin C in view of volumes of their consumption is lead. It is shown, that the basic sources of vitamin, borrowing in the general structure of consumption of foodstuff about 30%, do not provide sufficient volume its receipt. The real maintenance of vitamin C certain by standard analytical methods in some fruit-and-vegetable cultures, shows significant variability and difference from the given official tables of a chemical compound. The lack of the micronutrient is expedient to compensate by inclusion of biologically active additives to food or enriched foodstuff in a diet.     

The actual nutrition of children in the pediatric institutions of Kemerovo

Dietary intake from kindergartens and boarding schools was studied. Analysis of nutrient and energetic content of rations was given. It is determined that there are a disbalance of the main components and deficient of some vitamins and minerals. Recommendations for correction of children's nourishment were proposed.     

The iron deficiency status and the actual nutrition of women in Gorno-Altai]

Standard methods (questionnaires, peripheral blood count, iron pool) were employed to study epidemiology (prevalence and risk factors) of iron deficiency in the women of the Altai mountains and the relation of this deficiency with essential nutrition. Hemoglobin dispersion was found to depend on fuel value of the ration, total protein levels, polyunsaturated fatty acid content.     

The structure of the actual nutrition of diabetic patients in the city of Kemerovo]

Dietary intake of patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was studied. Analysis of nutrient and energetic content of rations is given. Unbalance of the main components and deficiency of some vitamins and minerals were registered.     

Use of computers in studying the actual nutritional and health status of children

The authors have devised a pack of applied programs for statistic data treatment, which can be used for studying problems of nutrition and the health status of children, for design of rational diets by the research institutes and childhood establishments sponsored by the public health and education systems, as well as by trade unions.     

Conditions of actual nutrition and immunological reactivity of women students in different seasons]

On investigating of 60 healthy female students with use of a questionnaire method, it was found out what amount of basic nutrients, such as: proteins (especially those of animal origin), animal fats, hydrocarbons, vitamins (C, B1, B2, B6) mineral elements (calcium, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus) in students nourishment was lower in the spring than in the fall. Both in the spring and in the fall this amount was not appropriate for recommended physiological nourishment standards. On investigating of immunological reactivity of these students season's fluctuations for some indexes of cellular and humoral immunity were found. Lowering of T-lymphocytes lever together with lowering of blood immunoglobulines (especially those of G-calss) and lowering of lever of immunological complexes, circulating in the blood in spring comparing to the fall combinated with growth of B-lymphocytes lever.     

Nutrition and nutritional status in infants and children of early years of life in Russian Federation

The study of the nutrition and the nutritional status children of the first year age and children earliest age were conducted on nationally representative surveys (2500 children, 2-24 months) the Institute of Nutrition, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences with the Institute of Sociology Russian of Academy of Sciences, Gerber Product Company and Nestle Company in 2006. The level the frequency of breast feeding had among children 1 m.--80%, 2-4 m.--70%, 4-6 m.--60%. The lowest body mass Z-scores were registered 0.5-5.0% among of children, the tendency of obesity increase in the age were registered from 1.6 to 13% of children. Calculations of chemical composition and energy value of actual nutrition have show according to the values requirements.     

Special features of actual nutrition and nutritional status of children living in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District

Actual nutrition of children living at boarding-school of the Yamal-Nenets autonomous district and also characteristics of their health, such as capacity for work, vitamin metabolism, physical development and activity of bio-oxidant systems of organism have been studied. The obtained results have become the basis for developing scientifically substantiated principles of creating balanced nutrition ration with antioxidant properties for the children living at the Far North.     

Analysis of actual nutrition of vegetarians

The questionnaire method was used in the study of the actual nutrition of 20 vegetarians. A group of subjects who received mixed food were observed for comparison. The mean day ration of the two groups differed in the increased proportion of vegetables, fruit, milk products, nuts and vegetable seeds in the vegetarians' nutrition. The analysis of the chemical composition of the ration has shown that the absolute content of protein, fat, carbohydrates, some vitamins of group B in the vegetarians' nutrition is lower than the values recommended. Besides that this nutrition is deficient in Fe, Zn, vitamin B12. However, vegetarian rations with low calorie value are capable of providing physiological requirements of the body in food fibres, vegetable oil, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid.     

The status of the actual nutrition of pregnant women in an epidemically unfavorable region of Kazakhstan]

Questionnaire survey and body mass control followed by computer estimation of the diet chemical composition were conducted in 30 pregnant women in summer and autumn. Deficiency in intake of meat products, vegetable oil, potatoes reached 15.2-34.7, 24.2-55.8, 55-65.7%, respectively, in the trimester I and II. The dietary lack of fish, eggs, vegetables, fruit could be hardly compensated by bakery foods and sweets. Protein deficiency rose to 25-38.3%, that of fat 19.1-25.2%. Intake of carbohydrates was satisfactory, though mineral salts and vitamins were provided incompletely.     

Prevalence of salmonella on retail chicken meat in Russian Federation

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella on raw retail chicken meat in Russia. Broiler chicken carcasses (n = 698) were collected from three regions of Russia: central (i.e., Moscow area), northwest (i.e., St. Petersburg area), and southern (i.e., Krasnodar area). In each region, samples were collected to represent various cities and districts, as well as different types of retail stores and carcass storage temperatures (i.e., chilled and frozen). All chicken samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella using a whole-carcass rinse method. The overall Salmonella prevalence was 31.5%. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in Salmonella prevalence by (i) region-29.3% (n = 464) in Moscow, 38.5% (n = 192) in St. Petersburg, and 23.8% (n = 42) in Krasnodar; (ii) retail store type-28.8% (n = 236) in hypermarkets, 31.9% (n = 260) in supermarkets (part of chain stores), 44.3% (n = 61) in independent supermarkets, 42.9% (n = 28) in independent minimarkets, and 26.6% (n = 113) in wet markets; and (iii) poultry company-34.3% (n = 545) on chickens produced by integrated companies compared with 22.9% (n = 118) on chickens produced by nonintegrated companies. Strategies such as good agriculture and management practices should be enhanced to reduce Salmonella prevalence on raw poultry in Russia and therefore increase the safety of chicken products.     

Factual nutrition and several indicators of health status of urban schoolchildren of the regions of Ukraine

Altogether 2334 schoolchildren (first-, fifth- and eighth-graders) were examined for the factual nutrition, health status and physical development. The diet received by the schoolgirls of the above grades and that of the first-grade boys correlated well with the recommended physiological standards, whereas the diet of the eight-grade boys and five-grade boys in particular was slightly lower as compared to those standards. Attention is drawn to an ever increasing number of obese children, which has an adverse effect on the percentage of harmoniously developed children, reducing it to 66.7%. To improve the nutrition of schoolchildren, the authors have developed sets of foods and exemplary menus which have been included into the methodological instructions for organization of schoolchildren's catering in nonspecialized schools of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.     

Calculations of the chemical composition and energy value of diets in actual nutrition

The principle of estimating the chemical composition and energy value of actual nutrition diets with the use of new tables on "Chemical Composition of Foodstuffs" has been presented.